Gough, M

<div>=founder taasc w/ milloy and henry miller hack
all:  <a href="https://epdf.pub/politicizing-science-the-alchemy-of-policymaking.html">https://epdf.pub/politicizing-science-the-alchemy-of-policymaking.html</a>
singer BS chapter ~ justin lancasterScience, Risks, and Politics MICHAEL GOUGH<a href="https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/0817939326_1.pdf">https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/0817939326_1.pdf</a>Political Throttling of Science
p 19
...At about the same time, a journalist quoted then-Senator Al

Gore as having credited Dr. Revelle with introducing him to the

idea of climate change and contrasted Dr. Revelle’s statement in

the Cosmos paper with Mr. Gore’s calls for immediate action to

counter global warming. Subsequently, a scientist involved in the

preparation of the collection of essays demanded that Singer remove Revelle’s name from the paper before it was republished.

Singer refused. That scientist, in close contact with Senator Gore’s

staff, began a campaign saying that Singer had coerced Revelle,

described as having been sick and enfeebled, to attach his name

to a paper that he had not written. A suit was brought on Singer’s

behalf that was settled when the accusing scientist retracted his

accusations and apologized for making them. The retraction specifically acknowledged that there was no evidence that Dr. Revelle

had been coerced.

Later, Vice President Gore made a more direct assault on

Singer. He called Ted Koppel, the TV news anchor, and asked him

to investigate Singer’s sources of funding. The attempt blew up in

Gore’s face. On his February 24, 1994, program, Koppel asked, “Is

this a case of industry supporting scientists who happen to hold

sympathetic views, or scientists adapting their views to accommodate industry?” And he chastised Gore.

There is some irony in the fact that former Vice President Gore,

one of the most scientifically literate men to sit in the White House

in this century, resorted to political means to achieve what should

ultimately be resolved on a purely scientific basis.

“The Acid of Truth”...[claims Koppel came to his defense]<a href="https://dokumen.pub/politicizing-science-the-alchemy-of-policymaking-0817939326-9780817939328.html">https://dokumen.pub/politicizing-science-the-alchemy-of-policymaking-0817939326-9780817939328.html</a>
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQVwBAAAQBAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=vQVwBAAAQBAJ</a>---bs blurb
Politics and science make strange bedfellows. In politics, perceptions are reality and facts are negotiable. The competing interests, conflicting objectives, and trade-offs of political negotiations often lend themselves to bending the truth and selectively interpreting facts to shape outcomes. In science, facts are reality. This collection examines the conflicts that arise when politics and science converge. In Politicizing Science, eleven leading scientists describe the politicizationthrough misapplication or overemphasis of results that favor a political decision or through outright manipulationof scientific findings and deliberations to advance policy agendas. They show how the consequences of politicization are inflicted on the public, including the diversion of money and research efforts from worthwhile scientific endeavors, the costs of unnecessary regulations, and the losses of useful productswhile increased power and prestige flow to those who manipulate science. The authors of three essays describe government diversions of scientific research and the interpretation of scientific findings away from where the evidence leads and toward directions deemed politically desirable. Three more contributions analyze the expensive and extensive efforts devoted to altering images of risk in order to establish linkages in the publics mind between deleterious human health effects and various areas of scientific research. Two essays examine the workings and results of consensus advisory panels and conclude that their recommendations are often based on far-from-certain science and driven by social and political dynamics that substitute group cohesion in favor of independent, critical thinking. Authors of two essays describe the unfortunate results of application of the "precautionary principle," which generally requires proof of no risk before a new product is introduced or an existing product can be continued in use. A concluding essay describes the personal costs of opposing the politicization of science.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 14px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Michael Gough, a biologist, has participated in science policy issues at the congressional Office of Technology Assessment, in Washington think tanks, and on various advisory panels.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Contributors: Bruce Ames, Roger Bate, Bernard L. Cohen, Lois Swirsky Gold, William Happer, Joseph P. Martino, Patrick J. Michaels, Henry I. Miller, Robert Nilsson, Stephen Safe, S. Fred Singer<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">review:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">What an appalling book. It's not the fact that the book issues cautions about the dangers of politicized science that is problematical. Clearly the dangers here are real and serious. I wish that more people thought about such problems. It is, rather, the fact that the so many of the 'arguments' presented are shoddy, blatantly political right-wing polemics against the 'suppression' of 'sound science' (=corporate funded, laissez-faire, regulate nothing, manipulated 'science'). According to the contributors to this volume, the forces of darkness on the left who, because they express concerns about the public health and plantary consequences of not regulating pollution (e.g.), and favor a more precautionary approach to environmental policy questions, are guilty of having failed to pay adequate obeisance to "the historically postive linkage between science and economic development." (Tobacco industry 'science,' anyone?) If (part of) one sentence can convey the flavor of the book, it is this: "...'[E]nvironmentalism' has attracted some whose motives...are hard to distinguish from those of Lysenko..." If you actually are interested in reading about the evils wrought by the political manipulation of science, try reading THE REPUBLICAN WAR ON SCIENCE or UNDERMINING SCIENCE.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">=<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">...page 286<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">draft that included ideas about ocean fertilization from Dr. Revelle’s AAAS paper. While we were working on the article, Dr. Revelle and I decided to invite Dr. Chauncey Starr to join us as a coauthor because of his expertise about energy research and policy and because we had made extensive use of his ideas and quoted from his work in the first draft. Dr. Starr, who holds the National Medal of Technology, is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and was then the director of the Electric Power Research Institute in Palo Alto, California. After Dr. Starr joined us, I agreed to prepare an expanded draft, and in the following weeks I sent three successive versions to my coauthors and to other scientists, receiving comments and completing a near-final draft in late 1990. We decided to submit the article to the Cosmos Club of Washington, D.C., for publication in the inaugural issue of the Cosmos journal. The circulation of the Cosmos journal is small, going to approximately 3,000 members of the club. Although the club was founded for “the advancement of its members in science, literature, and art,” and “their mutual improvement by social intercourse,”2 few members have a deep interest in the subject of climate change, and Cosmos is not the sort of journal read by Washington policy wonks. The Cosmos editors accepted the article and sent me galley proofs in January 1991. I took the galleys with me when I attended a climate workshop at the Scripps Institution in February and discussed final corrections with Drs. Starr and Revelle who also attended the workshop. Dr. Starr offered only minor changes, having made his main contributions in the earlier drafts. Dr. Revelle offered to meet with me after the final session of the workshop to discuss suggested 2. Cosmos Club, “The Cosmos Club,” http://www.cosmos-club.org/ main.html (undated).<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">The Revelle-Gore Story<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">page 287<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">changes, which he had marked in his copy of the galleys. On February 6, we met for roughly two hours in his office to go over the changes, which involved spirited discussions of, among other things, the value of mathematical climate models. Dr. Revelle was quite skeptical about the models, but I persuaded him that they might be substantially improved within a decade. Our discussion is preserved in scribbles made on the galleys, which I saved in my files together with the earlier drafts. When we were satisified with the galleys, we went to his house for cocktails, followed by dinner in a restaurant with his wife Ellen, and several of his friends. Our Cosmos article, “What to Do About Greenhouse Warming: Look Before You Leap,” appeared in April 1991.3 Our main conclusion was a simple message: “The scientific base for a greenhouse warming is too uncertain to justify drastic action at this time.” It echoes almost precisely Dr. Revelle’s words in letters to members of Congress following hearings in the (very hot) summer of 1988, in which concerns about global warming were raised. One of his letters went to then-Congressman Tim Wirth, who chose not to heed Revelle’s advice and, as Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs, became a close ally of Vice President Gore in promoting the drastic restrictions on fossil fuel use embodied in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the 1992 Rio Climate Treaty. Drs. Starr, Revelle, and I each received reprints of the Cosmos article, which we sent to colleagues, as is the usual custom. In addition, my organization, the Science and Environmental Policy Project (SEPP), sent reprints to its media contacts. Our article and conclusions created no stir of any kind. Dr. Revelle died three months later, in July 1991. A remarkable<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">3. S. F. Singer, C. Starr, and R. Revelle, “What To Do About Greenhouse Warming: Look Before You Leap,” Cosmos 1 (1991): 28–33.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">page 288<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">man and scientist, he remained professionally active right to the end, traveling and lecturing throughout the United States. The Cosmos article seemed forgotten. But late in 1991, Dr. Richard Geyer of Texas A & M University contacted me about writing a chapter for an edited book, A Global Warming Forum: Scientific, Economic, and Legal Overview.4 Being inundated with other projects, I suggested that he contact the editor of Cosmos for permission to reprint the article I had coauthored with Drs. Revelle and Starr. Professor Geyer agreed.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">The Lancaster Flap More than a year after our article appeared in Cosmos, journalist Gregg Easterbrook, a contributing editor to Newsweek, referred to it in a piece entitled “Green Cassandras” in the July 6, 1992, issue of the New Republic and gave it a political slant.5 He wrote that Al Gore in his book Earth in the Balance 6 had claimed that Dr. Revelle, as his mentor at Harvard, had introduced him to the problem of climate change. In his article, Mr. Easterbrook wrote: “Earth in the Balance does not mention that before his death last year, Revelle published a paper that concludes, ‘The scientific base for greenhouse warming is too uncertain to justify drastic action at this time. There is little risk in delaying policy responses.’”7 Following Mr. Easterbrook’s piece, other columnists and editorial page editors, including George Will, picked up on the subject. The contradiction between what Senator Gore wrote about what he had learned from Dr. Revelle and what Dr. Revelle had<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">4. R. Geyer, ed., A Global Warming Forum: Scientific, Economic, and Legal Overview (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1993). 5. G. Easterbrook, “Green Cassandras,” New Republic, July 6, 1992, pp. 23–25. 6. A. Gore, Earth in the Balance (New York: Plume, 1992). 7. Easterbrook, “Green Cassandras.”<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">page 289<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">written in the Cosmos article embarrassed Senator Gore, who had become the leading candidate for the vice presidential slot of the Democratic Party. When the difference between Senator Gore’s book and Dr. Revelle’s article was raised during the 1992 vice presidential debate, Senator Gore deflected it, sputtering that Dr. Revelle’s views had been “taken completely out of context.” I was unaware of these developments until I received a telephone call on July 20, 1992, from Dr. Justin Lancaster at the Environmental Science and Policy Institute, Harvard University, who introduced himself as a former associate of Dr. Revelle. In our conversation, Lancaster first requested and then demanded that I remove Revelle’s name from the article to be reprinted in the Geyer volume. I was taken aback by such an unusual request and asked Lancaster to write me a letter, which he did on the same day. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">I replied, saying that I could not remove Revelle’s name since he was a coauthor and could not give his permission as he had died. In any case the copyright for the article resided with the Cosmos journal. When I refused his request, Dr. Lancaster stepped up the pressure on me. First at a memorial symposium for Dr. Revelle at Harvard in the fall of 1992 and in a lengthy footnote to his written remarks at that event, he suggested that Dr. Revelle had not really been a coauthor and made the ludicrous claim that I had put his name on the paper as a coauthor “over his objections.” He later added the charge that I had pressured an aging and sick colleague, suggesting that Dr. Revelle’s mental capacities were failing at the time.8 Subsequently, Dr. Anthony D. Socci, a member of Senator Gore’s staff, made similar outrageous accusations in a lengthy letter to the publishers of the Geyer volume, requesting that the<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">8. J. Lancaster, letter to Dr. Richard Geyer, Bryan, Tex., August 17, 1992; J. Lancaster, letter to Ms. Helen Linna and Ms. Barbara Caras, CRC Press, October 20, 1992.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">page 290<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Cosmos article be dropped.9 Neither the editors nor the publishers consented to the requests (near demands) of Lancaster and Socci. My repeated requests to Dr. Lancaster that he cease his defamation and retract his false accusations failed to get an acceptable response. Only then and encouraged by my wife, Candace Crandall, did I file a libel suit against Dr. Lancaster.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">The Libel Suit Against Dr. Lancaster The Center for Individual Rights of Washington, D.C., filed the libel suit on my behalf in April 1993, with the Washington law firm of Kirkland and Ellis serving as pro bono counsel. Dr. Lancaster, an attorney, first handled his own defense but later was represented pro bono by the Boston law firm of Goodwin Procter and Hoar. The discovery process for the suit produced a number of revelations about Dr. Lancaster’s interactions with Senator Gore and the senator’s staff (including Dr. Socci) and about the senator and his staff’s intentions. According to Dr. Lancaster’s deposition, Senator Gore called him after the Easterbrook article appeared. During the phone call, the senator asked Dr. Lancaster about Dr. Revelle’s mental capacity in the months before his death and whether the article accurately reflected his views. In a draft for a letter in reply to the senator’s questions, Dr. Lancaster completely undermined the claims that he later made against me, stating Dr. Revelle was “mentally sharp to the end” and that he was “not casual about his integrity,” Dr. Lancaster also wrote that Dr. Revelle had shown the Cosmos manuscript to him before it was published, with the comment that he “felt it was honest to admit the uncertainties about greenhouse warming, including the idea that our ignorance could be hiding benefits as                [9. A. D. Socci, letter to Mr. Robert Grant, CRC Press, October 27, 1992.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">The Revelle-Gore Story<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">page 291<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">well as catastrophes.” Most important, Dr. Lancaster stated that he and Dr. Revelle “agreed that there did not seem to be anything in the article that was not true” and that “Roger thought about and probably agreed with the overall thrust of the article, i.e., look before you leap.”10 In the discovery process, we also learned that Dr. Lancaster had been an advisory editor for the Geyer volume but had not objected to the Cosmos article’s carrying Dr. Revelle’s name until after Gregg Easterbrook’s piece in the New Republic had caused embarrassment to Al Gore. We also found much additional evidence linking Senator Gore to Dr. Lancaster. Dr. Lancaster prepared seven drafts for a reply to the New Republic in response to Mr. Easterbrook’s article and ran them by the senator’s staff. On one fax, he asked, “Is this close to what the Senator had in mind?”11 In faxes to Dr. Lancaster, Gore’s staff director Katie McGinty sensibly admonished him to stop denying Dr. Revelle’s coauthorship ——because, after all, “Revelle’s name is on the paper.”12 She suggested adding, “a concluding sentence such as, ‘Senator Gore was right in relying on and praising [in his book] Revelle’s contributions’ would also be effective.”13<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Facts That Became Clear During the Discovery Process <p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">1. Dr. Lancaster’s many written statements and correspondence indicate that he was aware that Dr. Revelle had fully collaborated on the Cosmos article and indeed that the article incorporated the paper that Dr. Revelle had presented at the February 1990 AAAS 10. J. Lancaster, draft letter to Senator Albert Gore, July 20, 2002, found on a computer disk of Dr. Lancaster during the discovery process. 11. J. Lancaster, Fax cover sheet to draft letter from Dr. Lancaster and two others objecting to G. Easterbrook’s article in the New Republic (“Sent 7/10/92” handwritten on cover sheet). 12. K. McGinty, Faxed memorandum to J. Lancaster, July 10, 1992. 13. K. McGinty, Fax to J. Lancaster, July 21, 1992.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">page 292<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">meeting. Only two years after the article appeared and Al Gore had become a vice presidential candidate did Lancaster raise any questions about the Cosmos article. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">2. From the beginning of this controversy, Dr. Lancaster had been aware that I still had the galley proofs of the Cosmos article, with Dr. Revelle’s handwritten corrections and annotations in the margin, demonstrating his active participation in the preparation of the article. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">3. Dr. Revelle’s calendar, as we learned from his secretary, showed a full schedule of speaking engagements, conferences, and travel for that period and after. One would not expect such a schedule if Dr. Revelle was an invalid and becoming senile as Dr. Lancaster later claimed.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"> 4. Contrary to statements made by Dr. Lancaster, no member of Dr. Revelle’s family or his scientific colleagues expressed complaints, second thoughts, or any other negative views about the article, and no member of the family ever requested that Dr. Revelle’s name be taken off the Cosmos article.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"> 5. Moreover, Dr. Revelle’s daughter wrote a letter in response to George Will’s column, published in the Washington Post, that affirmed Dr. Revelle’s coauthorship and restated many points made in the Cosmos article.14 <p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">6. Rather than attempt to obtain information about the writing of the article from another source, according to Dr. Lancaster’s deposition, he never bothered to contact Chauncey Starr, the third coauthor of the Cosmos article. Apparently, Senator Gore’s office focused his attention on me, probably because of my public skepticism about the magnitude of the effects of global warming. 7. Like Senator Gore, Dr. Lancaster seemed to be under the impression that scientists who question the basis for a global <p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">[14. C. R. Hufbauer, “Global Warming: What My Father Really Said,” Washington Post, op-ed, September 13, 1992.]<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">page 293<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">warming catastrophe, such as Robert Balling, John Christy, Hugh Ellsaesser, William Happer, Sherwood Idso, Richard Lindzen, Patrick Michaels, William Nierenberg (Revelle’s successor as director of the Scripps Institution), Chauncey Starr, Roy Spencer, and many others are part of some sort of energy-industry conspiracy. The facts don’t bear that out, at least in my case, although some of the others may have received support from the energy industry. So far as Dr. Lancaster’s funding was concerned, a December 27, 1993, Boston Globe article revealed that he received financial support from the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Environmental Defense Fund, two organizations actively promoting the idea of a climate emergency.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Victory <p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">A public relations campaign by Dr. Lancaster in late 1993 in the Boston area failed to elicit any local or national attention for his side of the case. More spectacularly, an attempt by Vice President Gore and his staff to get the case aired on ABC News Nightline and to besmirch the reputations of some scientists who disagreed with the senator about global warming not only failed; it backfired. On February 24, 1994, Ted Koppel revealed on his Nightline program that Vice President Gore had called him and suggested that Mr. Koppel investigate the political and economic forces behind the “antienvironmental” movement. In particular, Vice President Gore had urged Mr. Koppel to expose as fact that several U.S. scientists who had voiced skeptical views about greenhouse warming were receiving financial support from the coal industry and/or groups such as the Lyndon Larouche organization or Reverend Moon’s Unification Church. Mr. Koppel didn’t do the vice president’s bidding [REALLY?] and asked rhetorically, “Is this a case of industry supporting scientists who happen to hold sympathetic views, or scientists adapting their<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">page 294<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">views to accommodate industry?” He closed the show by chastising Gore for trying to use the media to discredit skeptical scientists: There is some irony in the fact that Vice President Gore—— one of the most scientifically literate men to sit in the White House in this century——[is] resorting to political means to achieve what should ultimately be resolved on a purely scientific basis. The measure of good science is neither the politics of the scientist nor the people with whom the scientist associates.[BELATED MCCARTHY ~?]  It is the immersion of hypotheses into the acid of truth. That’s the hard way to do it, but it’s the only way that works.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">The attempt to use Mr. Koppel to tar the reputations of his opponents brought criticism down on the vice president, and I learned of rumors that the Clinton White House had become nervous about the issue, and perhaps Vice President Gore himself was becoming nervous. In any case, on April 29, 1994, Dr. Lancaster’s attorneys indicated they were ready to have him sign a retraction and apology.15 <p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">In its press release celebrating the victory, the Center for Individual Rights stated: Any attempt to alter or suppress a scientist’s published views after his death cannot be tolerated. This retraction is an important victory for science. Politics too often takes precedence over scientific evidence. Had Dr. Singer not taken action against Lancaster’s false and defamatory claims, it would have had a chilling effect on all scientists now confronting political correctness on environmental issues.16<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">15. J. Lancaster, “Statement by Justin Lancaster” to settle libel suit brought by F. Singer, April 29, 1994. (See also Addendum.) <p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">16. Center for Individual Rights, “‘Global Warming’ Libel Suit Reaches Settlement,” press release, May 24, 1994.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">page 295<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Final Reflections To me, Mr. Gore’s involvement in this case as a senator and then as vice president was surprising and intimidating. It demonstrated his willingness to use the power of public office in attempts to undermine the reputation of those who disagree with him and to win by smearing them rather than relying on the strengths of his arguments Although Mr. Gore does not hold office as I write this in 2002, it is almost certain that he will be involved in electoral politics for many years to come. I have two major concerns about Mr. Gore and his position (or perhaps “posturing” is a better word) on global climate change and scientists who disagree with him. 1. He appears to believe that those who disagree with him are part of some vast industry-led conspiracy, and his ego will not entertain the thought that his opposition really is just a group of individuals and small organizations led by people whose motivation is something other than financial gain. Some scientists who oppose him do receive funding from organizations and companies that have earned Mr. Gore’s ire, and he has tried, as he did with Ted Koppel, to smear those scientists with guilt by association. Ironically, I think that Mr. Gore would be first in line to defend people who are besmirched that way by others, even if he disagreed with their opinions. 2. As his own aides have reportedly said, Gore has “a long memory.” Like Richard Nixon, it is said that he’s a “don’t get mad, get even”17 kind of guy——witness the many scientists who have been harassed and bullied (see chapter by Happer, this volume) and the journalists who have been frozen out or fired.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">17. B. Zelnick, Gore: A Political Life (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1999).<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">page 296<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">More generally, Mr. Gore’s actions show some ways in which a powerful politician can attack his enemies. Even in my case, where I “won,” his attacks, through Dr. Lancaster, diverted me from other work, caused me to incur court costs, and reduced the time I could spend on running SEPP. Such a victory is very costly. Mr. Gore, on the other hand, risked only exposure of his methods. More positively, my experience shows that an individual scientist depending on the due process of the country’s legal system and the independence of the news media (or at least some of its members) can oppose the politically powerful. And my victory in the libel suit may inhibit other politicians from attempting to discredit those scientists who disagree with them, or, perhaps more likely, discourage individuals, such as Dr. Lancaster, from engaging in such activities to further political goals.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Addendum<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Statement by Justin Lancaster The late Professor Roger Revelle was a true and voluntary coauthor of the article entitled “What To Do About Greenhouse Warming: Look Before You Leap,” along with Professor S. Fred Singer and Chauncey Starr, Ph.D. The article was published in April 1991 in the inaugural issue of Cosmos, the journal of the Cosmos Club of Washington, D.C. I retract as being unwarranted any and all statements, oral or written, I have made which state or imply that Professor Revelle was not a true and voluntary coauthor of the Cosmos article, or which in any other way impugn or malign the conduct or motives of Professor Singer with regard to the Cosmos article (including but not limited to its drafting, editing, publication, republication, and circulation). I agree not to make any such statements in fu...<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">The Revelle-Gore Story<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">page 297<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">ture. I fully and unequivocally retract and disclaim those statements and their implications about the conduct, character, and ethics of Professor Singer, and I apologize to Professor Singer for the pain my conduct has caused him and for any damage that I may have caused to his reputation. To the extent that others, including Anthony D. Socci, Ph.D., Edward A. Frieman, Ph.D., and Walter H. Munk, Ph.D.,18 relied on my statements to make similar statements and insinuations, I also apologize to Professor Singer. I also regret that I have caused Professor Singer to incur litigation costs to resolve this matter. /s/ Justin Lancaster Dated April 29th, 1994.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: -4px 0px 0px;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">18. Socci was on Gore’s senate staff. Frieman and Munk were scientists at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, whom Lancaster knew well; they were all politically active in the Gore campaign of 1992.http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_GoughDr Michael Gough (PhD, Brown University) is an adjunct scholar at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>, and was director of science and risk studies there until 1999. He is a vocal critic of "assumption-based risk assessment", and actively promotes biotechnology. He is a former staff member at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">National Institutes of Health</a> and the congressional <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Office_of_Technology_Assessment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Technology Assessment (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Office of Technology Assessment</a>, and previously taught microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine and SUNY-Stony Brook.According to a biographical profile in a 2002 report he co-authored, Gough "taught microbiology and did research in molecular biology for about 10 years, during which time, he was a Fulbright lecturer in Peru and India"."In the last two decades, he has worked in environmental health risk assessment at the U.S. congressional Office of Technology Assessment, where he managed the Biological and Behavioral Sciences Program, and middleof-the-road and libertarian <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Think_tanks" title="Think tanks" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">think tanks</a>, his profile states."In his opinion, health risk assessment is a straw house erected on a sand foundation. Estimated health risks are (almost always, or, perhaps, always) too small to be detected (let alone measured), even if the risks are realized. Perversely, the impossibility of measurement is taken as sufficient reason to invoke the precautionary principle and to regulate, restrict, label, or boycott. Risk assessment is science turned on its head. The essence of science is measurement; the essence of risk assessment is estimation and policybased assumption," his profile states.Gough is a fellow of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Society_for_Risk_Analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Risk Analysis (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Society for Risk Analysis</a>, current vice-president of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Society_of_Regulatory_Toxicology_and_Pharmacology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology</a>.He has written "more than 40 papers and newspaper pieces about risk assessment" as well as authoring Dioxin, Agent Orange (Plenum Press, 1986), co-editing Readings in Risk (Johns Hopkins, 1990), and co-authoring with <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steve_Milloy" title="Steve Milloy" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">Steve Milloy</a> of Silencing Science (Cato, 1999).<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other SourceWatch resources</h2><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Preacutionary_principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preacutionary principle (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Preacutionary principle</a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</h2><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Bonner_Cohen" title="Bonner Cohen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Bonner Cohen</a>, et al., ed., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgfi.org/materials/key_pubs/fear_profiteers.pdf" style="background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" text-decoration="text-decoration" none="none" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns:data="data">The Fear Profiteers: Do 'Socially Responsible' Businesses Sow Health Scares to Reap Monetary Rewards?</a>", February 2002.</li></ul></div><div>
</div><div>=</div><div>talk</div><div>
</div><div>I have relocated the previous text to this talk page. As it was the page - which is supposed to be about Gough - was very difficult to read due to the inclusion of tangential material and formatting/referencing problems. The best of this material needs re-integrating -- I'll try and return later today. Bob --Michael Gough was involved as "peer-review" on the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_Institute" title="Tobacco Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Tobacco Institute</a>'s: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Science,Economics,and_Environmental_Policy:A_Critical_Examination" title="Science, Economics, and Environmental Policy: A Critical Examination" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Science, Economics, and Environmental Policy: A Critical Examination</a>.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_Gough" title="Michael Gough" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Michael Gough</a> co-authored a book with <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_J.Milloy" title="Steven J. Milloy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Steven J. Milloy</a>, appropriately and ironically titled Silencing Science published by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>. Gough is listed as "hired gun" for trial testimony by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Atlantic_Legal_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantic Legal Foundation (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Atlantic Legal Foundation</a>, which is a Koch-Scaife-Coors-Bradley funded organ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.atlanticlegal.org/amici.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_results/info_on_any_recipient.php?recipientID=791" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a>In one tract, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=THE_FEAR_PROFITEERS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="THE FEAR PROFITEERS (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">THE FEAR PROFITEERS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.stoplabelinglies.com/pdf/fear_profiteers.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a>, Gough, Fumento, and Milloy were all included among the eight authors, tying them together in an undisputable package. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/profile1.asp?PrId=85" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a><blockquote style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/ti/PB000040.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://tobaccodocuments.org/ti/PB000040.html</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Regulatory_Impact_Analysis_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulatory Impact Analysis Project (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Regulatory Impact Analysis Project</a>, Inc., "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Choices_In_Risk_Assessment:The_Role_of_Science_Policy_in_the_Environmental_Risk_Management_Process&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choices In Risk Assessment: The Role of Science Policy in the Environmental Risk Management Process (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Choices In Risk Assessment: The Role of Science Policy in the Environmental Risk Management Process</a>" Date: 1994
Length: 293 pagespage 7 "We would like to express our deep appreciation to ... Michael Gough, Ph.D. (Manager, Biological Applications Program, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress) ..."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_J.Milloy" title="Steven J. Milloy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Steven J. Milloy</a>, Project Manager
Pamela S. Aycock, Research Manager
Jason E. Johnston, Senior Research Associate
Regulatory Impact Analysis Project, Inc.
October 1994</blockquote>A documented 1994 connection between <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Michael_Gough_and_Steven_J.Milloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Gough and Steven J. Milloy (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Michael Gough and Steven J. Milloy</a> is demonstrated by this <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_Institute" title="Tobacco Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Tobacco Institute</a> document.
Copies of report can be ordered on Milloy's website:
<blockquote style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.junkscience.com/order.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.junkscience.com/order.html</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Choices_in_Risk_Assessment:The_Role_of_Science_Policy_in_the_Environmental_Risk_Management_Process&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choices in Risk Assessment: The Role of Science Policy in the Environmental Risk Management Process (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Choices in Risk Assessment: The Role of Science Policy in the Environmental Risk Management Process</a>. Published in 1994 by the Regulatory Impact Analysis Project for the U.S. Department of Energy. 270 pages.</blockquote><blockquote style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2500054230-4261.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2500054230-4261.html</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Tobacco_Smoke_Science_or_Social_Policy%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental Tobacco Smoke Science or Social Policy? (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Environmental Tobacco Smoke Science or Social Policy?</a>  Date: 1992 (est.)
Length: 32 pages
Author:
Type: SPCH, SPEECH, PRESENTATIONpage 29  
In October 1990, I sent a copy of the Yale study to Michael Gough, Program Manager, Biological Application Program, in the Office of Technology Assessment of the Congress of the United States. The Yale study, you will recall, was the largest study on ETS ever conducted in the United States. And it reported no statistically significant increased risk due to ETS exposure in the home, workplace or in social .settings.Here is Mr. Gough's response.Dear Dr. Borelli:Thank you for your earlier mailing of the Varela Ph.D thesis and your letter of October 3, 1990. Without careful reading of the thesis or careful attention to the ETS issue, I tend to agree with the thesis and the general conclusions of your letter. On the other hand, I probably profoundly disagree with any use that might be made of those conclusions by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Philip Morris</a> or any other tobacco company~ Anything that reduces smoking has substantial health benefits, and making smokers into pariahs, for whatever reasons, does just that.I doubt that either of us benefits from my being on your mailing list. Please remove my name.Sincerely,Michael Gough
Page 30:- SLIDE 31 -
As you can see he tends to agree with the findings of the study. He agrees with the science. He says the science is right. Then he says the science doesn't matter. He further says, for all intents and purposes that these data should be ignored because of the social agenda against smoking.- SLIDE 32 -
AS a scientist, I find this kind of attitude to be most disturbing. Science is, after all, the pursuit of knowledge based on truth. Science is not meant to conform, regardless of fact or lack thereof, to the preconceived notions of individuals who have taken it upon themselves to validate a theory that is based on conjecture or the social whims or beliefs of specific groups of individuals. Science is meant to find the truth, and when it comes to ETS, scientific truth has fallen by the wayside.
</blockquote>But, in 1994, Michael Gough was meeting with tobacco company strategists and advising them on exploitable weaknesses for use in disinformation campaigns. So Michael Gough is not as privately anti-smoking as he makes out to be publically.<blockquote style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2025522931-2933.htm" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2025522931-2933.htm</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ashrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashrae (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ashrae</a> 52-89 Meeting in New Orleans  Date: 23 Jan 1994
Length: 3 pages
Author:  <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Mayada_Logue" title="Mayada Logue" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Mayada Logue</a>
Author (Organization): PM, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Philip Morris</a>
Master ID: 2025522931/2939Page 1:
Michael Gough--quantitative risk assessment to become more ...... important in the fed. govt.verify risk assessments--cannot because we depend on epidemiology--RISK ASSESSMENTS ARE ESTIMATES ONLYIndoor radon and voc--unresolved and unresolvable --human evidence all the studies done permit two interpretations (radon) increased risk--not an increase--(doesn' t the SAME APPLY FOR ETS?)epidemiology is a very crude tool to used to predict risk Jonathan Samet- agreed withMichael Gough that -epi is crudeSamet and Gough--low dose extrapolation not always appropriate</blockquote>

<blockquote style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/lor/92756102-6120.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://tobaccodocuments.org/lor/92756102-6120.html</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_EPA_and_the_Science_of_Environmental_Tobacco_Smoke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The EPA and the Science of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">the EPA and the Science of Environmental Tobacco Smoke</a>  Date: 1994 (est.)
Length: 19 pages
Author    <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jeffreys,K.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffreys, K. (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Jeffreys, K.</a>; <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Singer,S.F.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singer, S.F. (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Singer, S.F.</a>
Author (Organization)    <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Alexis de Tocqueville Institution</a>; University of Virginia
Characteristic    DRFT, DRAFT
Type   SCRT, SCIENTIFIC REPORT; FOOT, FOOTNOTEFull text (2 fragments)
page 7  S. EPA, Report, at page 4-1. 10 See, for example, Michael Gough, "Reevaluating the Risks From Dioxin," Journal...

<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/ti/TICT0008140-8209.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://tobaccodocuments.org/ti/TICT0008140-8209.html</a>
<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Science,Economics,and_Environmental_Policy:a_Critical_Examination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science, Economics, and Environmental Policy: a Critical Examination (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Science, Economics, and Environmental Policy: a Critical Examination</a>, 11 Aug 1994, 70 pages
 
Author    <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Alexis de Tocqueville Institution</a>
Type   REPORT
Full text (6 fragments)page 3  Economics University of Tennessee-Chattanooga Dr. Michael Darby Professor of Economics and Director J.M...
Lowder Eminent Scholar Auburn University Dr. Michael Gough Project Director Congressional Office of...
Professor of Economics University of Georgia Dr, Michael Marlow Professor of Economics Calilomia State...page 16  EPA, Report, at page 4-1. 10. See, for example, Michael Gough, "Reevaluating the Risks From Dioxin," Journal of...
EPA, Report, at page 4-28. 13. See, for example, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_Fumento" title="Michael Fumento" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Michael Fumento</a>, "Is EPA Blowing Its Own Smoke?" lnv_tor...page 1-2, 1-3. 15. For a general discussion, see <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_Fumento" title="Michael Fumento" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Michael Fumento</a>, Science Under Siege, (William Morrow...page 68  66 (1981), pp. 1193- 1308; see also, generally, Michael Gough, "Risk Assessment and the Misplaced Focus on...
</blockquote><blockquote style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Is Epa Blowing Its Own Smoke? How Much Science Is Behind Its Tobacco Finding?  Date: 28 Jan 1993
Length: 2 pages
Author:  Fumento, M.page 2    "You cannot run science with the government changing the rules all the time.,,
- Michael Gough
</blockquote><<blockquote style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2028385413-5457.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2028385413-5457.html</a>Do Rodent Studies Predict Human Cancers?  Date: 1993 (est.)
Length: 45 pages
Author:  Wildavsky, A.
Type:  SCRT, REPORT, SCIENTIFICPage 24:
The argument that if we don't regulate we'll count dead bodies is dead wrong. The predicted cancer rate at one in a million (one, even one in 100,000 or one in 10,000) is so low it will never be detected by epidemiology or any other method unless we know a lot more about the mechanism of cancer causation. By this time the reader should have smelled the rat in this argument. "The problem with . . . risk assessments.., based on animal tests," the Office of Technology Assessment's Michael Gough tells students, "is that their theories cannot be tested."47Page 44:
47Michael Gough, "Chemical Risk Assessment Is Not Science." p. 5. To appear in Chemistry, a publication for undergraduates of the American Chemical Society.Page 30:
The chemicals regulated, as our Superfund study shows, are so small in amount and so far from people that they could hardly do much damage unless, through unknown mechanisms, very small exposures are doing significant harm. In a seminal study,Michael Gough showed that if everything EPA claimed for its regulation proved out, the most that could happen would amount to a one percent or smaller reduction in cancer rates.58Page 45:
58Michael Gough. "How Much Cancer Can EPA Regulate Away?" Risk Analysis. Vol. I0, No. I (1990). pp. 1-6.
</blockquote>
As early as 1991 we find Michael Gough appearing on a roster sponsored by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>, a placeMichael Gough and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_J.Milloy" title="Steven J. Milloy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Steven J. Milloy</a> both call home in 2004.<blockquote style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023585632-5635.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023585632-5635.html</a>Making Sense of Safety  Date: 21 Mar 1991
Length: 4 pages
Author (Organization):  Cato InstPage 1:
2nd Annual
Conference
March 21-22, 1991
Washington, D.C.Page 2:
Thursday, March 21State Salon, Sheraton CarltonTHE MEASUREMENT OF RISK
"Risk Assessment as a Tool for Decisionmaking: Is It Benign or Malignant?"
Richard B. Belzer, Office of Management and Budget
"Estimating Risks and Ignoring Killers"
Michael Gough, Office of Technology Assessment, United States Congress
"New Directions for Chemical Risk Assessment"
John Graham, Harvard School of Public Health
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-366es.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-366es.html</a>Cato Policy Analysis No. 366   February 2, 2000The Case for Public Access to Federally Funded Research Databy Michael Gough and Steven MilloyMichael Gough is an adjunct scholar at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>. A biologist by training, he is the author of Dioxin, Agent Orange (1986) and a former staff member at the National Institutes of Health and the congressional Office of Technology Assessment. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_Milloy" title="Steven Milloy" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Steven Milloy</a>>, also an adjunct scholar at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>, is a lawyer and the publisher of the Junk Science Home Page, www.junkscience.com. He is the author of Science without Sense: The Risky Business of Public Health Research (1995).
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cato.org/dailys/1-21-97.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.cato.org/dailys/1-21-97.html</a>January 21, 1997
The EPA's Clean Air-oganceby Steven J. Milloy and Michael GoughMr. Milloy is publisher of the Junk Science Home Page on the World Wide Web. Mr.Gough is director of science and risk studies at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>.
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cato.org/dispatch/03-21-00d.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.cato.org/dispatch/03-21-00d.html</a>This is another case of government action having unintended consequences. In "The EPA's Clean Air-ogance," Steven J. Milloy and Michael Gough, commenting on air standards, show how "a close inspection of the EPA proposal shows that it lacks a sound basis in science."
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/policyanalysis.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/policyanalysis.html</a>366. The Case for Public Access to Federally Funded Research Data, by Michael Gough and Steven Milloy (February 2, 2000)
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cato.org/dailys/daily-index1999.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.cato.org/dailys/daily-index1999.html</a><ol style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> June 1, 1999: Saving Secret Science, by Steven Milloy and Michael Gough</li></ol><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cato.org/dailys/06-01-99b.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.cato.org/dailys/06-01-99b.html</a>June 1, 1999
Saving Secret Scienceby Steven Milloy and Michael GoughSteven Milloy and Michael Gough, coauthors of Silencing Science, are adjunct scholars at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>.
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-263es.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaduleqvqyv2p4="AAAAdUlEQVQYV2P4" awxv3lthf0dxkxyd="Awxv3LThf0dXKxyD" da5deug="DA5DEUg" twrv2aawtfcibojyjrhctgtrmcgebhpl2="tWrV2AaWTFcIboJyJrhCtGtRMcgebhpL2" v="v" lvn="Lvn" x="x" irjifn8v="IRjIfn8v" p="P" t055gxzgkpzac8y="t055gxZgKPzaC8Y" nmyqvlpnm8f="nMYQVLpnM8f" zo3aqkfzyool="zo3AqKfzyOOL" h="h" sh="sh" c9sbusiyvaerdjwjk4e="c9sBUSIyvAeRdJWjk4E" aaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">https://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-263es.html</a>Cato Policy Analysis No. 263   November 12, 1996EPA Cancer Risk Guidelines:
Guidance to Nowhereby Michael Gough and Steven MilloyMichael Gough is director of science and risk studies at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_Milloy" title="Steven Milloy" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Steven Milloy</a>> is president of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Policy_Analysis_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental Policy Analysis Network (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Environmental Policy Analysis Network</a> in Washington, D.C.
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cato.org/new/catonew-01-99.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.cato.org/new/catonew-01-99.html</a>... authors Steven Milloy and Michael Gough ... offering readers a "how-to" guide to silencing science. Tips from the authors, with supporting material drawn from real-life cases, cover such areas as banning science education, regulating science out of existence, putting the squeeze on federal or private funds, using intimidation and harassment, seizing researchers' tools, blackmail, playing the lawsuit card, using "the Oliver North Method" (obliterating the evidence), hiding data (refusing to share the data for others to review it), discrediting viewpoints and using the media to spread misinformation.... Once groups pursuing a political agenda have successfully silenced science, they proceed to "fill the void" they've created. One popular technique for doing that, Gough and Milloy note, is to use "junk science," defined as "exaggerated or overinterpreted science used to advance some predetermined, often politically correct, politically desired, or financially lucrative conclusion." The authors add, "In the best light, junk science is poor science; in the worst light, it is fraud."
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cato.org/dailys/2-13-98.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.cato.org/dailys/2-13-98.html</a>February 13, 1998
An Empty Uniformby Michael Gough And Steven MilloyMr. Gough is director of science and risk studies at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>. Mr. Milloy is executive director of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/The_Advancement_of_Sound_Science_Coalition" title="The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">the Advancement of Sound Science Coalition</a>
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cato.org/new/catonew3.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.cato.org/new/catonew3.html</a>November 12, 1996EPA cancer risk guidelines flawed, Cato study says
Proposed changes, based on bad science, are a risk to public health"The Environmental Protection Agency's proposed revisions to its cancer risk assessment guidelines represent a setback for public health, science and the EPA cancer risk assessment process," says Michael Gough, director of science and risk studies at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>, in a new Cato study, "EPA's Cancer Risk Guidelines: Guidance to Nowhere."Gough and co-author Steven Milloy, president of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Policy_Analysis_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental Policy Analysis Network (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Environmental Policy Analysis Network</a>
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-263.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-263.html</a>Cato Policy Analysis No. 263   November 12, 1996EPA Cancer Risk Guidelines:
Guidance to Nowhereby Michael Gough and Steven MilloyMichael Gough is director of science and risk studies at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_Milloy" title="Steven Milloy" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Steven Milloy</a> is president of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Policy_Analysis_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental Policy Analysis Network (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Environmental Policy Analysis Network</a> in Washington, D.C.</blockquote>

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<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/CarolASThompson/Sanders.htm" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/CarolASThompson/Sanders.htm</a>The Charles A. Sanders Page
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://tobaccodocuments.org/</a>
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tobaccodocuments/ctr/HK0484398-4405.html?start_page=2&end_page=2" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://tobaccodocuments/ctr/HK0484398-4405.html?start_page=2&end_page=2</a>"<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_Institute" title="Tobacco Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Tobacco Institute</a> Newsletter, 1977 / tobacco document
Office of Technology AssessmentSanders was on the OTA Health Program Advisory Committee. Stuart H. Altman of the Florence Heller School at Brandeis University was a fellow committee member. Lester Breslow was Chairman of the Advisory Panel on Efficacy and Safety, and Kenneth E. Warner was a member. Michael Gough of the National Institutes of Health assisted in the preparation of the report. (Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Medical Technologies," OTA, Sep. 1978.)
<h6 style="margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">==</h6><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pmdocs.com/getimg.asp?pgno=0&start=0&if=avpidx&bool=Person%3A%20Michael%20Gough&docid=2501361525&docnum=1&summary=0&sel1=" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.pmdocs.com/getimg.asp?pgno=0&start=0&if=avpidx&bool=Person%3A%20Michael%20Gough&docid=2501361525&docnum=1&summary=0&sel1=</a>Image of Gough's famous letter to Philip Morris.</div>