Staphylococcus aureus

1/3 of healthy adults in the US have Staph aureus colonizing their nasal passages, many will be MRSA isolates because they're widespread in the community. This doesn't necessarily mean you'll get sick, you can be a healthy carrier. To be colonized does not mean you're infected. Its an opportunistic pathogen.

Its a leading cause of:

• Bacteremia
• Sepsis
• Brain abscess
• Medical device infections
• Skin and Soft Tissue Infections.
• Respiratory infections.

Its a common cause of:

• Bone and Joint Infections
• Surgical site infections
• Pneumonia
• Endocarditis

A Chinese animal study found that a bacterial protein created by Staph aureus bound not just the receptor but was able to bind insulin itself, a signaling molecule, preventing it from being able to target the receptor it needs to have the pathway move forward. The whole signaling of the downstream pathway changed causing the animals to develop impaired glucose signaling and symptoms of diabetes.

Videos

Mneumonic

Articles/Studies

A novel staphylococcal internalization mechanism involves the major autolysin Atl and heat shock cognate protein Hsc70 as host cell receptor.

Risk Factors

• Food Poisoning from Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria - Video & Lesson Transcript
• Electromagnetic waves emitted by the mobile simulators with a frequency of 900 MHz can increase bacterial resistance in S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa.
• Immune system turned against itself by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
• The extracellular domain of *Staphylococcus aureus* LtaS binds insulin and induces insulin resistance during infection
• Induced Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Various Antibiotics

Prevention / Treatment

Effect of **carvacrol and thymol** on NorA efflux pump inhibition in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus strains.

Acacetin** protects from Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection.

M. oleifera** leaf extract protein had a marked effect on the biofilm growth or formation by Staphylococcus aureus.

**Piperine** exhibits promising antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

**Luteolin** attenuates the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus by interfering with the agr system.

Berberine** at sub-inhibitory concentration inhibits biofilm dispersal in Staphylococcus aureus.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from **Ferula L. Species** against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Potentiating the activity of berberine for Staphylococcus aureus in a combinatorial treatment with **thymol**.

Elucidating the antibiofilm activity of **Frangula emodin** against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.

Biotechnological potential of **eugenol and thymol derivatives** against staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis.

**18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid** induces metabolic changes and reduces Staphylococcus aureus bacterial cell-to-cell interactions.

**Quercitrin**, an inhibitor of Sortase A, interferes with the adhesion of Staphylococcal aureus.

Inhibitory effects of **thymol** on the cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses induced by Staphylococcus aureus extracellular vesicles.

Evaluation of the antibacterial activity and efflux pump reversal of **thymol and carvacrol** against Staphylococcus aureus.

Combination of **carvacrol and thymol** has antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and antioxidant activity.

**Rhodomyrtone** decreases Staphylococcus aureus SigB activity during exponentially growing phase and inhibits haemolytic activity within membrane vesicles.

**Rifampicin-Manuka Honey** Combinations Are Superior to Other Antibiotic-Manuka Honey Combinations in Eradicating Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms

**Riboflavin along with antibiotics** balances reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines and controls Staphylococcus aureus infection.

Antimicrobial Activity of **Selected Phytochemicals** against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and Their Biofilms

Antimicrobial effect of **different types of honey** on Staph aureus

This preliminary evaluation demonstrated a synergistic property of** O. vulgare and H. perforatum** extracts in treating S. aureus infection.

Influence of **apitoxin and melittin** from Apis Mellifera bee on Staphylococcus Aureus strains.

Use of daily oral **L. rhamnosus HN001** reduced odds of carriage of S. aureus in the GI tract.

Antimicrobial activity of **essential oils** against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms

The anti-biofilm activity of **lemongrass Cymbopogon flexuosus and grapefruit Citrus paradisi essential oils** against five strains of Staphylococcus aureus

Myricetin** may represent a potential candidate and strategy for S. aureus infection.

Myricetin acts as an inhibitor of Type II NADH dehydrogenase from Staphylococcus aureus.

**Isoalantolactone** Enhances the Antimicrobial Activity of Penicillin G against Staphylococcus aureus by Inactivating beta-lactamase during Protein Translation.

**Ginsenoside Rb1** protects from Staphylococcus aureus-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis.

**Eriodictyol** as a potential candidate inhibitor of sortase A protects mice from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia.

Antiinfective properties of **ursolic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles** against Staphylococcus aureus.

Effect of **paeonol** against bacterial growth, biofilm formation and dispersal of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes .

Anti-biofilm and anti-hemolysis activities of **10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid** against Staphylococcus aureus.

The anti-infective activity of**Salvia miltiorrhiza** against Staphylococcus aureus.

Antibacterial effect of **Moringa oleifera leaf** ethanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Effect of **berberine and Blue LED irradiation** on combating biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Mechanism of synergy between **piceatannol and ciprofloxacin** against Staphylococcus aureus.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) phytochemicals—gingerenone-A and shogaol inhibit SaHPPK: molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro approaches

The inhibitory mechanism of echinacoside against Staphylococcus aureus Ser/Thr phosphatase Stp1 by virtual screening and molecular modeling.

Wikipedia:

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive coccal bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and is frequently found in the nose,respiratory tract, and on the skin. It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction. Although S. aureus is not always pathogenic, it is a common cause of skin infections such as abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis, and food poisoning. Pathogenic strains often promote infections by producing potent protein toxins, and expressing cell-surface proteins that bind and inactivate antibodies. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of S. aureus such as MRSA is a worldwide problem in clinical medicine.

Staphylococcus was first identified in 1880 in Aberdeen, Scotland, by the surgeon Sir Alexander Ogston in pus from a surgical abscess in a knee joint. This name was later appended to Staphylococcus aureus by Friedrich Julius Rosenbach, who was credited by the official system of nomenclature at the time. An estimated 20% of the human population are long-term carriers of S. aureus which can be found as part of the normal skin flora and in the nostrils. S. aureus is the most common species of Staphylococcus to cause Staph infections and is a successful pathogen due to a combination of nasal carriage and bacterial immunoevasive strategies. S. aureus can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome,bacteremia, and sepsis. Its incidence ranges from skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, endovascular to wound infections. It is still one of the five most common causes of hospital-acquired infections and is often the cause of postsurgical wound infections. Each year, around 500,000 patients in United States' hospitals contract a staphylococcal infection like S. aureus.