Hoover, JE
uber1
https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-6
LEVER MP
While Powell was advising Philip Morris, another force loomed large in his life: a deep fear of communism. Starting in the 1960s, Powell regularly corresponded with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover41 and his top deputies. Newly uncovered documents reveal that Powell served as what the Bureau referred to as an “SAC contact,” a designation for trusted informants.42 Powell shared information about suspected communist activities, particularly within the legal profession, and as part of this friendly relationship he received intelligence about left-wing organizations, including detailed financial reports on activist groups.
Powell’s correspondence with the FBI revealed his growing alarm about a new breed of political activists—college organizers, anti-war protesters, and the New Left. One report Powell reviewed, titled Confrontation Politics, analyzed the rhetorical techniques of these radical groups.43
Cartha DeLoach, assistant to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and widely regarded as Hoover’s most trusted lieutenant, was a frequent correspondent of Powell. DeLoach provided Powell with real-time research and strategic insights about activist tactics, drawing directly from FBI intelligence.
“[M]ay I suggest that you might like to consult a newly published book, Revolution for the Hell of It by Abbie Hoffman,” DeLoach wrote, referencing Hoffman, a leader of the Youth International Party (the “Yippies”). “This book might give you some insights into the New Leftist mentality,” Hoover’s deputy added.44
While Powell’s exchanges with the FBI were private, his public speeches began to echo similar themes.45 In a 1970 address titled The Attack on American Institutions, Powell decried what he saw as the growing threat of radicalism. “Today there are others with quite opposite goals who insist with equal fervor that civil disobedience of laws deemed to be unjust is a legitimate means of asserting desired rights,” Powell said. “Tyranny is the inevitable result of this form of anarchy.”4
https://www.alternet.org/2021/02/malcolm-x/
no lnx vid
Late cop alleges in shocking letter that the FBI and NYPD conspired to assassinate Malcolm X
Malcolm X’s daughter on her father’s legacy and the new series 'Who Killed Malcolm X?' pix]
Lauren Floyd and Daily Kos February 22, 2021
Civil rights activist Malcolm X died on Feb. 21, 1965, 56 years ago, and decades after his death an undercover cop still didn't feel safe to reveal details of the assassination plot that left the late spokesman for the Nation of Islam shot to death at 39-years-old inside Harlem's Audubon Ballroom. Raymond Wood alleged in a letter he ensured was read after his death that both the FBI and the New York City Police Department (NYPD) conspired to assassinate Malcolm X, according to statements made during a news conference on Saturday. Reggie Wood, a relative of the late cop, read Raymond Wood's letter during that news conference and explained that it was written to his father.
"I participated in actions that in hindsight were deplorable and detrimental to the advancement of my own Black people," Raymond Wood reportedly wrote in the letter dated Jan. 25, 2011. "My actions on behalf of the New York City Police Department [BOSSI] were done under duress and fear that if I did not follow the orders of my handlers I could face detrimental consequences."
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Raymond said in the letter that because his health was declining, he feared that the family of Thomas Johnson, one of the men wrongfully convicted of Malcolm X's murder, wouldn't be able to clear his name in the event of Raymond's death. Johnson died in 2009, Spectrum News reported. Raymond said in the letter that he was hired on April 17, 1964 and assigned to the Bureau of Special Services and Investigations (BOSSI) unit. It was a team Raymond wrote he wasn't trained to join but the organization's purpose for him was "to infiltrate civil rights organizations" and "find evidence of criminal activity, so the FBI could discredit and arrest its leaders."
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"After witnesssing repeated brutality at the hands of my coworkers [Police], I tried to resign," Raymond wrote. "Instead I was threatened with arrest by pinning marijuana and alcohol trafficking charges on me if I did not follow through with the assignments."
He said his handlers told him "to encourage leaders and members of civil rights groups to commit felonious acts." Those members included Walter Bowe and Khaleel Sayyed, members of Malcolm X's security detail who Raymond allegedly convinced to attempt a bombing of the Statue of Liberty. "On February 16, 1965 The Statue of Liberty plot was carried out and the men were arrested just days before the assassination of Malcolm," Raymond wrote. "At that time I was not aware that Malcolm X was the target." Raymond said in the letter that he was ordered to be in the Audubon Ballroom the day of Malcolm's death and witnesses saw him leaving the scene. "Thomas Johnson was later arrested and wrongfully convicted to protect my cover and the secrets of the FBI and NYPD," Raymond wrote. "I have placed my full confession into the care of my cousin Reginald Wood Jr.
"I have requested that this information be held until after I have passed away," Raymond added. "It is my hope, that this information is received with the understanding that I have carried these secrets with a heavy heart and remorsefully regret my participation in this matter."
Both civil rights attorney Ben Crump and Ilyasah Shabazz, Malcolm X's daughter, called for an investigation into the new evidence during the news conference. "Any evidence that provides greater insight into the truth behind that terrible tragedy should be thoroughly investigated," Shabazz said.
"Several months ago, the Manhattan District Attorney initiated a review of the investigation and prosecution that resulted in two convictions for the murder of Malcolm X," the NYPD said in a statement Spectrum News obtained. "The NYPD has provided all available records relevant to that case to the District Attorney. The Department remains committed to assist with that review in any way."
Reggie Wood said during the news conference that Raymond's letter helped him understand "the pain and guilt" Raymond felt. "I hope that this information helps the Shabazz family, excuse me, to more clearly understand what happened to their father on that horrible day," Reggie Wood said. "As a Black man, I am disgusted to know that what happened 60 years ago is still going on today. We are living under (former director of the FBI) J. Edgar Hoover's Jim Crow system of policing our Black and brown people."
View the full news conference below:
https://theconversation.com/im-an-mlk-scholar-and-ill-never-be-able-to-view-king-in-the-same-light-118015
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Publication was justified of information from the FBI that Martin…
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover
Gangster wars
J. Edgar Hoover in 1924
In the early 1930s, criminal gangs carried out large numbers of bank robberies in the Midwest, They used their superior firepower and fast getaway cars to elude local law enforcement agencies and avoid arrest. Many of these criminals, particularly John Dillinger, who became famous for leaping over bank cages and repeatedly escaping from jails and police traps, frequently made newspaper headlines across the U.S. That these robbers operated across state lines made their crimes a federal offense and gave Hoover and his men the authority to pursue them. Initially, the FBI suffered some embarrassing foul-ups, in particular with Dillinger and his side-kicks / conspirators. A raid on a summer lodge named "Little Bohemia" in Manitowish Waters, Wisconsin, left an FBI agent and a civilian bystander dead, and others wounded. All the gangsters escaped. Hoover realized that his job was now on the line, and he pulled out all stops to capture the culprits. In late July 1934, Special Agent Melvin Purvis, the Director of Operations in the Chicago office, received a tip on Dillinger's whereabouts which paid off when Dillinger was located, ambushed and killed by FBI agents outside the Biograph Theater.
In the same period, there were numerous Mafia shootings as a result of Prohibition, while Hoover continued to deny the very existence of organized crime.[10] Frank Costello helped encourage this view by feeding Hoover, "an inveterate horseplayer" known to send Special Agents to place $100 bets for him,[11] tips on sure winners through their mutual friend, gossip columnist Walter Winchell.[11] Hoover said the Bureau had "much more important functions" than arresting bookmakers and gamblers.[11]
Due to several highly publicized captures or shootings of outlaws and bank robbers including Dillinger, Alvin Karpis, and Machine Gun Kelly, the Bureau's powers were broadened and it was given its new name in 1939: the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In 1939, the FBI became pre-eminent in the field of domestic intelligence. Hoover made changes, such as expanding and combining fingerprint files in the Identification Division to compile the largest collection of fingerprints to date.[12][13] Hoover also helped to expand the FBI's recruitment and create the FBI Laboratory, a division established in 1932 to examine evidence found by the FBI.
[edit] Investigation of subversion and radicals
Hoover was concerned about subversion, and under his leadership, the FBI spied upon tens of thousands of suspected subversives and radicals. According to critics, Hoover tended to exaggerate the dangers of these alleged subversives and many times overstepped his bounds in his pursuit of eliminating that perceived threat.[14]
The FBI investigated rings of German saboteurs and spies starting in the late 1930s, and had primary responsibility for counterespionage. The first arrests of German agents were made in 1938, and continued throughout World War II.[15] In the Quirin affair during World War II, when German U-boats set two small groups of Nazi agents ashore in Florida and Long Island to cause acts of sabotage within the country, the members of these teams were apprehended after one of the would-be saboteurs contacted the FBI, confessed everything, and then betrayed the other seven men.[16] President Harry Truman wrote in his memoirs: "The country had reason to be proud of and have confidence in our security agencies. They had kept us almost totally free of sabotage and espionage during World War II".[citation needed]
The FBI participated in the Venona Project, a pre–World War II joint project with the British to eavesdrop on Soviet spies in the UK and the United States. It was not initially realized that espionage was being committed, but due to multiple wartime Soviet use of one-time pad ciphers, which are normally unbreakable, redundancies were created, enabling some intercepts to be decoded, which established the espionage. Hoover kept the intercepts—America's greatest counterintelligence secret—in a locked safe in his office, choosing not to inform President Truman, Attorney General J. Howard McGrath, or two Secretaries of State—Dean Acheson and General George Marshall—while they held office. He informed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the Venona Project in 1952.
In 1946, US Attorney General Tom C. Clark authorized Hoover to compile a list of potentially disloyal Americans who might be detained during a wartime national emergency. In 1950, at the outbreak of the Korean War, Hoover submitted to President Truman a plan to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and detain 12,000 Americans suspected of disloyalty. Truman did not act on the plan.[17]
[edit] COINTELPRO years
Main article: COINTELPRO
In 1956, Hoover was becoming increasingly frustrated by Supreme Court decisions that limited the Justice Department's ability to prosecute people for their political opinions, most notably, Communists. At this time he formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name COINTELPRO.[18]
This program remained in place until it was revealed to the public in 1971, and was the cause of some of the harshest criticism of Hoover and the FBI. COINTELPRO was first used to disrupt the Communist Party, and later organizations such as the Black Panther Party, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s SCLC and others. Its methods included infiltration, burglaries, illegal wiretaps, planting forged documents and spreading false rumors about key members of target organizations and flooding L.A. with drugs.[19] Some authors have charged that COINTELPRO methods also included inciting violence and arranging murders.[20] In 1975, the activities of COINTELPRO were investigated by the "United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities" called the Church Committee after its chairman, Senator Frank Church (D-Idaho) and these activities were declared illegal and contrary to the Constitution.[21] Hoover amassed significant power by collecting files containing large amounts of compromising and potentially embarrassing information on many powerful people, especially politicians. According to Laurence Silberman, appointed Deputy Attorney General in early 1974, FBI Director Clarence M. Kelley thought such files either did not exist or had been destroyed. After The Washington Post broke a story in January 1975, Kelley searched and found them in his outer office. The House Judiciary Committee then demanded that Silberman testify about them.
In 1956, several years before he targeted King, Hoover had a public showdown with T.R.M. Howard, a civil rights leader from Mound Bayou, Mississippi. During a national speaking tour, Howard had criticized the FBI's failure to thoroughly investigate the racially motivated murders of George W. Lee, Lamar Smith, and Emmett Till. Hoover wrote an open letter to the press singling out these statements as "irresponsible."
[edit] Response to Mafia and civil rights groups
In the 1950s, evidence of Hoover's unwillingness to focus FBI resources on the Mafia became grist for the media and his many detractors. His moves against people who maintained contacts with subversive elements, some of whom were members of the civil rights movement, also led to accusations of trying to undermine their reputations. The treatment of Martin Luther King, Jr. and actress Jean Seberg are two cited examples.[citation needed]
Hoover personally directed the FBI investigation into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In 1964, just days before Hoover testified in the earliest stages of the Warren Commission hearings, President Lyndon B. Johnson waived for Hoover the then-mandatory U.S. government service retirement age of seventy, allowing Hoover to remain the FBI Director "for life." The House Select Committee on Assassinations issued a report in 1979 critical of the performance by the FBI, the Warren Commission as well as other agencies. The report also criticized what it characterized as the FBI's reluctance to thoroughly investigate the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the president.[22]
[edit] Late career and death
Presidents Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson each considered dismissing Hoover as FBI Director, but all of them ultimately concluded that the political cost of doing so would be too great.[23]
Hoover's FBI investigated Hollywood lobbyist Jack Valenti, a special assistant and confidant to President Lyndon Johnson, in 1964. Despite Valenti's two-year marriage to Johnson's personal secretary, the investigation focused on rumors that he was having a gay relationship with a commercial photographer friend.[24]
Hoover maintained strong support in Congress until his death at his Washington, D.C., home on May 2, 1972, from a heart attack attributed to cardio-vascular disease.[25] His body lay in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol, where Chief Justice Warren Burger eulogized him.[26] President Nixon delivered another eulogy at the funeral service in the National Presbyterian Church. Hoover was buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C., next to the graves of his parents and a sister who died in infancy.[27]
Operational command of the Bureau passed to Associate Director Clyde Tolson. On May 3, President Richard Nixon appointed L. Patrick Gray, a Justice Department official with no FBI experience, as Acting Director, with W. Mark Felt remaining as Associate Director.[28]
[edit] Legacy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Raids
On August 1, 1919, Palmer put 24-year-old J. Edgar Hoover in charge of a new division of the Justice Department's Bureau of Investigation, the General Intelligence Division. It would investigate the programs of radical groups and identify their members.[6]^(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Raids#cite_note-5) The Boston Police Strike in early September proved the nation had not emerged united from the war. On October 17, the Senate passed a unanimous resolution demanding Palmer explain what actions he had or had not taken against radical aliens and why.[7]^(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Raids#cite_note-6)
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The Palmer Raids
In 1919 Woodrow Wilson appointed A. Mitchell Palmer as his attorney general. Palmer recruited John Edgar Hoover as his special assistant and together they used the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) to launch a campaign against radicals and left-wing organizations.
Worried by the revolution that had taken place in Russia, Palmer became convinced that Communist agents were planning to overthrow the American government. His view was reinforced by the discovery of thirty-eight bombs sent to leading politicians and the Italian anarchist who blew himself up outside Palmer's Washington home. Palmer recruited John Edgar Hoover as his special assistant and together they used the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) to launch a campaign against radicals and left-wing organizations.
A. Mitchell Palmerclaimed that Communist agents from Russia were planning to overthrow the American government. On 7th November, 1919, the second anniversary of the Russian Revolution, over 10,000 suspected communists and anarchists were arrested. Palmer and Hoover found no evidence of a proposed revolution but large number of these suspects were held without trial for a long time. The vast majority were eventually released but Emma Goldman and 247 other people, were deported to Russia.
On 2nd January, 1920, another 6,000 were arrested and held without trial. These raids took place in several cities and became known as the Palmer Raids. A. Mitchell Palmer and John Edgar Hoover found no evidence of a proposed revolution but large number of these suspects, many of them members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), continued to be held without trial. When Palmer announced that the communist revolution was likely to take place on 1st May, mass panic took place. In New York, five elected Socialists were expelled from the legislature.
When the May revolution failed to materialize, attitudes towards Palmer began to change and he was criticised for disregarding people's basic civil liberties. Some of his opponents claimed that Palmer had devised this Red Scare to help him become the Democratic presidential candidate in 1920.