Dudley, S

While the senate was not in session, George W. Bush by-passed the Senate and appointed Susan Dudley to be the Director of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. She served as Director from 2007 to 2008.---pundit/pension plan=
==<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.wired.com/story/facebook-joel-kaplan-washington-political-influence/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://www.wired.com/story/facebook-joel-kaplan-washington-political-influence/</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">OMFG</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style=""><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">KAPLAN REMAINED IN the Bush White House for all eight years. He rose to deputy chief of staff, managing a wide terrain of domestic policy issues, including federal surveillance law and immigration reform. He also proved adept at the Washington gamesmanship required to protect his boss.</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In late 2007 the Environmental Protection Agency was on the brink of a historic feat: declaring that greenhouse gases posed a direct threat to the public through climate change. On the afternoon of December 5, an EPA official named Jason Burnett emailed the agency’s official but unpublished Endangerment Finding to the Office of Management and Budget, thus triggering a federal review process that would in all likelihood lead to the first-ever regulations of CO2 emissions from vehicles and, eventually, power stations. A half-hour later, Steven Johnson, Bush’s EPA administrator, walked into Burnett’s office. As Burnett recalls, Johnson had just gotten off the phone: Joel Kaplan was asking them not to send the report to the OMB. When Burnett said he’d already sent it, Johnson left, then came back five minutes later. “Joel is asking whether you can send a follow-on email, saying you sent it in error.”</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" style="">“And I said, ‘Well, no—because I didn’t,’” Burnett recalls, laughing. “This is the key environmental issue of our time, the evidence is clear. No, I didn’t send it ‘by mistake.’” Johnson went back to the phone and again returned a few minutes later. “OK, Joel is going to tell Susan Dudley”—the OMB official who had received the EPA document—“not to open your email.” Burnett was speechless, and also somewhat impressed at Kaplan’s logic. Under a certain theory, if the email remained unopened, the OMB wasn’t in receipt of its contents. “And if you’re not in receipt of its contents, then you don’t have to take action that would flow from having received this Endangerment Finding—literally, that the public is in danger from climate change.”</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">After the email sat unopened for weeks, Johnson drafted a letter directly to Bush. It read, “I have concluded that it is in the Administration’s best interest to move forward” with the EPA’s three-phase plan to regulate greenhouse gases. In January, Johnson sent the letter to the White House by courier. At the top, on EPA stationery, was a hand-scrawled note to Kaplan: “Joel, I really need your help in bringing these issues to closure. Thank you, Steve.” According to Burnett, Kaplan called a few days later and told Johnson to have someone from the EPA come over and take the letter back. Six months later, the EPA issued a new version of its findings; this time it did not make any formal recommendation.</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When Bush’s term ended, Kaplan went to work for a Texas energy company. But he had kept in touch with Sheryl Sandberg, who was looking to build out Facebook’s small team in Washington. Kaplan joined in 2011, overseeing domestic policy. He understood little about how the internet worked and had to be taught by snickering staff. Yet the company’s main concern in DC at the time wasn’t fending off laws but building an image. In Washington, Facebook’s trajectory was reflected in its ever changing lease: from a cramped walk-up in DuPont Circle to swankier F Street digs in Penn Quarter to the Warner building on Pennsylvania Avenue—each move inching closer to the White House....</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div>
<a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/koch-cog-rsc/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://www.citizen.org/article/koch-cog-rsc/</a>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Regulatory Studies Center, or RSC, is one of about 70 research centers and institutes operated by George Washington University, a school of 26,000 students located in the nation’s capital.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4);">The RSC purports to be a “leading source for applied scholarship in regulatory issues” and a training ground for those seeking to “ensure that regulatory policies are designed in the public interest.”<a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/koch-cog-rsc/?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=ab4a011e-a30b-428d-805a-411de0805c8e#ftn1" name="ftnref1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-shadow: 0px -1px inset; box-sizing: border-box;">[1]</a> RSC Director Susan Dudley has described the center as providing “an objective, unbiased look at the regulatory system, with our academic credentials.”<a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/koch-cog-rsc/?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=ab4a011e-a30b-428d-805a-411de0805c8e#ftn2" name="ftnref2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-shadow: 0px -1px inset; box-sizing: border-box;">[2]</a><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4);">
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4);">But evidence – including the content of RSC’s work, the backgrounds of its researchers and the composition of its funders – reveals that the true purpose of the RSC is to provide scholarly rationales against government regulation, focusing on measures that would affect the fossil fuel industry, such as those to reduce pollution or combat climate change.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The RSC’s primary output consists of written materials, including analyses of discrete regulatory proposals that are submitted to government agencies under the rubric of “public comments.” Although public comments submitted by RSC researchers carry a disclaimer that they represent the views of the individual researchers, not the RSC, they are remarkably consistent in the antiregulatory views they express.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When characterizing broad regulatory trends, RSC researchers habitually cite studies – some of dubious credibility – that feed a narrative that regulations are excessive and burdensome. Meanwhile, these researchers typically ignore or downplay the benefits of regulations or dangers of under-regulating. These omissions are especially notable because the RSC was formed in 2009, just as the nation was crawling out of a catastrophic recession that was almost indisputably caused by gaps in the regulation of financial derivatives and a failure of regulators to enforce rules on mortgage lending.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The RSC appears to be influential. Many of the planks of President Donald Trump’s deregulatory agenda were put forth by the RSC long before Trump’s election. These include dramatically reducing the cost that the government attributes to carbon emissions.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The RSC does not generally disclose its sources of funding. But reports by other organizations, along with some cryptic disclosures by George Washington University and the RSC, show that its major donors include the charitable foundation operated by Charles Koch, who is the billionaire co-owner of petrochemical giant Koch Industries Inc. and financier of a sprawling political empire. Koch Industries is among the leading emitters of toxic waste and greenhouse gases in the United States, which means that it could benefit from the RSC’s policy advocacy in Washington, D.C.<a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/koch-cog-rsc/?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=ab4a011e-a30b-428d-805a-411de0805c8e#ftn3" name="ftnref3" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-shadow: 0px -1px inset; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;">[3]</a> Other RSC donors include oil companies, industry trade associations, and other foundations that support limited-government causes. Individuals who have donated include several prominent antiregulatory strategists and lawyers.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Susan Dudley – who is the RSC’s founder and director and served as the government’s “regulatory czar” at the end of the George W. Bush administration<a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/koch-cog-rsc/?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=ab4a011e-a30b-428d-805a-411de0805c8e#ftn4" name="ftnref4" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-shadow: 0px -1px inset; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;">[4]</a> – has called herself a “free-market environmentalist.”<a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/koch-cog-rsc/?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=ab4a011e-a30b-428d-805a-411de0805c8e#ftn5" name="ftnref5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-shadow: 0px -1px inset; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;">[5]</a> This is a view often associated with a libertarian philosophy that trusts market forces, rather than laws, to achieve desired results. Dudley has opposed standards to improve air quality throughout her career. Perhaps most famously, she once argued that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had scored a proposal to reduce air pollution too generously because it did not account for the benefits of smog that would be lost. In effect, she argued that smog should be valued for its potential to prevent skin cancer by blotting out the sun.<a href="https://www.citizen.org/article/koch-cog-rsc/?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=ab4a011e-a30b-428d-805a-411de0805c8e#ftn6" name="ftnref6" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-shadow: 0px -1px inset; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;">[6]</a><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dudley has been affiliated with at least eight Koch-funded organizations besides the RSC, including one dedicated to infusing libertarian viewpoints into higher education. Dudley is not alone. More than half of the RSC authors who filed public comments between 2013 and 2018 have been affiliated with organizations funded by the Koch family. These authors accounted for 75 percent of the public comments that the RSC submitted in this time period.<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: var(--sy); margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; transition-property: var(--t8n_p1), color; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: var(--xw_4); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">lilsis map]~ HCFC kid killertrump rao GMU<a href="https://thehill.com/regulation/administration/327912-trump-nominates-regulatory-chief">https://thehill.com/regulation/administration/327912-trump-nominates-regulatory-chief</a>
Trump appointed a new regulatory czar Friday.Neomi Rao, an associate law professor at George Mason University, was nominated to run the White House’s Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA).OIRA will play a central role in Trump’s regulatory reform agenda. This obscure agency, which is buried inside the White House’s Office of Management and Budget (OMB), reviews regulations from federal agencies and has the power to reject rules that do not fall in line with the president’s goals.As the OIRA administrator, Rao will play a key role in overseeing Trump’s plan to eliminate 75 percent of federal regulations.Rao, an expert in constitutional and administrative law, has split her career between the courtroom and the classroom. <div dir="ltr" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Former OIRA Administrator Susan Dudley said Rao has a “sharp legal mind” who will be able to “manage the competing demands of regulatory policy.”“Professor Neomi Rao is an excellent choice to lead OIRA,” said Dudley, who served at OIRA during the Bush administration, and now runs the George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center. “Not only is she is a respected legal scholar focusing on administrative and constitutional law, but she has experience in all three branches of government,” Dudley said. “In addition to a sharp legal mind, she brings an openness to different perspectives and an ability to manage the competing demands of regulatory policy.”</div><div>=</div>report on HER from OMBwatch ublic citizen, see bak for intro, worse than graham<a href="https://www.citizen.org/sites/default/files/dudleyreport.pdf">https://www.citizen.org/sites/default/files/dudleyreport.pdf</a>THE COST IS TOO HIGHHow Susan Dudley Threatens Public ProtectionsIntroduction................................................................................3Get to Know Susan Dudley: A Case Example ..............................7Manufacturers Fail to Provide Safe Air Bags; NHTSA Takes Action ........ 7Leave it to the Market… ......................................................................... 8Conclusion............................................................................................ 13Dudley’s Impossible Requirements.............................................15The Market Never Fails ........................................................................ 16We Can Never Know Enough ............................................................... 19Leaving It to the States .......................................................................... 22Case in Point: Dudley’s Impossible Requirements in Action ......25Dudley’s Radical Ideas ..............................................................29Regulatory Sunsets ................................................................................ 30Regulatory Rationing ............................................................................ 32More Costs, Fewer Benefits................................................................... 35Radical Wrecking Ball ........................................................................... 41Where Does She Get These Radical Ideas?..................................43Meet the Mercatus Center..................................................................... 43Birth and Development of the Center.................................................... 43Money, Power & Influence ................................................................... 45Conclusion................................................................................57Appendices A. Mercatus Center Founders Circle 2004 B. Agencies and Regulations Targeted by Mercatus’s Submission to OIRA in 2001 C. Mercatus Center Contributors Affected by Federal Regulatory ProposalsChallenged by the Mercatus Center in 2001 D. The Mercatus Center’s Toxic Mix of Money, Power, & Influence: A Case inPoint E. Dudleynomics in Action<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-inc-lobbying-activities">https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-inc-lobbying-activities</a><h2 style="line-height: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">The Mercatus Center</h2><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/mercatus-center" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">The Mercatus Center</a> is a conservative think tank located at George Mason University that regularly <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-and-george-mason-university" style="text-decoration-line: none;">lobbies in the federal government</a>. Koch Industries has funded the Mercatus Center since the 1980s.<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-inc-lobbying-activities#s8" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> [8]</a><h2 style="line-height: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">Koch and the Bush Administration</h2>During George W. Bush's second presidential term, his administration tried several times to appoint individuals who were “pro-industry” to important environmental positions. However, the Senate blocked the president's continued efforts. Included in the president's nominations were Alex Beehler and Susan Dudley, both of whom have connections to Koch Industries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Susan Dudley</a> was the director of Regulatory Studies at the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-and-george-mason-university" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Mercatus Center</a>. Dudley opposes federal regulation. She <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107143804/http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2007/01/11/still_hiring_treehaters.php" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">lobbied against</a> the Environmental Protection Agency's attempts to reduce smog, produce cleaner gasoline, and remove arsenics from drinking water. President Bush nominated Dudley to be the Director of the White House Office of Management and Budget. The person working in this position can interfere, without scrutiny, in the dealings of agencies such as the EPA. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107143804/http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2007/01/11/still_hiring_treehaters.php" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">This position</a> can also be used as a conduit for industries to avoid federal health and environmental standards.<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-inc-lobbying-activities#s9" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> [9]</a>Bush also nominated Alex A. Beehler to be the Inspector General of the EPA. The Inspector General oversees EPAmanagement and conducts audits. Beehle's environemental highlights include: lobbying for military activities to be <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107143804/http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2007/01/11/still_hiring_treehaters.php" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">exempt from environmental regulations</a>, and trying to influence the EPA's decision on creating a health standard for<a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2007/04/01/bush-again-pushes-3-nominees-seen-pro-industry" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> perchlorate,</a> a rocket fuel component. Perchlorate can impair fetal brain development and has contaminated water in 25 U.S. states. At Koch Industries, Beehler worked as the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Koch_Industries" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">director of environmental and regulatory affairs</a>. He also served as vice president for environmental projects at the Charles G. Koch Foundation. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-inc-lobbying-activities#s9" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-inc-lobbying-activities#s10" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a>While the senate was not in session, George W. Bush by-passed the Senate and appointed Susan Dudley to be the Director of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. She served as Director from 2007 to 2008.<h2 style="line-height: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">Resources...</h2>==

now at GWU

so is hubby? TY  - JOUR

AU  - Mannix, Brian F.

AU  - Dudley, Susan E.

TI  - THE LIMITS OF IRRATIONALITY AS A RATIONALE FOR REGULATION

JO  - Journal of Policy Analysis and Management

JA  - J. Pol. Anal. Manage.

VL  - 34

IS  - 3

SN  - 1520-6688

UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.21841

DO  - 10.1002/pam.21841

SP  - 705

EP  - 712

PY  - 2015

(JG and Bolten princeton) new spin on pension plan?  as colleges are defunded?

recess appt 2007 oira

==

fedsoc expert:

Brian F. Mannix, Buckland Mill Associates

</div>

<div class="authorContent">Brian Mannix is a research professor at the Regulatory Studies Center, George Washington University. He has served as Associate Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency for Policy, Economics, and Innovation (2005-2009); earlier he served as an economist in OMB’s Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (1981-1987), and as Virginia’s Deputy Secretary of Natural Resources (1996-1998). Brian was managing editor of Regulation magazine at the American Enterprise Institute (1987-1989). He has degrees in Mathematics, Chemistry, and Public Policy from Harvard University.</div>

The Federalist Society takes no position on particular legal or public policy issues. The people listed as Experts have spoken or otherwise participated in Federalist Society events, publications, or multimedia presentations. A person's appearance on this list does not imply any other endorsement or relationship between the person and the Federalist Society. All expressions of opinion by an expert are those of the expert.

</div>

<div class="authorContent">Publications and Multimedia

<div class="authorItem"><a href="http://www.fed-soc.org/multimedia/detail/the-highsand-lowsof-high-frequency-trading-podcast">The Highs–and Lows–of High-Frequency Trading - Podcast</a>

Corporations, Securities & Antitrust Practice Group Podcast

August 05, 2014</div>

<div class="authorItem"><a href="http://www.fed-soc.org/publications/detail/the-social-cost-of-carbon">The Social Cost of Carbon</a>

Engage Volume 15, Issue 1

July 24, 2014</div>

<div class="authorItem"><a href="http://www.fed-soc.org/multimedia/detail/is-epas-naaqs-process-inexorably-monotonic-podcast">Is EPA's NAAQS Process Inexorably Monotonic? - Podcast</a>

Environmental Law & Property Rights and Administrative Law & Regulation Practice Groups Podcast

September 09, 2013</div><div class="authorItem">
</div>

<div class="authorItem"><a href="http://www.fed-soc.org/multimedia/detail/benefit-cost-analysis-in-rulemaking-ready-for-prime-time-podcast">Benefit-Cost Analysis in Rulemaking: Ready for Prime Time? - Podcast</a>

Administrative Law & Regulation Practice Group Podcast

May 21, 2012</div>

</div>

==

aei conf:

BRIAN F. MANNIX, Buckland Mill Associates

“Whose Telescope is Defective? The Role of Discount-Rate Arbitrage in Energy and Climate Policy”

Moderator:

SUSAN E. DUDLEY, The George Washington University

2:50 Panel IV: Climate Change and International Species Conservation

Presenters: J. B. Ruhl, Florida State University College of Law

Brian F. Mannix, Buckland Mill Associates

Michael De Alessi, Reason Public Policy Institute

Discussant: Rafe Petersen, Holland & Knight LLP

Moderator: Kenneth P. Green, AEI

Susan Dudley debate Hunt Allcott & Cass Sunstein in the<a alt="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6688" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.2015.34.issue-3/issuetoc" shape="rect" target="_blank"> Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 34, Issue 3</a> Summer 2015

In this Point/Counterpoint series of 4 articles in the new issue of the Journal of Policy Analysis & Management, Brian Mannix & Susan Dudley engage in a back-and-forth with Hunt Allcott & Cass Sunstein on the advisability of regulatory interventions based solely on "internalities," which Allcott & Sunstein define as "costs we impose on ourselves by taking actions that are not in our own best interest." In "<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.21841/full" target="blank">The Limits of Irrationality as a Rationale for Regulation</a>" and "<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.21847/full" target="blank">Please Don't Regulate my Internalities</a>," Mannix & Dudley warn that "allowing regulators to control consumers 'for their own good' – based on some deficiency in the consumers themselves rather than any failure in the marketplace – is to abandon any serious attempt to keep regulatory policy grounded in any objective notion of the public good." (Let us know if you cannot access these articles.)

<h3><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.2015.34.issue-3/issuetoc#group6" target="_blank">Read the full articles in the Journal of Policy Analysis & Management</a></h3>

EPA and NOAA scientists responded:

“The unprecedented and unwarranted influence

of the EPA’s scientific work and findings by the

White House and OMB must end.”

“OMB should stay out of NOAA decision-

making on scientific and policy issues – they

should stick to budget.” 

“[OMB] is a true source of frustration. ...

 They

have hired their own scientists and play the ‘my

scientist is better than yours’ game.”

“Get the OMB out of the business of reviewing

science—they do not have adequate staff or

adequately skilled staff to provide a scientific

review of everything EPA does.”

“All communications between EPA and OMB

during the development of agency technical

products and actions should be preserved for the

public record.”

“OMB is increasingly interfering in earlier

stages of projects... sometimes insisting on

methodologies that are less credible than those

selected by EPA scientists.”

For more information,

see www.ucsusa.org/surveys

Problem:

The two most recent administrators of the White

House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs

(OIRA, a part of the Office of Management and

Budget) have greatly expanded OIRA’s power to

delay or halt regulations essential to the protection

of the health and safety of the American people. 

President Bush’s first OIRA head, John Graham,

invited corporate special interests to create a list of

76 regulatory protections they wanted weakened or

eliminated. Even more insidious were the policies

he crafted to change the way that all federal

agencies conduct scientific peer review and risk

assessments. Graham's methodology for conducting

cost-benefit analyses was widely criticized for

weighting the scales against protective regulations

Graham’s successor, Susan Dudley, oversaw the

expansion of OIRA’s role after President Bush

issued Executive Order 13422. This executive order

reduced transparency by placing politically

appointed regulatory policy officers in all

regulatory agencies and giving them more power to

sign off on agency regulations, expanded OIRA’s

review of guidance documents and elevated the

identification of market failures as a justification for

any new regulations. In addition, OIRA under

Dudley’s tenure directly meddled in the science

behind regulations for smog, greenhouse gases, and

the North Atlantic right whale.

solutions:

Graham hired a handful of scientists to create

 in-house scientific expertise at OIRA. The

agency then began to review and criticize the scien

tific basis for decisions such as EPA’s standards

for ozone, fine particulate matter and formaldehyde

 pollution. This small number of in-house

scientists does not provide adequate scientific

expertise to credibly review scientific findings across

multiple agencies. It is inappropriate for the Whit

e House to second-guess the consensus of agency

specialists with decades of experience, and of advi-

sory committees composed of internationally

respected experts.  

desmog

<h2 style=" line-height: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">Koch Industries and Lobbying in Washington</h2>

<h3 style=" line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;">Nancy Pfotenhauer, Koch, and Lobbying

</h3>

Nancy Pfotenhauer (formerly Nancy Mitchell) was an advisor to Senator John McCain during his presidential election campaign, and a former director of Koch Industries’ Washington office.  Pfotenhauer was Koch Industries’ <a href="http://news.muckety.com/2008/09/26/mccain-adviser-nancy-mitchell-pfotenhauer-honed-her-skills-as-lobbyist-conservative-crusader/5202?rLink" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">chief in-house lobbyist</a> from 1996 to 2001.  Her lobbying efforts were focused on gas pipelines.  In 2001, Nancy Pfotenhauer left Koch Industries to become the president of the <a href="http://www.iwf.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Independent Women’s Forum</a>, a conservative research group that receives<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/kochaggregate.php" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">funding</a> from Koch Industries.

In 2003, the Independent Women’s Forum became affiliated with the Citizens for a Sound Economy (now Americans for Prosperity). Pfotenhauer served as <a href="http://www.americansforprosperity.org/search/node/nancy+pfotenhauer" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">president and CEO of Americans for Prosperity</a> and executive vice president of policy for Citizens For a Sound Economy.  <a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=27" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a> was <a href="http://www.stealthpacs.org/profile.cfm?org_id=162" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">co-founded by David H. Koch </a>and has received<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/kochaggregate.php" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">$12,906,712</a> in grants from the Koch Family Foundations. Americans for Prosperity has received $1,000,000 in funding.

<h3 style=" line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;">The Mercatus Center</h3>

The Mercatus Center is a conservative think tank located at George Mason University that regularly <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/koch-and-george-mason-university" style="text-decoration: none;">lobbies in the federal government</a>.  Koch Industries has funded the Mercatus Center since the 1980s.

<h3 style=" line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;">Koch and the Bush Administration</h3>

During George W. Bush’s second presidential term, his administration tried several times to appoint individuals who were “pro-industry” to important environmental positions.  However, the Senate blocked the president’s continued efforts.  Included in the president’s nominations were Alex Beehler and Susan Dudley, both of whom have connections to Koch Industries.

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Susan Dudley</a> was the director of Regulatory Studies at the <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/koch-and-george-mason-university" style="text-decoration: none;">Mercatus Center</a>.  Dudley opposes federal regulation.  She <a href="http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2007/01/11/still_hiring_treehaters.php" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">lobbied against</a> the Environmental Protection Agency’s attempts to reduce smog, produce cleaner gasoline, and remove arsenics from drinking water.  President Bush nominated Dudley to be the Director of the White House Office of Management and Budget.  The person working in this position can interfere, without scrutiny, in the dealings of agencies such as the EPA.  <a href="http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2007/01/11/still_hiring_treehaters.php" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">This position</a> can also be used as a conduit for industries to avoid federal health and environmental standards.

Bush also nominated Alex A. Beehler to be the Inspector General of the EPA.  The Inspector General oversees EPA management and conducts audits.  Beehler’s environemental highlights include:  lobbying for military activities to be <a href="http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2007/01/11/still_hiring_treehaters.php" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">exempt from environmental regulations</a>, and trying to influence the EPA’s decision on creating a health standard for<a href="http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/04/01/242" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">percholorate,</a> a rocket fuel component.  Perchlorate can impair fetal brain development and has contaminated water in 25U.S. states.  At Koch Industries, Beehler worked as the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Koch_Industries" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">director of environemntal and regulatory affairs</a>.  He also served as vice president for environmental projects at the Charles G. Koch Foundation.

While the senate was not in session, George W. Bush by-passed the Senate and appointed Susan Dudley to be the Director of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs.  She served as Director from 2007 to 2008.

==

==

start of writeup in risk assess

OIRA: Bush 43 Susan Dudley OIRA under obama?! recess appt 2007

Wiki: Dudley has been termed a conservative academic and her work at the Mercatus ("Market," in Latin) Center generally promoted market solutions over government regulation. She argued, for example, that consumers should be able to choose the efficiency of their household appliances, rather than have the government set energy efficiency standards. She also famously argued against an EPA effort to reduce surface ozone stating that smog-free skies would lead to significantly more skin cancers and cataracts.[3]

On July 11 2008, Dudley publicly objected to EPA's analysis of various ways to control greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act, and transmitted the objections of four cabinet members and four other agency heads. All of these objections were published along with EPA's analysis, which it prepared in response to the April 2007 Supreme Court ruling that EPA has authority to regulate greenhouse gases. The act of an administration publishing a document and disavowing its own conclusions was described as an "extraordinary move" by the Wall Street Journal and "tortured policy" by the Washington Post. On April 17, 2009, the Obama administration took the next administrative step unde [CAT] would be far preferable.[note no cite]

<div>

</div>

==

After we published this list in <a href="http://pr.thinkprogress.org/">The Progress Report</a>, Rep. Brad Miller (D-NC), Chairman of the <a href="http://science.house.gov/subcommittee/oversight.aspx">Investigations and Oversight Subcommittee</a> of the House Science and Technology Committee, contacted us to urge that <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/bio-oira.html">OIRA head</a> Susan Dudley be added to the list. Dudley headed the Mercatus Center at George Mason University before heading OIRA. “The Mercatus Center takes the view that regulation is never appropriate unless there has been a market failure, and the market never fails,” Miller said. “Dudley concocted elaborate explanations for how the market will eventually solve whatever the problem is. She was probably more responsible for EPA’s failings than Stephen Johnson.”

==

jm nyt:

In the mid-eighties, the Kochs provided millions of dollars to George Mason University, in Arlington, Virginia, to set up another think tank. Now known as the Mercatus Center, it promotes itself as “the world’s premier university source for market-oriented ideas—bridging the gap between academic ideas and real-world problems.” Financial records show that the Koch family foundations have contributed more than thirty million dollars to George Mason, much of which has gone to the Mercatus Center, a nonprofit organization. “It’s ground zero for deregulation policy in Washington,” Rob Stein, the Democratic strategist, said. It is an unusual arrangement. “George Mason is a public university, and receives public funds,” Stein noted. “Virginia is hosting an institution that the Kochs practically control.”

The founder of the Mercatus Center is Richard Fink, formerly an economist. Fink heads Koch Industries’ lobbying operation in Washington. In addition, he is the president of the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation, the president of the Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation, a director of the Fred C. and Mary R. Koch Foundation, and a director and co-founder, with David Koch, of the Americans for Prosperity Foundation.

Fink, with his many titles, has become the central nervous system of the Kochtopus. He appears to have supplanted Ed Crane, the head of the Cato Institute, as the brothers’ main political lieutenant. Though David remains on the board at Cato, Charles Koch has fallen out with Crane. Associates suggested to me that Crane had been insufficiently respectful of Charles’s management philosophy, which he distilled into a book called “The Science of Success,” and trademarked under the name Market-Based Management, or M.B.M. In the book, Charles recommends instilling a company’s corporate culture with the competitiveness of the marketplace. Koch describes M.B.M. as a “holistic system” containing “five dimensions: vision, virtue and talents, knowledge processes, decision rights and incentives.” A top Cato Institute official told me that Charles “thinks he’s a genius. He’s the emperor, and he’s convinced he’s wearing clothes.” Fink, by contrast, has been far more embracing of Charles’s ideas. (Fink, like the Kochs, declined to be interviewed.)

At a 1995 conference for philanthropists, Fink adopted the language of economics when speaking about the Mercatus Center’s purpose. He said that grant-makers should use think tanks and political-action groups to convert intellectual raw materials into policy “products.”

The Wall Street Journal has called the Mercatus Center “the most important think tank you’ve never heard of,” and noted that fourteen of the twenty-three regulations that President George W. Bush placed on a “hit list” had been suggested first by Mercatus scholars. Fink told the paper that the Kochs have “other means of fighting [their] battles,” and that the Mercatus Center does not actively promote the company’s private interests. But Thomas McGarity, a law professor at the University of Texas, who specializes in environmental issues, told me that “Koch has been constantly in trouble with the E.P.A., and Mercatus has constantly hammered on the agency.” An environmental lawyer who has clashed with the Mercatus Center called it “a means of laundering economic aims.” The lawyer explained the strategy: “You take corporate money and give it to a neutral-sounding think tank,” which “hires people with pedigrees and academic degrees who put out credible-seeming studies. But they all coincide perfectly with the economic interests of their funders.”

In 1997, for instance, the E.P.A. moved to reduce surface ozone, a form of pollution caused, in part, by emissions from oil refineries. Susan Dudley, an economist who became a top official at the Mercatus Center, criticized the proposed rule. The E.P.A., she argued, had not taken into account that smog-free skies would result in more cases of skin cancer. She projected that if pollution were controlled it would cause up to eleven thousand additional cases of skin cancer each year.

In 1999, the District of Columbia Circuit Court took up Dudley’s smog argument. Evaluating the E.P.A. rule, the court found that the E.P.A. had “explicitly disregarded” the “possible health benefits of ozone.” In another part of the opinion, the court ruled, 2-1, that the E.P.A. had overstepped its authority in calibrating standards for ozone emissions. As the Constitutional Accountability Center, a think tank, revealed, the judges in the majority had previously attended legal junkets, on a Montana ranch, that were arranged by the Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment—a group funded by Koch family foundations. The judges have claimed that the ruling was unaffected by their attendance....

<a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/08/30/covert-operations">http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/08/30/covert-operations</a>

---

MEET SUSAN B. DUDLEY

Frank O’Donnell, president of Clean Air Watch, wrote in 2007 about George W. Bush’s re-nomination of “a veritable rogues’ gallery of anti-environmental figures to key posts in federal agencies.” O’Donnell said that Susan B. Dudley, one of the nominees, was “a true anti-regulatory zealot. As director of regulatory studies at the industry-funded Mercatus Center, Dudley was like a wrecking ball out to smash key safeguards.” He added, “Putting Dudley in this key federal post would be like naming comedian Michael Richards to head the U.S. Civil Rights Commission.”

According to Lee Fang of Think Progress, George W. Bush appointed Susan B. Dudley, the director of the Regulatory Studies Program at the Mercatus Center, to head the OMB Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)—after the center had attacked the “EPA regulation of tailpipe greenhouse gases by challenging the science of climate change.” (Dudley’s was a recess appointment in 2007.)

O’Donnell said that as head of OIRA Dudley would have one “of the most obscure yet powerful jobs in Washington. The person in this position can, largely without public scrutiny, interfere with actions of agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency, and become a conduit for industries seeking to avoid federal health, environmental and safety standards.”

The Cost is Too High: How Susan Dudley Threatens Public Protections, a report produced by Public Citizen and OMB Watch in 2006, said that while Dudley worked at Mercatus, she “attacked proposed regulations in formal submissions to government agencies and orchestrated campaigns to derail other safeguards already on the books.” The report also claimed that Dudley displayed “an extreme anti-regulatory ideology” and “questioned the merit of regulation altogether in congressional testimony and regulatory comments, and she has urged weakening, if not eliminating entirely, public safeguards.”

Dudley worked to oppose public health regulations as a “hidden tax” that hinders profits when she was at Mercatus. She opposed all of the following: EPA plans that would have set tougher standards for smog; lower-polluting cars and SUVs—as well as cleaner gasoline; air bags in cars; stronger regulations for arsenic in drinking water; measures that could help curb global warming. (Think Progress)

Dudley has been quoted as stating that the “evidence regarding global warming and human contribution to it is mixed, and…if a slight warming does occur, historical evidence suggests it is likely to be beneficial, occurring at night, in the winter, and at the poles.” In her testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property and Nuclear Safety/Committee on Environment and Public on April 24, 1997, Dudley said: “Ozone in the troposphere, like ozone in the stratosphere, has the beneficial effect of screening ultraviolet radiation, which is known to have various health and welfare effects including melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, cataracts, and crop and fishery damage.”

The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), a nonprofit consortium of more than seventy universities that offer Ph.D.s in atmospheric and related sciences, doesn’t see it the same way Dudley does. UCAR has said the following about ozone in the troposphere:

Ozone occurs naturally at ground-level in low concentrations. The two major sources of natural ground-level ozone are hydrocarbons, which are released by plants and soil, and small amounts of stratospheric ozone, which occasionally migrate down to the earth’s surface. Neither of these sources contributes enough ozone to be considered a threat to the health of humans or the environment.

But the ozone that is a byproduct of certain human activities does become a problem at ground level and this is what we think of as ‘bad’ ozone. With increasing populations, more automobiles, and more industry, there’s more ozone in the lower atmosphere. Since 1900 the amount of ozone near the earth’s surface has more than doubled. Unlike most other air pollutants, ozone is not directly emitted from any one source. Tropospheric ozone is formed by the interaction of sunlight, particularly ultraviolet light, with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, which are emitted by automobiles, gasoline vapors, fossil fuel power plants, refineries, and certain other industries.

And this is what UCAR said about the negative impacts of tropospheric ozone:

While stratospheric ozone shields us from ultraviolet radiation, in the troposphere this irritating, reactive molecule damages forests and crops; destroys nylon, rubber, and other materials; and injures or destroys living tissue. It is a particular threat to people who exercise outdoors or who already have respiratory problems.

Ozone affects plants in several ways. High concentrations of ozone cause plants to close their stomata. These are the cells on the underside of the plant that allow carbon dioxide and water to diffuse into the plant tissue. This slows down photosynthesis and plant growth. Ozone may also enter the plants through the stomata and directly damage internal cells.

Rubber, textile dyes, fibers, and certain paints may be weakened or damaged by exposure to ozone. Some elastic materials can become brittle and crack, while paints and fabric dyes may fade more quickly.

When ozone pollution reaches high levels, pollution alerts are issued urging people with respiratory problems to take extra precautions or to remain indoors. Smog can damage respiratory tissues through inhalation. Ozone has been linked to tissue decay, the promotion of scar tissue formation, and cell damage by oxidation. It can impair an athlete’s performance, create more frequent attacks for individuals with asthma, cause eye irritation, chest pain, coughing, nausea, headaches and chest congestion and discomfort. It can worsen heart disease, bronchitis, and emphysema.

Prior to Dudley’s appointment to OIRA, Scott Silver, executive director of Wild Wilderness, wrote in an email exchange with Media Transparency that “Dudley would be the most anti-regulatory zealot within the Bush Administration, bar none. Her ideology is based upon a core belief that regulations are generally bad and there should be no regulation unless it can be proven to be cost effective and supported from within the market place.”

The Cost is Too High report said that Dudley’s radicalism put her “right at home at Mercatus”—which was “founded by corporate interests and endowed by large corporations, free-market oriented foundations, and leaders from the corporate world”  and “has long operated at the intersection of money, power, and influence in order to promote corporate special interests at the expense of the public interest.”

Note: Susan B. Dudley is a Research Professor of Public Policy and Public Administration and is serving as the Director of the Regulatory Studies Center at George Washington University.

<a href="http://jonathanturley.org/2011/10/10/the-mercatus-center-a-tentacle-of-the-deregulation-loving-kochtopus-helping-in-the-effort-to-deny-climate-change-and-eviscerate-the-epa/">http://jonathanturley.org/2011/10/10/the-mercatus-center-a-tentacle-of-the-deregulation-loving-kochtopus-helping-in-the-effort-to-deny-climate-change-and-eviscerate-the-epa/</a>

===

ombwatch rept has hit list broken down by industry

<a href="http://dev.ombwatch.org/files/regs/2006/dudleyreport.pdf">http://dev.ombwatch.org/files/regs/2006/dudleyreport.pdf</a>  70 pp downloaded

===

srcwtch

Susan E. Dudley was named April 4, 2007, in a <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a> by President <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" class="mw-redirect">George W. Bush</a> to be Director of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (page does not exist)">Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a> (OIRA) in the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=U.S.Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">U.S. Office of Management and Budget</a>. Dudley "will have an opportunity to change or block all regulations proposed by government agencies." <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-recess5apr05,1,120878.story?coll=la-headlines-politics" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-recess5apr05,1,120878.story?coll=la-headlines-politics" rel="nofollow">[1]</a>

Dudley has been serving as a special advisor to the OIRA, which "reviews all proposed government rules." <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-na-enviro1apr01,1,1826157.story?page=2" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-na-enviro1apr01,1,1826157.story?page=2" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> She previously served as director of the Regulatory Studies Program at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mercatus_Center" title="Mercatus Center">Mercatus Center</a> at <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>.

<h2>Contents</h2>

[<a class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Susan_E._Dudley#Nominations_to_White_House_Regulatory_Office">1 Nominations to White House Regulatory Office</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Susan_E._Dudley#Dudley_Argues_For_Less_Information_Release_on_Toxics">2 Dudley Argues For Less Information Release on Toxics</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Susan_E._Dudley#SourceWatch_Resources">3 SourceWatch Resources</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Susan_E._Dudley#External_links">4 External links</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Susan_E._Dudley#Articles_By_Dudley">4.1 Articles By Dudley</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Susan_E._Dudley#General_Articles">4.2 General Articles</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>Nominations to White House Regulatory Office</h2>

On July 31, 2006, President <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush">Bush</a> nominated Dudley to head the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA). <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/07/20060731-7.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/07/20060731-7.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> Part of the OMB, the OIRA "reviews major agency regulations with an eye toward reducing compliance costs, and according to critics, easing burdens on companies," according to the Wall Street Journal. According to the Journal: <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB115438386077322687.html?mod=todays_us_page_one" class="external autonumber" title="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB115438386077322687.html?mod=todays_us_page_one" rel="nofollow">[4]</a>

<dl>

<dd>Under Ms. Dudley, Mercatus has been a very active player at OIRA proceedings. Ultimately, 14 of the 23 rules the White House chose for its 2001 "hit list" were Mercatus entries. Ms. Dudley, who had an earlier turn as a staff economist at OIRA and the Environmental Protection Agency, calls herself a "free-market environmentalist," who wants to protect the environment through "market-based incentives."</dd>

</dl>

On April 1, 2007, the Los Angeles Times reported that President Bush "has renominated three people for top jobs affecting the environment who were previously blocked in Congress because of their <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Government-industry_revolving_door" title="Government-industry revolving door">pro-industry views</a>." Dudley, one of the three, was renominated to head OIRA. "According to industry lobbyists and Republican aides in Congress, Bush intends to skirt the Senate approval process if necessary by making recess appointments to put the three nominees in the posts," reported the Times. <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-na-enviro1apr01,1,1826157.story" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-na-enviro1apr01,1,1826157.story" rel="nofollow">[5]</a>

<h2>Dudley Argues For Less Information Release on Toxics</h2>

In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks Dudley complained that the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect">Environmental Protection Agency</a> had overstated the benefits of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Toxic_Release_Inventory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxic Release Inventory (page does not exist)">Toxic Release Inventory</a>. She went on to claim that there were national security risks to the disclosure of the information. "Perhaps more importantly, in light of recent events, EPA has not addressed the risks that making chemical risk information broadly available to potential terrorists can pose," she wrote. <a href="http://www.mercatus.org/publications/pubID.1353/pub_detail.asp" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.mercatus.org/publications/pubID.1353/pub_detail.asp" rel="nofollow">[6]</a>

<h2>SourceWatch Resources</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mercatus_Center" title="Mercatus Center">Mercatus Center</a></li>

<li>White House <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget" class="mw-redirect">Office of Management and Budget</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>External links</h2>

<h3>Articles By Dudley</h3>

<ul>

<li>"<a href="http://www.mercatus.org/people/id.62,type.1/people_link.asp" class="external text" title="http://www.mercatus.org/people/id.62,type.1/people_link.asp" rel="nofollow">Susan E. Dudley: Articles, Commentary, and Publications</a>", Mercatus Center.</li>

</ul>

<h3>General Articles</h3>

<ul>

<li>"<a href="http://www.mercatus.org/people/id.62/people.asp" class="external text" title="http://www.mercatus.org/people/id.62/people.asp" rel="nofollow">Susan E. Dudley</a>", accessed July 2006.</li>

<li>Bill Berkowitz, "<a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/story.php?storyID=138" class="external text" title="http://www.mediatransparency.org/story.php?storyID=138" rel="nofollow">Dudley Do-Wrong of George Mason University:</a> White House appears set to name Susan Dudley of GMU's anti-regulatory Mercatus Center to a key post at the OMB", Media Transpraency, July 14, 2006.</li>

<li>Al Kamen, "<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/11/AR2006071101155.html" class="external text" title="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/11/AR2006071101155.html" rel="nofollow">I Am OMB and I Write the Rules</a>", Washington Post, July 12, 2006.</li>

<li>The White House, <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/07/20060731-7.html" class="external text" title="http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/07/20060731-7.html" rel="nofollow">Personnel Announcement</a>, July 31, 2006.</li>

<li>Bob Davis, "<a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB115438386077322687.html?mod=todays_us_page_one" class="external text" title="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB115438386077322687.html?mod=todays_us_page_one" rel="nofollow">White House Appoints Conservative Scholar To Regulatory Post</a>," Wall Street Journal (sub req'd), August 1, 2006.</li>

<li>Judy Pasternak, "<a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-na-enviro1apr01,1,1826157.story" class="external text" title="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-na-enviro1apr01,1,1826157.story" rel="nofollow">Bush again pushes 3 nominees seen as pro-industry</a>: The president could skirt the Senate by using recess appointments," Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2007.</li>

<li>OMB Watch and Public Citizen, "<a href="http://www.citizen.org/documents/dudleyreport.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.citizen.org/documents/dudleyreport.pdf" rel="nofollow">The Cost Is Too High: How Susan Dudley Threatens Public Protections</a>", September 2006.</li>

<li>Judy Pasternak, <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-na-enviro1apr01,1,1826157.story" class="external text" title="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-na-enviro1apr01,1,1826157.story" rel="nofollow">"Bush again pushes 3 nominees seen as pro-industry. The president could skirt the Senate by using recess appointments,"</a> Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2007.404 see</li>

<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111224830/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/01/nation/na-enviro1">https://web.archive.org/web/20121111224830/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/01/nation/na-enviro1</a>  Beehler, wehruns</li>

<li>Joel Havemann, <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-recess5apr05,1,120878.story?coll=la-headlines-politics" class="external text" title="http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-recess5apr05,1,120878.story?coll=la-headlines-politics" rel="nofollow">"With Senate on break, Bush appoints officials. The three, including a contentious regulatory director, most likely would not have been approved by lawmakers,"</a> Los Angeles Times, April 5, 2007</li>

</ul>

<div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Think_tanks/personnel" title="Category:Think tanks/personnel">Think tanks/personnel</a></div>

</div>

===

http://www.gwhatchet.com/2014/04/14/100000-donation-from-koch-brothers-supported-research-fellowships-internships-at-gw/

The Charles Koch Foundation donated more than $100,000 to support research fellowships in the GW School of Business and to the University's regulatory policy center in 2012, marking one of the largest donations to a University that the billionaire-backed organization gave that year.

The gifts were large enough to name GW as the charity’s <a href="http://www.publicintegrity.org/2014/03/27/14497/inside-koch-brothers-campus-crusade" style="">10th largest gift recipient</a> that year, according to a report that the Center for Public Integrity released last month. For the past two years, the University hasn’t landed a gift from the organization, led by billionaire Charles Koch.

Susan Dudley, the director of the Regulatory Studies Center, said the funds help graduate students in the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration afford unpaid internships in the federal government. Before Dudley came to GW, she directed the George Mason University’s Mercatus Center, which received $8.4 million from Koch in 2012.

GW's center, which Dudley established in 2009, focuses on research topics like regulatory risk assessment and reducing international trade and investment barriers. Though the Koch Foundation money has dried up, there was enough money to still support students to take unpaid internships this year.

The Koch brothers, Charles and David Koch, whose multinational corporation Koch Industries invests in oil refining, energy and chemicals, tend to give donations to institutions with programs that emphasize economic deregulation. Koch Industries is the second-largest privately owned company in the U.S.

University spokeswoman Maralee Csellar declined to comment further on the research that was funded by the six-figure gift, or how exactly the money was allocated.

In 2012, two of the six charitable foundations that the Koch brothers own gave a total of $12.7 million to more than 160 institutions, including New York University, Florida State University, University of North Carolina and Southern Methodist University, according to the Center for Public Integrity.

The Charles Koch Foundation’s largest gift in 2012 was $8.5 million, which mostly went to George Mason University’s Mercatus Center, where Dudley previously worked.

Lee Gardner, a senior editor for the Chronicle of Higher Education, said officials have increasingly scrutinized donations from controversial figures like the Koch brothers, fearing that the highly public donations can influence curriculum or other decisions.

Some of those fears are founded. The Koch Foundation promised to give $1.5 million to Florida State University to pay for faculty positions in the school’s economics department, with the stipulation that Koch’s representatives would approve any hires. The foundation can withdraw its money if faculty don’t fit with the goals of a new program that promotes “political economy and free enterprise,” <a href="http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/billionaires-role-in-hiring-decisions-at-florida-state-university-raises/1168680" style="">the Tampa Bay Times reported</a>.

“Because of the Kochs' political dealings and evident political leanings, I think that people are a little more suspicious of any motives that might be behind Koch money, whereas they might not have the same reaction to a donation from Gates or Lumina,” Gardner said, referring to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Lumina Foundation.

Still, administrators and professors say gifts have no influence on what is taught in the classroom. The donation is also a fraction of GW's $120 million donations that fiscal year.

David King, president of Atlanta-based fundraising group Alexander Haas, said skepticism surrounding Koch donations is based on liberal tendencies.

“Labeling something as a controversial gift means you’re filtering it through own personal biases and deciding you don’t like it,” King said, “I think that’s an unfair way to characterize people’s generosity.”

GW has also accepted gifts from donors on the opposite side of the political spectrum. The Foundation to Promote Open Society, founded by George Soros, a billionaire supporter of liberal causes, gave $387,000 to the University for classes that touch on drug addiction and recovery.

The University has faced criticism in the past for accepting donations from controversial public figures. Members of a human rights organization <a href="http://www.gwhatchet.com/2012/05/14/gws-ties-to-billionaire-under-fire/" style="">protested</a> in front of the building that holds GW’s top administrators two years ago, calling on GW to sever ties with billionaire Carlos Slim and rescind his invitation to Commencement.

Billionaire businessman Michael Milken and media mogul Sumner Redstone gave $80 million to GW’s public health school last month, representing the University’s largest-ever gifts. Milken’s philanthropy efforts are part of a <a href="http://www.gwhatchet.com/2014/03/11/billionaire-donors-without-connection-to-gw-put-faith-and-money-in-public-health-school/" style="">revival</a> after he pleaded guilty to felony charges of security fraud and conspiracy 20 years ago. He served 22 months in prison. gw hatchet

==

huffpo 2007

</div>

From a scientific standpoint, one of the silliest ideas ever invented by economists is that it's possible to do a valid "cost-benefit" analysis of harmful pollution, and a doubly-silly idea is that it makes sense to apply cost-benefit analysis to government regulation of trace-quantity toxic pollutant emissions, such as emissions of the chemical element lead.

The problem is no one ever knows all the variables and consequences, and quantifying the mess is a crapshoot numbers game usually played with loaded dice.

Does that deter the Bush administration? Absolutely not. In its consistent efforts to bushwhack the American public, the Bush administration has put in place as "White House czar of regulation," the infamous Friedmanic economist Susan E. Dudley, pro-business-

contra-life Czarina of Sophomoric "Cost-Benefit" Analysis of Regulations, wife of conservative economist Brian F. Mannix, the husband a political appointee of the Environmental Protection Agency. It's no surprise that upon her appointment, Dudley received a letter of congratulations from the National Association of Manufacturers. As of April 2007, Dudley is the top regulatory official at the White House.

Scientists these days are again worried about the element lead, and about how the new Czarina Susan E. Dudley may wreck current controls of lead emissions. Lead is an element of high toxicity to the developing nervous system of children, toxic in extremely low concentrations. There is presently no scientific bases for a threshold -- no one knows the level below which lead is safe for the developing nervous system.

The effects of lead on children are easy to state: Lead makes your children stupid. That's YOUR children, not children on Mars, your children as they breathe the air inside and outside your urban or suburban house, your children as they walk to school, as they walk in the mall, as they run around a basketball court, as they stand outside your house selling lemonade or cookies for the Girl Scouts. If you want brain-damaged kids, expose them to the element lead: the more lead they get, the more brain-damaged they will be.

The chemical symbol for the element lead is Pb (from the Latin plumbum). Think of "Pb" as "Pollution babies".

Do we need more pollution babies in this country?

Lead mangles the development of the growing brain, sometimes in hidden ways and sometimes in obvious ways. We still know little about how it does what it does. It's one of the most poisonous neurotropic heavy metals. It makes no difference how the lead gets into the child's system -- air, food, water -- once inside it's highly toxic to the nervous system, especially to the developing nervous system. Individual children vary in their susceptibility to damage by lead, and we don't know yet who is susceptible and who isn't.

The magazine Science reported last week (May 18, 2007) that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the White House are "reviewing" the current ambient air quality standard with respect to lead and expect to have a new and less stringent standard in place by the end of next year.

So this is another song-and-dance number in the Bush conservative vaudeville act: Hail, hail, the gang's all here, we're pro-business, we're contra-life, God bless America, sis-boom-bah!

Susan E. Dudley is a dangerous anti-regulation, contra-life conservative and she needs to be carefully watched by the media.

In the past, Dudley has called attempts by the EPA to keep arsenic out of drinking water "an unwelcome distraction".

She has opposed attempts to lower the levels of disease-causing smog. She says smog is beneficial and asthmatic children should just stay indoors.

She has opposed automobile air-bag regulations.

She believes consumers are too irrational to have a right to know about toxic hazards.

Consumers irrational? But she also argues that consumers should be able to choose the efficiency of their household appliances, rather than have the government set energy efficiency standards.

No matter what, the Dudley twist is on: The less regulation the better, no matter the public injury.

If Milton Friedman believed that corporations have no social responsibilities, Susan E. Dudley evidently believes the federal government also has no social responsibilities.

So why is she collecting taxpayer money in salary? Does she work for the public or for the National Association of Manufacturers?

In any case, she's a nice addition to the White House S.P.I. --Saboteurs of the Public Interest. Welcome to the Land of Oz.

George W. Bush may be a know-nothing president and a national disaster, but he's not the only dangerous person in the current administration. This administration has in place a cabal of free-

market-jungle radicals who apparently believe the ideal government is a representative corporatocracy. They are subversive anti-American long-range terrorists: they don't mind killing all of us over the long haul as long as their profits continue.

They need to be exposed by the full light of the media -- not just occasionally but every day. Anyone in the federal government who works against the public interest needs to be exposed in a spotlight.

And especially the new Czarina of Regulation, Susan E. Dudley.

If not, then we're the idiots, not the people in the White House.

</div>

==

wiki

Susan E. Dudley (born May 27, 1955) is an American academic who served as Administrator of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" title="Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a> (OIRA), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Office of Management and Budget</a> in the administration of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">George W. Bush</a>. As such, Dudley was the top regulatory official at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House" title="White House" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">White House</a>.

<h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>

[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#Early_life" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1 Early life</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#Career" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2 Career</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#Controversies" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3 Controversies</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#Notes_and_references" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5 Notes and references</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Early life[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Dudley&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early life" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

Dudley was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA" title="USA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">USA</a>. Dudley is married to Brian F. Mannix, an economist who also was a political appointee at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, serving as Associate Administrator for Policy, Economics, and Innovation from September 18, 2005, until January 20, 2009.

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Career[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Dudley&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Career" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

Currently, Dudley is a Research Professor at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University_Trachtenberg_School_of_Public_Policy_and_Public_Administration" title="George Washington University Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">George Washington University Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a> In September 2009, she founded the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/_{regstudies/Home.html}" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center</a>, which "raise[s] awareness of regulations’ effects and improve[s] regulatory policy through research, education, and outreach."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> In September 2010 Dudley was appointed as a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Administrative Conference of the United States</a>.

President Bush first nominated Dudley to serve as the OIRA Administrator on July 31, 2006. The Senate Governmental Affairs and Homeland Security Committee held a hearing on Ms. Dudley’s nomination on November 13, but did not hold a vote to confirm her. Bush re-nominated Dudley on January 9, 2007; appointed her to serve as a senior advisor at OIRA on January 30, 2007; and gave her a recess appointment as OIRA Administrator on April 4, 2007. On January 6, 2009, the recess appointment expired and Bush designated Dudley as Acting Administrator of OIRA until his term of office ended on January 20, 2009.

From 1998 through January 2007, Dudley worked at the non-profit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercatus_Center" title="Mercatus Center" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Mercatus Center</a> at George Mason University, where she directed the Regulatory Studies Program from 2003 to 2006. As an adjunct professor at the George Mason University School of Law from 2002 to 2006, she designed and taught courses on regulations and led regulatory clinics. Earlier in her career, Dudley served as a career <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant" title="Civil servant" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">civil servant</a>, working as a policy analyst at the Environmental Protection Agency (1984-1985), an economist at OIRA (1985 – 1989), and an economist advisor at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Commodity Futures Trading Commission</a> (1989 - 1991). From 1991 until 1998, she was Vice President and Director of Environmental Analysis at Economists Incorporated, a consulting firm.

Dudley has authored more than 25 publications on regulatory matters, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-rulemaking" title="E-rulemaking" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">e-rulemaking</a>, electricity, health care, the environment, and occupational safety. She has served on the boards of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Private_Enterprise_Education" title="Association of Private Enterprise Education" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Association of Private Enterprise Education</a>, the International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics—founded by Nobel Prize winning economist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Vernon L. Smith</a>, and the National Federation of Independent Business Legal Foundation (now the NFIB Small Business Legal Center). She has also served as a member of several committees and boards in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Virginia" title="Commonwealth of Virginia" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Commonwealth of Virginia</a>, including the Virginia Environmental Education Advisory Committee (2000-2002), the Administrative Law Advisory Committee (2000-2003), and the Virginia Waste Management Board (1996-2001).

Dudley holds a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Master of Science</a> degree from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">MIT Sloan School of Management</a> (1981) and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Bachelor of Science</a> degree (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" title="Summa cum laude" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">summa cum laude</a>) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Resource Economics</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a> (1977).

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Controversies[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Dudley&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Controversies" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

Dudley has been termed a conservative academic and her work at the Mercatus ("Market," in Latin) Center generally promoted market solutions over government regulation. She argued, for example, that consumers should be able to choose the efficiency of their household appliances, rather than have the government set energy efficiency standards. She also famously argued against an EPA effort to reduce surface ozone stating that smog-free skies would lead to significantly more skin cancers and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">cataracts</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#cite_note-dudley-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a>

On July 11 2008, Dudley publicly objected to EPA's analysis of various ways to control <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" title="Greenhouse gases" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">greenhouse gases</a> under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)" style=" text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Clean Air Act</a>, and transmitted the objections of four cabinet members and four other agency heads. All of these objections were published along with EPA's analysis, which it prepared in response to the April 2007 Supreme Court ruling that EPA has authority to regulate greenhouse gases. The act of an administration publishing a document and disavowing its own conclusions was described as an "extraordinary move" by the Wall Street Journal and "tortured policy" by the Washington Post. On April 17, 2009, the Obama administration took the next administrative step under the Clean Air Act by finding that greenhouse gases endanger public health and the environment; however, it reaffirmed the Bush administration's position that legislative action by Congress would be far preferable.[note no cite]

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S.executive_branch%27czars%27" title="List of U.S. executive branch 'czars'" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">List of U.S. executive branch 'czars'</a>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Notes and references[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Dudley&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Notes and references" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<li id="cite_note-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gwu.edu/_{regstudies/Scholars.html}" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">http://www.gwu.edu/_{regstudies/Scholars.html</a></li}>

<li id="cite_note-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gwu.edu/_{regstudies/Home.html}" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">http://www.gwu.edu/_{regstudies/Home.html</a></li}>

<li id="cite_note-dudley-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dudley#cite_ref-dudley_3-0" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mercatus.org/uploadedFiles/Mercatus/Publications/20060830_MR_RSP_PIC_EPA_NAAQS_Dudley_March_12_1997.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 18px; background: url(" http="http" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat">Ozone NAAQS Comments: Comments on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Proposed National Ambient Air Quality Standard</a> , Susan E. Dudley, March 12, 1997, p. 4/ES-1, retrieved December 22, 2013</li>

</ol>

</div>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none;">External links[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Dudley&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/_{regstudies/Home.html}" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center.</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citizen.org/documents/dudleyreport.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 18px; background: url(" http="http" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat">Public Citizen and OMB Watch report on Dudley background and nomination: "The Cost Is Too High: How Susan Dudley Threatens Public Protections"</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/pubpress/2007/factsheet_dudley.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 18px; background: url(" http="http" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat">White House Fact Sheet on Dudley</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nam.org/archives/2007/04/congratulations_5.php" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">Letter of congratulations to Dudley from the National Association of Manufacturers</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fundrace.org/neighbors.php?type=name&lname=mannix&fname=brian&search=Search+by+Name" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">The Dudley-Mannix household's donation of $1,000.00 to Bush-Cheney '04 at fundrace.org</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/Research/Regulation/wm1250.cfm" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">James L. Gattuso, Who Will Regulate the Regulators? The Battle Over Susan Dudley and OIRA, Heritage Foundation Webmemo #1250, Nov. 9, 2006.</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/epahome/pdf/anpr20080711.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 18px; background: url(" http="http" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat">EPA Notice on Greenhouse Gases, including Dudley's objections. (5.8MB pdf)</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-1120.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 18px; background: url(" http="http" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat">Supreme Court ruling 05-1120</a></li>

</ul>

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</li><li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1955_births" title="Category:1955 births" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1955 births</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush_Administration_personnel" title="Category:George W. Bush Administration personnel" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">George W. Bush Administration personnel</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Administrators_of_the_Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" title="Category:Administrators of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Administrators of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management_alumni" title="Category:MIT Sloan School of Management alumni" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">MIT Sloan School of Management alumni</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recess_appointments_during_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Category:Recess appointments during the George W. Bush administration" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Recess appointments during the George W. Bush administration</a></li>

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===

RS 2014

Then George W. Bush entered the White House in 2001, his campaign fattened with Koch money. Charles Koch may decry cronyism as "nothing more than welfare for the rich and powerful," but he put his company to work, hand in glove, with the Bush White House. Correspondence, contacts and visits among Koch Industries representatives and the Bush White House generated nearly 20,000 pages of records, according to a Rolling Stone FOIA request of the George W. Bush Presidential Library. In 2007, the administration installed a fiercely anti-regulatory academic, Susan Dudley, who hailed from the Koch-funded Mercatus Center at George Mason University, as its top regulatory official.

Read more: <a href="http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/inside-the-koch-brothers-toxic-empire-20140924#ixzz3vBoKay5c" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial;">http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/inside-the-koch-brothers-toxic-empire-20140924#ixzz3vBoKay5c</a>

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