Quantum Physics

Quantum mechanics is the science of the very small: the body of scientific principles that explains the behaviour of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale ofatoms and subatomic particles.

Classical physics explains matter and energy on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behaviour of astronomical bodies. It remains the key to measurement for much of modern science and technology. However, towards the end of the 19th century, scientists discovered phenomena in both the large (macro) and the small (micro) worlds that classical physics could not explain.^[1] As Thomas Kuhn explains in his analysis of the philosophy of science, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, coming to terms with these limitations led to two major revolutions in physics which created a shift in the original scientific paradigm: the theory of relativity and the development of quantum mechanics.^[2] This article describes how physicists discovered the limitations of classical physics and developed the main concepts of the quantum theory that replaced it in the early decades of the 20th century. These concepts are described in roughly the order in which they were first discovered. For a more complete history of the subject, seeHistory of quantum mechanics.

In this sense, the word quantum means the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction. Certain characteristics of matter can take only discrete values.

Light behaves in some respects like particles and in other respects like waves. Matter—particles such as electrons and atoms—exhibits wavelike behaviour too. Some light sources, including neon lights, give off only certain discrete frequencies of light. Quantum mechanics shows that light, along with all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, comes in discrete units, called photons, and predicts its energies, colours, and spectral intensities.

Some aspects of quantum mechanics can seem counterintuitive or even paradoxical, because they describe behaviour quite different from that seen at larger length scales. In the words of Richard Feynman, quantum mechanics deals with "nature as She is – absurd".^[3] For example, the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics means that the more closely one pins down one measurement (such as the position of a particle), the less precise another measurement pertaining to the same particle (such as its momentum) must become.

Contents

• 1 The first quantum theory: Max Planck and black-body radiation
• 2 Photons: the quantisation of light
  • 2.1 The photoelectric effect
  • 2.2 Consequences of the light being quantised
• 3 The quantisation of matter: the Bohr model of the atom
• 4 Wave-particle duality
  • 4.1 The double-slit experiment
  • 4.2 Application to the Bohr model
• 5 Spin
• 6 Development of modern quantum mechanics
• 7 Copenhagen interpretation
  • 7.1 Uncertainty principle
  • 7.2 Wave function collapse
  • 7.3 Eigenstates and eigenvalues
  • 7.4 The Pauli exclusion principle
  • 7.5 Application to the hydrogen atom
• 8 Dirac wave equation
• 9 Quantum entanglement
• 10 Quantum field theory
• 11 Quantum electrodynamics
• 12 Standard Model
• 13 Interpretations
• 14 Applications
• 15 See also
• 16 Notes
• 17 References
• 18 Bibliography
• 19 Further reading
• 20 External links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics