Clear Skies Initiative

nb; so much corruption, reaking out categories for orwellian named B2 efforts:

see also Healthy Forests

which one upped arsenic?

==

President George W. Bush also included a cap-and-trade mechanism in his “Clear Skies” bill that would have amended the Clean Air Act. Upon the bill’s introduction <a href="http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/02/print/clearskies.html" style="text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">he noted the success of his father’s cap-and-trade program</a>:

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments have significantly reduced air pollution, especially through the innovative “cap-and trade” acid rain control program. [It] has been a resounding success, cutting annual sulfur dioxide emissions in the first phase by 50 percent below allowed levels. Emissions were reduced faster than required, and at far less cost”¦The program only requires a handful of EPA employees to operate.

----

air pol 64K premat deaths/yr 20x 911 (30K poer plants) 83  Southern Co lead effort to block cleanup; no upgrade unless 20% of plant value (never reached, always lower incremental approach) footdragging paid off, by 1996 finally some action, but ind saves $3.6b/yr (853m$ for So co) 84

B2 seemed to follow b1 in election, but 180'd; vol effort 1 co of 800 grandfathered plants applied to clean up abandoned 84

DC asked ashcroft to look at EPA enforcement, done by DC soninlaw Philip Perry (he came from law co that rep 2 defendents) Cinergy and Am E Pwr

B2 claimed impressive # but BS; clear skies upped merc level (inhofe wanted more, 26 to 34 tons/yr  1/03 epa admitted 8% of childbear yrs wo had potentially toxic level lead 86

Eric Schaeffer resigned in protest; carter plan much more effective for a little more $; 50 plant suits dropped, staff gagged under cover of ongoing prosec;

Griles also sat on the President's senior policy group for the "Clear Skies" initiative (a misleading euphemistic name for a policy that is notorious for easing restrictions on corporate polluters), participating in at least 11 of its meetings. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute">Edison Electric Institute</a>, a former Griles client, was reported to have been present at one of those meetings.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript222_full.html">[17]</a>

</div>

The Clear Skies Initiative was former President <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush">George Walker Bush</a>'s proposed strategy for air regulation. On February 14, 2002 Bush announced the Clear Skies Initiative. The Initiative was based on a central idea: "that economic growth is key to environmental progress, because it is growth that provides the resources for investment in clean technologies."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-CSI-0">[1]</a> The resulting proposal was a market-based <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cap_and_trade" title="Cap and trade" class="mw-redirect">cap and trade</a> approach which intended to legislate power plant emissions caps without specifying the specific methods used to reach those caps.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-CSI-0">[1]</a> Critics argued the Initiative, despite its title, actually weakened existing laws, such as the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a> and EPA proposed regulations on air pollutants, and did not address carbon dioxide, the most abundant heat trapping greenhouse gas leading to <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-ENS-1">[2]</a>

<h2>Contents</h2>

[<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#Clear_Skies_Initiative_Goals">1 Clear Skies Initiative Goals</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#The_Clear_Skies_Act_of_2003">2 The Clear Skies Act of 2003</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#Criticisms_of_the_Clear_Skies_Act">3 Criticisms of the Clear Skies Act</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#Arguments_for_the_Clear_Skies_Act">4 Arguments for the Clear Skies Act</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#Competing_proposals">5 Competing proposals</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#Rejection_of_the_Clear_Skies_Act">6 Rejection of the Clear Skies Act</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#Clean_Air_Mercury_Rule">6.1 Clean Air Mercury Rule</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#Clean_Air_Interstate_Rule">6.2 Clean Air Interstate Rule</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#Resources">7 Resources</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#References">7.1 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#Related_SourceWatch_Articles">7.2 Related SourceWatch Articles</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#External_links">7.3 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>Clear Skies Initiative Goals</h2>

The policy was put together by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_Connaughton" title="James Connaughton" class="mw-redirect">James Connaughton</a>, Chairman of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a>, and involved the work of Senators Robert C. Smith and George Voinovich and Congressmen <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Billy_Tauzin" title="Billy Tauzin">Billy Tauzin</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Joe_Barton" title="Joe Barton">Joe Barton</a>.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-CSI-0">[1]</a>

The goals of the Initiative were three-fold:<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-CSI-0">[1]</a>

<ul>

<li>Cut SO2 emissions by 73%, from emissions of 11 million tons to a cap of 4.5 million tons in 2010, and 3 million tons in 2018.</li>

<li>Cut NOx emissions by 67%, from emissions of 5 million tons to a cap of 2.1 million tons in 2008, and to 1.7 million tons in 2018.</li>

<li>Cut mercury emissions by 69%, from emissions of 48 tons to a cap of 26 tons in 2010, and 15 tons in 2018.</li>

<li>Actual emissions caps would be set to account for different air quality needs in the East and West.</li>

</ul>

In 2002 power plant emissions amounted to 67% of all sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions (in the United States), 37% of mercury emissions, and 25% of all nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Only SO2 has been administered under a cap-and-trade program.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-CSI-0">[1]</a>

The Initiative was modeled on the 1990 Clean Air Act's acid rain program, which put SO2 under a cap and trade plan (see <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Dispelling_the_myths_of_the_acid_rain_story" title="Dispelling the myths of the acid rain story">Dispelling the myths of the acid rain story</a>). According to the President, the program had reduced air pollution more than all other programs under the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a> combined, actual reductions were more than the law required, and compliance was virtually 100% without the need for litigation. Also, he said that only a "handful" of employees were needed to administer the program.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-CSI-0">[1]</a>

Bush mentioned several benefits of the Initiative:<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-CSI-0">[1]</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-2">[3]</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-3">[4]</a>

<ul>

<li>Reduces respiratory and cardiovascular diseases by dramatically reducing smog, fine particles, and regional haze.</li>

<li>Protects wildlife, habitats and ecosystem health from acid rain, nitrogen and mercury deposition.</li>

<li>Cuts pollution further, faster, cheaper, and with more certainty, replacing litigation with rapid and certain improvements in air quality.</li>

<li>Saves as much as $1 billion annually in compliance costs that are passed along to consumers.</li>

<li>Protects the reliability and affordability of electricity.</li>

<li>Encourages use of new and cleaner pollution control technologies.</li>

</ul>

In sum, it was argued that the Clear Skies Initiative would reduce the cost and complexity of regulatory compliance and the need for litigation. Through the use of a market-based cap-and-trade program, the intent of the Initiative was to reward innovation, reduce costs, and guarantee results. Each power plant facility would be required to have a permit for each ton of pollution emitted. Because the permits are tradeable, companies would have a financial incentive to cut back their emissions using newer technologies.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-CSI-0">[1]</a>

<h2>The Clear Skies Act of 2003</h2>

The Initiative led to the Clear Skies Act of 2003, a proposed federal law of the United States. The official title was introduced is "a bill to amend the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a> to reduce air pollution through expansion of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cap-and-trade" title="Cap-and-trade" class="mw-redirect">cap-and-trade</a> programs, to provide an alternative regulatory classification for units subject to the cap and trade program, and for other purposes."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-CSA-4">[5]</a>

The bill's Senate version (S. 485) was sponsored by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_Inhofe" title="James Inhofe" class="mw-redirect">James Inhofe</a>(R) of Oklahoma and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_Voinovich" title="George Voinovich">George Voinovich</a>(R) of Ohio; the House version (H.R. 999) was sponsored by Joe Barton(R) of Texas and Billy Tauzin(R) of Louisiana. Both versions were introduced on February 27, 2003.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-CSA-4">[5]</a>

Upon introduction of the bill, Inhofe said, "Moving beyond the confusing, command-and-control mandates of the past, Clear Skies cap-and-trade system harnesses the power of technology and innovation to bring about significant reductions in harmful pollutants." The Clear Skies Act came about as the result of President Bush's Clear Skies Initiative.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-5">[6]</a>

<h2>Criticisms of the Clear Skies Act</h2>

The law reduces air pollution controls, including those environmental protections of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a>, including caps on toxins in the air and budget cuts for enforcement. The Act is opposed by conservationist groups such as the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> with <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Henry_A._Waxman" title="Henry A. Waxman">Henry A. Waxman</a>, a Democratic congressman of California, describing its title as "clear propaganda." Waxman was particularly dismayed that the EPA was running an ad on Spanish-language radio stations across the nation to inform the public about the president's environmental initiatives, using federal spending to cast the bill in a favorable light on public radio.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-6">[7]</a>

Among other things, the Clear Skies Act:<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-ENS-1">[2]</a>

<ul>

<li>Allows 42 million more tons of pollution emitted than the EPA proposal.</li>

<li>Weakens the current cap on nitrogen oxide pollution levels from 1.25 million tons to 2.1 million tons, allowing 68 % more NOx pollution.</li>

<li>Delays the improvement of sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution levels compared to the Clean Air Act requirements.</li>

<li>Delays enforcement of smog-and-soot pollution standards until 2015.</li>

<li>Does nothing about regulating carbon dioxide and thus <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.</li>

</ul>

Testifying to the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a>, Director David G. Hawkins said the Clear Skies Act would allow 3 million tons more NOx through 2012 and 8 million more by 2020, for SO2, 18 million tons more through 2012, and 34 million tons more through 2020. 58 tons more mercury through 2012 and 163 tons more through 2020 would be released into the environment than what would be allowed by enforcement of the Clean Air Act.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-Hawkins-7">[8]</a>

In August 2001, the EPA proposed a version of the Clear Skies Act that contained short timetables and lower emissions caps.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-Hawkins-7">[8]</a> It is unknown why this proposal was withdrawn and replaced with the Bush Administration proposal. It is also unclear whether or not the original EPA proposal would have made it out of committee.[<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/SourceWatch:Citation_needed" title="SourceWatch:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]

<h2>Arguments for the Clear Skies Act</h2>

Proponents for the CSA argue that the Clean Air Act sets unachievable goals, especially for tropospheric ozone and nitrogen oxide pollution. Having a clearly defined cap will benefit both industry and the general population because the goals are visible to everyone and industry benefits from cost-certainty. For example, the claim that simply enforcing the Clean Air Act will result in less pollution than the Clear Skies Act assumes that strict measures will be taken in heavily polluting areas, such as Los Angeles, California and other municipalities. Measures such as transportation control were taken in the 1970s but were withdrawn amid widespread public protest. Proponents of reform argue that a more likely result of following the current Clean Air Act is the continued 'muddling along' approach to environmental legislation, with most important decisions made in courts on a case by case basis after many years of litigation.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-CSI-0">[1]</a>

<h2>Competing proposals</h2>

In May 2004 the Energy Information Administration (EIA) released a study comparing the Clear Skies Act with the Clean Air Planning Act of 2003 (S. 843), introduced by Senator Thomas R. Carper, and the Clean Power Act of 2003 (S. 366), introduced by Senator James Jeffords.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-EIA-8">[9]</a>

The differences between the three bills are summarized as follows:

<ul>

<li>Carbon dioxide emissions: While all three bills implement emissions targets on power sector emissions of NOx, SO2, and mercury, the Clean Air Planning Act and the Clean Power Act also call for limits on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Under the Clean Air Planning Act, greenhouse gas emission reductions outside of the power sector, referred to as offsets, can be used to meet the emission targets for CO2.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-EIA-8">[9]</a></li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Size of generators covered: All three bills cover emissions from larger generators that generate power for sale, including central station generators and generators at customer sites that sell power they do not use for their own needs. The Clear Skies and Clean Air Planning Acts cover generating facilities 25 megawatts and larger, while the Clean Power Act covers facilities 15 megawatts and larger. The bills have differing provisions regarding the coverage of combined heat and power facilities that generate some power for sale.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-EIA-8">[9]</a></li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Emissions caps: The bills generally rely on emissions cap and trade programs to achieve the required reductions. Under such programs, allowances will be allocated and covered generators will have to submit one allowance for each unit of emissions they produce. However, for mercury, the Clean Air Planning Act combines a minimum removal target for all plants with an emissions cap, and the Clean Power Act specifies a maximum emissions rate for all facilities and allows no trading of mercury allowances. The Clear Skies Act contains a "safety valve" feature that caps the price that power companies would have to pay for mercury ($2,187.50 per ounce or $35,000 per pound), SO2 ($4,000 per ton), and NOx ($4,000 per ton) allowances. Should one or more of these "safety valves" be triggered, the corresponding cap on emissions would effectively be relaxed.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-EIA-8">[9]</a></li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Emissions allocation: Under the Clear Skies Act, emission allowances are to be allocated based on historical fuel consumption, what is often referred to as "grandfathering". Under the Clean Air Planning Act, a grandfathering approach is used to allocate emission allowances for SO2, but allowances for NOx, mercury, and CO2, are allocated using an output-based scheme. Under this approach, referred to as a generation performance standard (GPS), generators are given allowances for each unit of electricity they generate. The number of allowances allocated for each unit of generation changes each year as the total generation from covered sources changes. The use of a GPS dampens the electricity price impacts of the bill but raises overall compliance costs.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-EIA-8">[9]</a></li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Control technology: In addition to the emission caps, the Clean Power Act also requires that all plants have the best available control technology (BACT) beginning in 2014 or when they reach 40 years of age, whichever comes later. This provision, often referred to as a "birthday" provision, requires older plants to add controls even if the total emissions of covered facilities are below the emission caps.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-EIA-8">[9]</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Rejection of the Clear Skies Act</h2>

In early March 2005, the bill did not move out of committee when members were deadlocked 9-9. Seven Democrats, James Jeffords(I) of Vermont, and Lincoln Chafee(R) of Rhode Island voted against the bill; nine Republicans supported it. Jeffords, the ranking member of the Environment and Public Works Committee said, "We must strive to build upon the success of the Clean Air Act, not gut it." <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-9">[10]</a>

Despite the 2005 deadlock, the Bush Administration moved to implement key measures of the Clear Skies Act, such as the NOx and SO2 trading provision of the bill, which became the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clean_Air_Interstate_Rule" title="Clean Air Interstate Rule">Clean Air Interstate Rule</a> (CAIR), and the mercury trading provision of the bill, known as the Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR). CAIR and CAMR administered through the EPA.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-DC-10">[11]</a>

<h3>Clean Air Mercury Rule</h3>

On February 8, 2008, the DC Circuit struck down CAMR in New Jersey v. EPA, No. 05-1097 (D.C. Cir. Feb. 8, 2008), as the Act removed oil and coal-fired electric utility steam generating units (EGUs) from the list of sources of hazardous air pollutants and instead regulated the emissions through a cap-and-trade program. New Jersey, and several other states, municipal governments, and environmental groups, challenged CAMR claiming that EPA had no authority to delist the EGUs without providing a “specific finding” under section 112(c)(9) of the Clean Air Act. The DC Circuit agreed with the Petitioners, vacating both the delisting rule and CAMR.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-DC-10">[11]</a>

<h3><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clean_Air_Interstate_Rule" title="Clean Air Interstate Rule">Clean Air Interstate Rule</a></h3>

On July 11, 2008, the D.C. Circuit vacated CAIR in North Carolina v. EPA, No. 05-1244 (D.C. Cir. July 11, 2008), finding that CAIR failed to meet the requirements of the Clean Air Act and that “EPA’s approach – regionwide caps with no state-specific quantitative contribution determinations or emissions requirements – is fundamentally flawed.”<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_note-DC-10">[11]</a>

<h2>Resources</h2>

<h3>References</h3>

<li id="cite_note-CSI-0">↑ <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-CSI_0-0">1.0</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-CSI_0-1">1.1</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-CSI_0-2">1.2</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-CSI_0-3">1.3</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-CSI_0-4">1.4</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-CSI_0-5">1.5</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-CSI_0-6">1.6</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-CSI_0-7">1.7</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-CSI_0-8">1.8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/air/clearskies/wh.html">"Executive Summary – The Clear Skies Initiative"</a> EPA Website, February 14, 2002</li>

<li id="cite_note-ENS-1">↑ <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-ENS_1-0">2.0</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-ENS_1-1">2.1</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=5769">http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=5769</a> "USA: Republican 'Clear Skies' Toxic to Democrats" Environmental News Service February 28th, 2003</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/air/clearskies/benefits.html">"Health and Environmental Benefits"</a> EPA Website, accessed November 2009</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/air/clearskies/econ.html">"Economic and Other Impacts"</a> EPA Website, accessed November 2009</li>

<li id="cite_note-CSA-4">↑ <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-CSA_4-0">5.0</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-CSA_4-1">5.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/air/clearskies/fact2003.html">"Clear Skies Act of 2003"</a> EPA Website, accessed November 2009</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecleanenergygroup.com/s485.asp">"Senator Inhofe's statement on Clear Skies"</a> The Clean Energy Group, accessed November 2009</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-6">↑</a> Elizabeth Shogren, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/1015-05.htm">"EPA Radio Ads for Bush's 'Clear Skies' Initiative May Be Illegal"</a> L.A. Times on Common Dreams.org, October 15, 2003</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hawkins-7">↑ <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-Hawkins_7-0">8.0</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-Hawkins_7-1">8.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epw.senate.gov/108th/Hawkins_040803.htm">"Testimony of David G. Hawkins"</a> Senate.gov, April 8, 2003</li>

<li id="cite_note-EIA-8">↑ <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-EIA_8-0">9.0</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-EIA_8-1">9.1</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-EIA_8-2">9.2</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-EIA_8-3">9.3</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-EIA_8-4">9.4</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-EIA_8-5">9.5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/csa/index.html">"Analysis of the Clear Skies, Clean Air Planning and Clean Power Acts of 2003"</a> Energy Information Administration Website, May 2004</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epw.senate.gov/pressitem.cfm?id=233071&party=dem">"Environment and Public Works Committee Rejects Air Pollution Bill"</a> Senate.gov, March 9, 2005</li>

<li id="cite_note-DC-10">↑ <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-DC_10-0">11.0</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-DC_10-1">11.1</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clear_Skies_Initiative#cite_ref-DC_10-2">11.2</a> Linda Bochert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acoel.org/2008/09/articles/air/permitting/epa-in-the-dc-circuit-where-has-all-the-deference-gone/">"EPA in the District Court"</a> American College of Environmental Lawyers, September 23, 2008</li>

</ol>

<h3>Related SourceWatch Articles</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Climate_impacts_of_coal_plants" title="Climate impacts of coal plants">Climate impacts of coal plants</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sulfur_dioxide_and_coal" title="Sulfur dioxide and coal">Sulfur dioxide and coal</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coal_Studies" title="Coal Studies">Coal Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clean_Air_Watch" title="Clean Air Watch">Clean Air Watch</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> / <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gasoline_for_America%27s_Security_Act_of_2005" title="Gasoline for America's Security Act of 2005">Gasoline for America's Security Act of 2005</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect">Environmental Protection Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Operation_Offset" title="Operation Offset">Operation Offset</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clean_Coal_Technology" title="Clean Coal Technology">Clean Coal Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Environmental_impacts_of_coal" title="Environmental impacts of coal">Environmental impacts of coal</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Mercury_and_coal" title="Mercury and coal">Mercury and coal</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sulfur_dioxide_and_coal" title="Sulfur dioxide and coal">Sulfur dioxide and coal</a></li>

</ul>

<h3>External links</h3>

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> also has an article on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Skies_Initiative">Clear Skies Initiative</a>. This article may use content from the Wikipedia article under the terms of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFDL">GFDL</a>.

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=jason leopold  If You Were "King" or "Il Duce"?   Joseph Kelliher, a former Energy Department official, had been soliciting advice from Williams, Reliant, El Paso, Enron and other energy companies on natural gas issues on behalf of Cheney, another area those companies were accused of gaming, particularly in California.   In a March 10, 2001 email, just a week or so after Cheney was briefed by Cruikshank about the Williams scheme, Kelliher emailed energy lobbyist Dana Contratto, asking Contratto if he was "King or "Il Duce, what would you include in a national energy policy, especially with respect to natural gas issues?", according to energy task force documents.   Contratto responded with a three-page list of ideas, many of which were included in the final version of the energy policy.   On another occasion, Kelliher sought out Stephen Craig Sayle, an Enron Corp. lobbyist, to make similar recommendations. Sayle, former counsel for the House Commerce Committee, sent Kelliher Enron's "dream list." The list included a recommendation that the administration commit to market-based emissions trading, which was also used in administration's National Energy Policy.   Sayle wrote Kelliher about the energy policy, saying, "a multi-pollutant regulatory strategy should be estimated for the power generation sector including: Gradually phased in [mercury, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emissions] reductions; reform/replacement of NSR; use of market-based/emission trading programs; inclusion of both existing and new plants and equal treatment for both. The last bullet is the critical one to ensure that: a) we encourage the new generation that is required; b) we ensure that the new technologies developed through DOE programs can come into the market.   "Obviously, this is a dream list," Sayle said in the March 23, 2001 email he sent to Kelliher. "Not all will be done. But perhaps some of these ideas could be floated and adopted."   Sayle also provided Kelliher with a PowerPoint presentation on behalf of his other energy clients in the so-called Clean Power Group, a consortium made up of a handful of the country's biggest energy companies, including NiSource Inc., Calpine Corp., Trigen Energy Corp. and El Paso Corp, whose mission, according to the group's web site, is to "streamline requirements under the Clean Air Act for electric generating facilities while at the same time making major reductions in air emissions."   The PowerPoint presentation, A Comprehensive Multi-Pollutant Emission Control Strategy for Power Generation, summarized the Clean Power Group's support of a "cap and trade" method in addressing emissions of mercury, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide from power plants, but included a proposal for a voluntary cap on carbon dioxide.The Clean Power Group stood to benefit from the initiative it urged Kelliher to get the White House to adopt in that thecompanies could release more emissions under its proposed plan than under the more restrictive rules the Clinton administration had put in place.   After receiving Sayle's email and supporting material, Kelliher recommended that President Bush "direct the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to propose multi-pollutant legislation that would establish a flexible, market-based program to significantly reduce and cap emissions; provide regulatory certainty to allow utilities to make modifications to their plants without fear of new litigation; provide market based incentives, such as emissions-trading credits to help achieve the required reductions," all of which the president approved and was eventually incorporated into the National Energy Policy.   In fact, President Bush's "Clear Skies" initiative consists of many of the bullet points laid out months earlier in Sayle's email to Kelliher.   In addition to Kelliher's correspondence with Sayle, he also met with oil and gas industry lobbyists who helped draft language that Kelliher passed on directly to the White House. Two months later, the president issued executive orders nearly identical to those Kelliher received from the lobbyists months earlier, according to energy task force documents.   Kelliher now chairs FERC, the agency that is entrusted with keeping a close eye on wholesale energy markets, ensuring that companies like Williams and Reliant refrain from engaging in the type of manipulative practices they were caught doing during the spring and summer of 2000 in California.   Cheney Orders FERC to Seal Evidence...=

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