Freeport

big gop donor

evil on human rights and corruption

protesters killed

==<div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 2011 IER and AEA launched "Energy for America" as a joint initiative with a laser point in on fracking, with an aim to "educate" the public on the practice. In October 2011, AEA and IER, in partnership with Koch Industries' astroturf group Americans for Prosperity, started a "Energy for America" bus tour to encourage the expansion of domestic exploration of oil, gas and coal, targeting U.S. Senate battleground states for the upcoming 2012 elections.</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small;">Additionally, Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck is one of the three chairs of the ALEC Energy, Environment, and Agriculture Task Force. One of its clients is Freeport LNG, which owns and operates one of the first liquefied natural gas import terminals built in the United States. According to the law firm's website, "For the last nine years, Brownstein has been the lead counsel in the structuring, strategy and development of the $1.2 billion receiving and regasification facility with commercial output capacity of more than 2.0 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day."</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div>=kicked out of cuba by castro? indonesia kpfa ellsberg peter masacre (sy hersh?)<a href="https://kpfa.org/episode/project-censored-may-31-2019/">https://kpfa.org/episode/project-censored-may-31-2019/</a><div></div><div>2x? ca offshore drill!</div><div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/03/06/california-trump-offshore-drilling-exxon-koch" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/03/06/california-trump-offshore-drilling-exxon-koch</a></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/california-offshore-drilling_us_5a7d14d6e4b044b3821baf1a" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Public officials</a> throughout the <a href="http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/article193056924.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">state of California have made headlines</a> for <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-drilling-offshore/california-says-will-block-crude-oil-from-trump-offshore-drilling-plan-idUSKBN1FR2UY" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">loudly opposing</a> Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke's decision to <a href="https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-zinke-announces-plan-unleashing-americas-offshore-oil-and-gas-potential" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">approve offshore drilling</a> in California and throughout the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf region. This move is part of the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/donald-trump" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Trump</a> administration's broader plans to lease record amounts of offshore areas in the Gulf of Mexico and open up the Atlantic Ocean for drilling. Many <a href="http://www.delmartimes.net/news/sd-cm-nc-solana-beach-20180130-story.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">city governments</a>, <a href="http://www.kusi.com/sd-board-of-supervisors-to-lobby-against-trump-administrations-proposal-for-offshore-drilling-in-southern-california/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">county governments</a>, the <a href="https://timesofsandiego.com/politics/2018/02/08/california-state-assembly-condemns-trump-administrations-offshore-oil-drilling-proposal/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">California Assembly</a>, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/16/opinion/florida-offshore-drilling.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra</a>, and <a href="http://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-gov-brown-trump-s-plan-to-expand-1515100575-htmlstory.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Governor Jerry Brown</a> have all come out against Zinke's plan. Less discussed, though, is the fact that companies are already drilling offshore in southern California, an area perhaps better known for its popular beaches and oceanside resort cities.Some of those offshore platforms are visible during a trip along Highway 1, the famed Pacific Coast Highway. More of those lease holdings are owned by ExxonMobil than any other company, according to a review of U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management <a href="http://www.boem.gov/pacific-status-of-leases/" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">leasing data</a> for the Pacific region. However, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-inc" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Koch Industries</a> is also already a player in drilling off the California coast.In all, some <a href="https://www.boem.gov/BOEM-Newsroom/Offshore-Stats-and-Facts/Pacific-Facts-and-Figures.aspx" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">188,869 acres</a> of offshore land are dedicated to drilling in the Golden State. Production occurs on 38 different lease holdings. All of these leasings were put in place before the federal government enacted a moratorium on new drilling in California in 1982. The ban arrived in the aftermath of a massive offshore oil spill near Santa Barbara in 1969. That spill, resulting from a well blowout under Union Oil Company's Platform A, spewed as much as 4.2 million gallons of crude into the Pacific Ocean.After that oil spill, the California State Lands Commission, which has also <a href="http://www.slc.ca.gov/About/News_Room/2018/02-07-18/Hammerle_Kelly_OCSOilandGasLeasing_FINAL_2-7-2018.pdf" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">come out against</a> the Trump proposal, imposed a state ban on new leases in 1994 through the <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/1994-09-29/news/mn-44385_1_offshore-oil-drilling" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">California Coastal Sanctuary Act</a>. Drilling agreements on the books before 1982, however, have been allowed to continue, and that's where ExxonMobil, Koch, and other companies come into play.Of the 38 leases, ExxonMobil is the lead designated operator on 16 of those. Koch, by comparison, is more of a minor player. The company owns a 10.4 percent stake in one offshore drilling operation run by Beta Offshore Company and a 3.7 percent stake in another operated by Freeport McMoran, both of which sit off the coast of Santa Barbara County....</div></div><div>
</div><div>=</div>2nd 1/2 indosnesia, exxon bulldozer mass grave; sri s corps can't be war trials; BO scotus short list?!<a href="https://kpfa.org/episode/the-ralph-nader-radio-hour-august-21-2017/">https://kpfa.org/episode/the-ralph-nader-radio-hour-august-21-2017/</a>
---TPThis afternoon, the Senate confirmed Sri Srinivasan to the <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2013/01/25/1496001/federal-appeals-court-invalidates-obamas-recess-appointments-to-nlrb/" rel="noopener" target="blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(195, 171, 255); font-family: tk-aktiv-grotesk, aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 18.7501px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">staunchly</a> <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2012/10/17/1022531/how-george-w-bush-is-still-killing-environmental-protection-four-years-later/" rel="noopener" target="blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(195, 171, 255); font-family: tk-aktiv-grotesk, aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 18.7501px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">conservative</a><a href="http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2012/04/16/464731/two-federal-judges-suggest-all-labor-business-or-wall-street-regulation-is-unconstitutional/" rel="noopener" target="blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(195, 171, 255); font-family: tk-aktiv-grotesk, aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 18.7501px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">United States Court of Appeals</a> for the D.C. Circuit. Meanwhile, Senate Republicans already have a plan to <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2013/04/10/1848931/grassley-proposes-eliminating-3-seats-on-powerful-court-to-keep-obama-from-filling-them/" rel="noopener" target="blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(195, 171, 255); font-family: tk-aktiv-grotesk, aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 18.7501px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">prevent anyone else from being confirmed</a> to this powerful court while Obama is in the White House. Obama pulled this one confirmation off because the Srinivasan nomination was <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2013/04/08/1832141/why-an-obscure-lawyer-that-youve-probably-never-heard-of-is-the-most-important-story-in-dc/" rel="noopener" target="blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(195, 171, 255); font-family: tk-aktiv-grotesk, aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 18.7501px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">practically an act of trolling</a>. Srinivasan clerked for a Republican judge and a Republican justice. He is unquestionably one of the best Supreme Court advocates in the country. And his nomination <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2013/04/08/1832141/why-an-obscure-lawyer-that-youve-probably-never-heard-of-is-the-most-important-story-in-dc/" rel="noopener" target="blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(195, 171, 255); font-family: tk-aktiv-grotesk, aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 18.7501px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">enjoys the support of Republican legal stars</a> such as Paul Clement, Bush v. Gore attorney Ted Olson, and anti-Clinton inquisitor Ken Starr. Had Senate Republicans filibustered this nomination, it would have been difficult for them to deny allegations that they are acting in bad faith.wikiThe company was founded as the Texas Freeport Sulphur Company in 1912 as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sulfur</a> mining company in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport,Texas" title="Freeport, Texas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Freeport, Texas</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a>In 1928, concerned that the management of the company was not moving aggressively to increase reserves, 25-year old investor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langbourne_Meade_Williams,Jr." title="Langbourne Meade Williams, Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Langbourne Meade Williams, Jr.</a> collaborated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payne_Whitney" title="Payne Whitney" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Payne Whitney</a> to launch a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_fight" title="Proxy fight" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">proxy fight</a> and gain control of the company.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-williams-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a>Freeport pioneered mining sulphur at mines along the US <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Gulf Coast</a> using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasch_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Frasch Process" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Frasch Process</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a>The company began to diversify in 1931, purchasing manganese deposits in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriente_Province" title="Oriente Province" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Oriente Province</a>, Cuba.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">1950s[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1950s" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>The company produced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">nickel</a> during World War II and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash" title="Potash" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">potash</a> in the 1950s.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-fundinguniverse-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a>In 1955, Freeport invested $119 million in constructing a nickel-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cobalt</a> mine at Moa Bay, Cuba, and a refinery at Port Nickel, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Louisiana</a>. On March 11, 1957, the U.S. government announced a contract to buy Freeport nickel and cobalt from Cuba until June 30, 1965, as strategic commodities. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fidel Castro</a>'s government nationalized the Cuban facility in 1960.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a>In 1956, the company formed Freeport Oil Company.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-fundinguniverse-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a>In 1958, the company sold an oil discovery near Lake Washington in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Louisiana</a> for approximately $100 million to Magnolia Petroleum Company.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-fundinguniverse-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">1960s[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1960s" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In 1961, the company entered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">kaolin</a> business after purchasing the assets of Southern Clays Inc.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-fundinguniverse-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a>In 1964, the company formed Freeport of Australia to pursue mining opportunities there and in the surrounding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pacific Ocean</a> region.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-fundinguniverse-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a><h4 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Development of the Ertsberg deposit[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Development of the Ertsberg deposit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h4><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasberg_mine" title="Grasberg mine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Grasberg mine</a></div>In 1960, Freeport <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">geologists</a> confirmed the Dutch discovery of the rich Ertsberg copper and gold deposits, now known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasberg_mine" title="Grasberg mine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Grasberg mine</a>, in extremely rugged, remote country in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayawijaya_Mountains" title="Jayawijaya Mountains" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jayawijaya Mountains</a> in then-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_New_Guinea" title="Netherlands New Guinea" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Netherlands New Guinea</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-ourhistory-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a>In 1966, Freeport founded Freeport Indonesia, Inc. The subsidiary negotiated a contract with the Indonesian government to develop the Ertsberg deposit. In their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasibility_study" title="Feasibility study" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">feasibility study</a>, Freeport geologists estimated that the orebody totaled 33 million tons averaging 2.5% copper. The Ertsberg was the largest above-ground copper deposit ever discovered.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-openingertsberg-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a> Construction of an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Open pit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">open pit</a> mine began in May 1970 and in mid-1973 the mine was declared fully operational. Officials at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechtel" title="Bechtel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bechtel</a>, the primary project contractor, called mine development at Ertsberg "the most difficult engineering project they had ever undertaken." The challenges included building a 101-kilometre (63 mi) long access road (a project that required boring kilometer long <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnels" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnels" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">tunnels</a> through two mountains) and constructing the world's longest single span <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">aerial tramway</a>. The tramways were needed to move people, supplies and ore because a 2,000-foot (610 m) cliff separates the Ertsberg mine (at 12,000 feet (3,700 m) elevation) from the mill (at 10,000 feet). Moving copper concentrate from that mill to the shipping port required installation of a 109-kilometre (68 mi) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">slurry</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport" title="Pipeline transport" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">pipeline</a> — then the world's longest. Mine construction and startup cost about US$200 million. The Ertsberg project was an engineering marvel, but the mine's early financial performance was disappointing. Depressed copper prices and high operating costs kept profits marginal during the 1970s.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-openingertsberg-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">1970s[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1970s" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In 1971, the company changed its name to Freeport Minerals Company to reflect its role as a diversified mineral producer.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-ourhistory-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">1980s[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1980s" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In 1981, Freeport Minerals Company merged with the McMoRan Oil and Gas Company. The McMoRan Oil and Gas Company was founded in 1967 by three partners, William Kennon McWilliams Jr. ("Mc"), James Robert (Jim Bob) Moffett ("Mo"), who were both petroleum geologists, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Rankin" title="Mack Rankin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Byron McLean Rankin, Jr.</a> ("Ran"), "a specialist in land-leasing and sales operations." <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-ourhistory-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a> Kent McWilliams (died 1997) was as knowledgeable of the micro-paleontology of the Louisiana and Texas coasts as any geologist of the twentieth century. McMoRan's incredible record in hitting paydirt was based on the fundamental petro-geological learning of the founder and the young geologist he began mentoring in the early 1960s.In 1981, the company formed a 70/30 joint venture with an affiliate of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMC_Corporation" title="FMC Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">FMC Corporation</a> to operate a gold mine in Jerrit Canyon, Nevada.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a>In 1982, Freeport Gold Company was the world's largest gold producer, producing 196,000 troy ounces (6,100 kg) of gold in its first full year of operation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-fundinguniverse-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a>In 1985, the company headquarters were moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Orleans</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Louisiana</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-williams-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a>In 1985, the company sold a 25% interest in some oil and gas reserves to Britoil for $73.5 million.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a>In 1989, Freeport sold about $1.5 billion in assets to finance the development of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasberg_mine" title="Grasberg mine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Grasberg mine</a> and the Main Pass sulfur-oil-gas deposit offshore from Louisiana.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">1990s[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1990s" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In 1994, Freeport-McMoRan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin out" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">spun off</a> its entire interest in Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold, which became an independent company, fully focused on the Indonesian operation.In 1995, RTZ, a predecessor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" title="Rio Tinto Group" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rio Tinto</a> made a $450 million investment in the company.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a>In 1997, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMC_Global" title="IMC Global" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IMC Global</a>, a large fertilizer producer, acquired Freeport-McMoRan Inc., the former parent company that now owned the sulfur and fertilizer businesses, in a $750 million transaction. Shareholders of Freeport-McMoRan received shares of IMC Global.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a>The Indonesian government asked Freeport to substantiate Bre-X's claims of having found the largest gold mine ever discovered. In 1997, the company announced that its prospective partner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bre-X" title="Bre-X" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bre-X</a> did not have gold reserves at its Indonesian mine, as it had reported. Bre-X subsequently was exposed as a fraud and went bankrupt.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a>In 1998, low commodity prices forced the company to suspend its dividend.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">2000s[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2000s" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In 2003, the company was subpoenas as a result of an investigation by anti-trust authorities in the United States, Canada, and Europe regarding price fixing in the copper industry.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a>In 2006, the company acquired Phelps Dodge to become the world's largest public copper company with an enterprise value of $37.5 billion. The corporate headquarters was moved from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Orleans</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Louisiana</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Phoenix, Arizona</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a>In 2012, the company announced agreements to acquire affiliated companies McMoRan Exploration Company and Plains Exploration & Production Company for a total enterprise value of over $20 billion. The transaction added significantly to the company's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">petroleum</a> assets.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a> The transactions were criticized as being a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">conflict of interest</a> due to the common ownership of the companies.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a>In 2014, the company sold assets in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Ford" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eagle Ford</a> shale to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encana" title="Encana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Encana</a> for $3.1 billion.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a>In 2015, the company announced job cuts at its Sierrita Mine in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Arizona</a> due to low copper and molybdenum prices.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a>In 2016, the company announced the sale of a 13% interest in its Morenci Mine to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sumitomo Group</a> for $1 billion in cash.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Management history</h3>Notable historical members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">board of directors</a> have included: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay_Whitney" title="John Hay Whitney" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">John Hay Whitney</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidder,Peabody%26_Co." title="Kidder, Peabody & Co." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Kidder, Peabody & Co.</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauncey_Stillman" title="Chauncey Stillman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Chauncey Stillman</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Stillman_Rockefeller" title="Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Long" title="Augustus Long" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Augustus Long</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A.Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Robert A. Lovett</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Mauz%C3%A9" title="Jean Mauzé" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Jean Mauzé</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Henry Kissinger</a> 1988-1995, and George Putnam of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnam_Investments" title="Putnam Investments" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Putnam Investments</a>.On December 28, 2015, the company announced that James R. Moffett would step down as chairman of the company and would be replaced as chairman by Gerald J. Ford. Moffett received $16.1 million in severance pay and cash retirement plans totaling more than $63 million. Moffett continued to consult for the company for annual fees of $1.5 million.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a>The current board members are listed on the company website.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Environmental, human rights, and corruption controversies at the Grasberg Mine[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environmental, human rights, and corruption controversies at the Grasberg Mine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasberg_mine" title="Grasberg mine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Grasberg mine</a></div>Freeport operates the world's largest and most profitable gold mine, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasberg_mine" title="Grasberg mine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Grasberg mine</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua,Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua, Indonesia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Papua, Indonesia</a>.In 2005, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a> reported that Freeport paid local military and police generals, colonels, majors and captains, and military units, a total of nearly US$20 million between 1998 and 2004. One individual received up to US$150,000. The payments were meant to secure the reserve. Freeport responded that the payments were not for individuals, but rather for infrastructure, food, housing, fuel, travel, vehicle repairs and allowances to cover incidental and administrative costs. According to the report, anonymous sources within the company also claimed that company chairman James R. Moffet courted Indonesia's dictator and "his cronies", cutting them in on deals. Another employee is said to have worked on a program to monitor environmentalists' e-mails and telephone conversations, in cooperation with Indonesian military intelligence officers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-waste-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a>The Grasberg mine's tailings "severely impacted" more than 11 square miles (28 km2) of rainforest, according to a 1996 Dames & Moore environmental audit.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-spinninggold-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a> The report, endorsed by Freeport, also estimates that during the life of the mine 3.2 billion tons of waste rock—a great part of which generates <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">acid</a>—will be dumped into the local river system. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overburden" title="Overburden" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Overburden</a> (waste rock) from the mine has polluted a nearby lake due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">acid mine drainage</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-spinninggold-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a>Citing extensive, long-term and irreversible environmental damage in New Guinea, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="The Government Pension Fund of Norway" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">The Government Pension Fund of Norway</a> has excluded Freeport-McMoRan from its investment portfolio, following a recommendation from the fund's ethical council.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a><h4 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Strikes[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Strikes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h4>Production at the mine has been affected by several strikes:On October 17, 2011, the company halted operations in Papua amid a strike that led to a deteriorating security situation and intensified calls for Papuan independence. Seventy percent of Grasberg workers joined the strike, appealing for higher pay September 15, 2011, blocking roads, clashing with police and cutting the pipeline in several places.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a>In October 2014, around 1,000 workers stayed home and demanded the firing of 50 managers as a result of a fatal accident at the Grasberg mine. Production declined to 60-70% of normal levels as a result of the strike.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a>In 2015, a 5-day strike halted production at the mine as around 100 employees demanded bonuses as an incentive for not participating in a work stoppage during 2014.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Environmental record[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental record" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Economy_Research_Institute" title="Political Economy Research Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Political Economy Research Institute</a> ranks Freeport-McMoRan #41 among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the U.S. The ranking is based on emission quantities (4.5 million pounds in 2013) and toxicity.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[43]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Human rights record[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Human rights record" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Freeport-McMoRan is a signatory participant of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Principles_on_Security_and_Human_Rights" title="Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan#cite_note-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[44]</a> However, the company has been accused of funding the Indonesian government to secure its reserve through militaristic oppression of the native <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papuan" class="mw-redirect" title="West Papuan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">West Papuan</a> people. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua Conflict" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Papua Conflict</a> https://www.democracynow.org/2017/4/21/shocking_expose_reveals_trump_associates_isis<div class="story_summary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="text" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 27px; letter-spacing: -0.2px;">As Vice President Mike Pence railed against ISIS-linked terrorism Thursday, we speak with longtime investigative journalist Allan Nairn about his shocking new exposé that reveals backers of Donald Trump in Indonesia have joined army officers and a vigilante street movement linked to ISIS in an attempt to oust Indonesia’s president. Writing in The Intercept, Nairn reveals that Indonesians involved in the coup attempt include a corporate lawyer working for the mining company Freeport-McMoRan, which is controlled by Trump adviser Carl Icahn. Video has even emerged showing the lawyer at a ceremony where men are swearing allegiance to ISIS. According to Nairn, two of the other most prominent supporters of the coup are close associates of Donald Trump—Fadli Zon, vice speaker of the Indonesian House of Representatives, and Hary Tanoe, Trump’s primary Indonesian business partner, who is building two Trump resorts, one in Bali and one outside Jakarta. Nairn’s article is making waves in Indonesia.</div></div>In Indonesia, House Speaker Setya Novanto is accused of asking for a 20 percent stake in the Freeport mining worth 4 billion US dollars in exchange of a contract allowing the company to continue operating in the country. An audio recording between Novanto and Freeport executives was presented as evidence against the politician. Novanto admitted that he made the demand but insisted that he was only joking. He was being investigated for ethics violation when he stepped down as House speaker last December 16. Novanto’s behavior was widely condemned in Indonesia.
Novanto is no stranger to controversy. Last September, he was criticized for appearing at the political rally of United States presidential candidate Donald Trump
3 Sep 15 Yenni Kwok @yennikwokIndonesia House Speaker Setya Novanto & Deputy House Speaker Fadli Zon attend Donald Trump's campaign rally in NYC https://twitter.com/apathoni/status/639578912171823104 … Follow Yenni Kwok @yennikwokDonald Trump: Do they like me in Indonesia? Setya Novanto: Yes, highly Fadli Zon: [Trump]'s a friend of Indonesia http://www.businessinsider.com/heres-the-story-behind-the-end-of-donald-trumps-press-conference-2015-9 …6:35 PM - 3 Sep 2015Photo published for Here's the story behind the unexpected moment at the end of Donald Trump's press conferenceHere's the story behind the unexpected moment at the end of Donald Trump's press conferenceHe has big fans in the Indonesian government.businessinsider.comhttps://globalvoices.org/2016/01/01/for-southeast-asia-2015-was-a-year-of-corruption-scandals/In Indonesia, House Speaker Setya Novanto is <a href="https://globalvoices.org/2015/12/30/one-of-2015s-biggest-political-scandals-ends-in-the-indonesian-house-speakers-resignation/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">accused</a> of asking for a 20 percent stake in the Freeport mining worth 4 billion US dollars in exchange of a contract allowing the company to continue operating in the country. An audio recording between Novanto and Freeport executives was presented as evidence against the politician. Novanto admitted that he made the demand but insisted that he was only joking. He was being investigated for ethics violation when he stepped down as House speaker last December 16. Novanto’s behavior was widely condemned in Indonesia.Novanto is no stranger to controversy. Last September, he was criticized for <a href="https://globalvoices.org/2015/12/30/one-of-2015s-biggest-political-scandals-ends-in-the-indonesian-house-speakers-resignation/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">appearing</a> at the political rally of United States presidential candidate Donald Trumpeb harrison their flak: boastsAs Vice President and chief communications officer, Freeport Minerals Company (now Freeport McMoran), he led public and government relations programs for mining projects in Europe, Latin America and Asia, including the launch of a major copper development program in Irian Jaya, West Papua, Indonesia....By December 1, 1961, the West Papuan "Morning Star" flag had been raised alongside the Dutch for the first time. Many assumed that independence was imminent.Unbeknown to both the indigenes and the Dutch, US mining company FreeportMcMoRan Copper and Gold was negotiating directly with Suharto at the time an Indonesian army general for a small group of its experts to prospect this ore mountain. The path into West Papua through Suharto promised to be fruitful for Freeport, since its board was stacked with the Rockefeller's Indonesian oil interests who already were versed in the general's way of doing business. An exploration agreement was reached, and soon after a geologist from Freeport was forging his way through the wilderness toward Ertsberg. West Papua was about to change hands again. Armed with Chinese and Soviet weapons, as well as an increasingly public friendship with the communists, Indonesia declared war on the Netherlands. To protect Western interests from the threat of communism, on August 15, 1962, the United Nations and the United States orchestrated a meeting between Dutch and Indonesian officials during which interim control of West Papua was signed over to Indonesia. <div>
</div><div>Six years of UN interregnum followed, after which a plebiscite would decide whether to form a separate nation or integrate into Indonesia. All 815,000 West Papuans were to vote in an Act of Free Choice. To ensure a favourable outcome, the Indonesians worked to suppress Papuan identity. Raising the West Papuan flag and singing of the national anthem were banned, and all political activities were deemed subversive. Indonesia ruled through force, for selfinterest. Alarmed by ongoing media reports, on April 5, 1967, in the British House of Lords, Lord Ogmore called for a UN investigation. By early 1968, with Suharto having assumed the presidency of Indonesia, a US consular visit almost unanimously agreed that "Indonesia could not win an open election" in West Papua. West Papua still wanted its independence. In a desperate attempt to secure West Papua's right to selfdetermination, two junior politicians crossed the border into Australian-administered Papua and New Guinea on May 29, 1969. They carried damning evidence of Indonesian repression; the hopes of a yet unformed nation rested on the politicians reaching the UN. As Australia and its allies were amenable to Indonesian control of West Papua, the two were imprisoned upon crossing the border until after the referendum. Their brave plea was silenced. 1/1/2016 4/6 Between July and August 1969, less than a quarter of one per cent of the population some 1,026 West Papuans signed the country's freedom over to Indonesia. </div><div>
</div><div>The election, held under the aegis of the UN, was far from an act of free choice. The following day West Papua was declared a military operation zone, the local people's movement was restricted, and expression of their national identity banned under Indonesian law. Poor, neglected West Papua. Selling West Papua Control of West Papua proved a lucrative business deal for the Indonesians. Two years prior to the Act of Free Choice coincidentally on the same day the plight of Papua was raised in the House of Lords Freeport signed a contract of work with the Suharto government entitling a jointly owned company, PT Freeport Indonesia (FreeportIndonesia), full rights to the Ertsberg mine. In return, Indonesia would derive significant tax revenues and fees as well as a minority 9.36 per cent shareholding. Without the authority to do so, Indonesia nevertheless cut itself into a deal that sold large tracts of West Papua to the US company, intent on sifting it for copper and gold. ...</div><div><p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">The ramifications are both environmental and social.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">'Slow-motion genocide'<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">The social and economic condition of the indigenous Amungme and Kamoro poses fundamental human rights concerns. Although Freeport-Indonesia directly or indirectly employs a large number of West Papuans and is regularly Indonesia's biggest taxpayer, in 2005, the World Bank found that Papua remained the poorest province in Indonesia. With a marked rise in military personnel and foreign staff has come a number of social issues, including alcohol abuse and prostitution such that Papua now has the highest rate of HIV/AIDS in Indonesia.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Indonesian control of West Papua has been characterised by the ongoing and disproportionate repression of largely peaceful opposition. Few sustained violent interactions have occurred; however, in one major conflict in 1977, more than 1,000 civilian men, women, and children were killed by the Indonesian military in Operasi Tumpas ("Operation Annihilation") after a slurry pipe was severed and partially closed the Ertsberg mine.</div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>... protituites, substance abuse, HIV, overburden riverine</div><p style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">e third chapter of a four-part essay that examines how the Norwegian Pension Fund came to blacklist the mining giant Rio Tinto. If you missed them, catch up with the earlier chapters: <a class="InternalLink" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011823133628702154.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">1. The blacklisting of Rio Tinto</a>, and be <a class="InternalLink" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/201182814172453998.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">2. West Papua: A history of exploitation</a>.<p style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Part 3: Mining companies funded abuses<p class="ListNumberedCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">In February 1995, Anglo-Australian mining giant Rio Tinto announced three deals that secured access into Grasberg, a massive gold and copper mine in the Indonesian province of West Papua.<p class="ListNumberedCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">First, Rio Tinto agreed to invest $500m of new capital in Arizona-based mining corporation Freeport for a 12 per cent stake in the US business. Second, Rio Tinto agreed to finance a $184m expansion of the Grasberg mine. In return, it received 40 per cent of post-1995 production revenue that exceeded certain output targets and, from 2021, a 40 per cent stake in all production. Finally, Rio Tinto would receive 40 per cent of all production from new excavations elsewhere within West Papua.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Rio Tinto was effectively doing business with Indonesian dictator Suharto, too.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">In response, Freeport told shareholders that Rio Tinto would "contribute substantial operating and management expertise" through proportional representation on the board - as well as on various Grasberg operating and technical committees, from which the "policies established by the [board] will be implemented and operation will be conducted".<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Speaking of the "exceptional potential" of the deal, Rio Tinto's then chief executive, Robert Wilson, <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.secinfo.com/dpBXk.ab.d.htm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">agreed that</a> "given [Rio Tinto's] experience in other major open-pit copper ore bodies such as Bingham Canyon, Palabora and Escondida, we anticipate considerable mutual benefit".<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Rio Tinto obviously liked how Freeport-Indonesia did business, especially at Grasberg.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">US government: Grasberg contravenes the Foreign Assistance Act
<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">By October 1995, an independent US government agency had cancelled Freeport's international political risk insurance. The insurer, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), specifically cited the Grasberg mine operation as contravening the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, which required that "overseas investment projects do not pose unreasonable or major environmental hazards or cause the degradation of tropical forests". Freeport was the first policyholder to be terminated by the OPIC for ethical violations, despite President Suharto and Freeport director Henry Kissinger heavily lobbying the US government to reinstate the policy. Following OPIC's decision, the company did not disclose the environmental performance of the mine again until 2003 - it no longer had to.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">For a brief time in 2000 and 2001, a particularly sympathetic Indonesian environment minister, Sonny Keraf, pursued numerous avenues to impose penalties and fines on Grasberg, including an unsuccessful attempt to invoke the criminal section of the 1997 Environmental Law to cease Freeport-Indonesia's riverine method of <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.tailings.info/tailings.htm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">tailings</a>disposal, by which the corporation fed the mine's waste product into nearby rivers. Under pressure for his pursuit of the part-Indonesian-owned Freeport, Keraf was replaced following the 2001 election.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">As Suharto's reign came to an end, an increasing number of West Papuans also began to campaign against the environmental and social impact of Grasberg. Papuan leaders brought the matter before the US Federal District Court in April 1996 and before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights of the US House of Representatives in May 1999. Many more attempts, including one to address shareholders at Rio Tinto's 1998 annual general meeting in London, were foiled by Indonesian authorities.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Building on restrictions introduced in 1991, the US government banned arms transfers to Indonesia for widespread human rights violations in East Timor in 1999. Consequently, Freeport's payments to the Indonesian military and security forces were more closely scrutinised. The Wall Street Journal found that, between 1991 and 1997, Freeport guaranteed more than $500m in loans so that Suharto's family and allies could purchase a stake in the mine - a great portion of which was written off by Freeport in 2003.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">An outspoken Australian academic, Lesley McCulloch, <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.bicc.de/budget/events/milbus/confpapers/mcculloch.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">also found that</a> the 1996 Timika riots adjacent to the Grasberg mine led to a spike in monetary demands by the Indonesian military, resulting in the funding of a $35m army base. Freeport and Rio Tinto refused to disclose details of the payments.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">A history of violence<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Then in August 2002, two US teachers and an Indonesian employee of Freeport-Indonesia were murdered at the Grasberg mine complex. Following one rebel's admission that he was a business partner of the Indonesian military, several New York City pension (superannuation) funds formally requested that Freeport disclose the nature of its Indonesian "security" payments. The shareholders were concerned that such payments violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Although Freeport was not required to put the proposal to shareholders, the company did begin to disclose its security-related payments. Filings with the US Securities and Exchange Commission since 2001 have confirmed annual payments reaching an average $5m each year for government-provided security of the Grasberg complex and its staff - and fluctuating annual costs reaching $12m for unarmed, in-house security costs. A spokesman for the company later told the Jakarta Post that these payments had been taking place since the 1970s.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Sporadic accounts began to surface - in the Sydney Morning Herald, Jakarta Post, and New York Times - quoting internal sources that confirmed that the Indonesian had masterminded the killings to extort monies from the Grasberg operators. "Not surprisingly, the Indonesian military has exonerated itself," US Congressmen Joel Hefley and Tom Tancredo <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.etan.org/news/2003a/10col.htm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">said in June 2003</a>. "American investigative teams, including the FBI, have not been able to complete their investigations mainly due to the Indonesian military's refusal to co-operate and tampering of evidence."<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Freeport remained steadfastly opposed to later demands by New York City pension fund investors to cease all payments to the Indonesians until they complied with official US investigations into the August 2002 murders. At the 2004 annual general meeting, president and chief executive Richard Adkerson <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.fcx.com/ir/AR/2003/pdf/fcx-proxy2003.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">advised shareholders</a>: "The management and Board believe that the stockholder proposal mischaracterises the company's relationships with Indonesian security institutions and suggests actions that would undermine the company's relationship with the Indonesian government and the security of the company's operations."<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Despite the ongoing human rights and corruption concerns in West Papua - including a report by the World Bank and a letter by US senators to then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan calling for the appointment of a special representative to Indonesia - after a vote by shareholders, the resolution was not passed.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">On March 23, 2004, Rio Tinto announced it had sold its 11.9 per cent shareholding in Freeport. Rio Tinto made a $518m profit. Citing no environmental or social reasons, Rio Tinto's then-chief executive Leigh Clifford <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.riotinto.com/media/18435_media_releases_3383.asp" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">reassured shareholders that</a> "the sale of [Freeport] does not affect the terms of the joint venture nor the management of the Grasberg mine" and that through "our significant direct interest in Grasberg, we will continue to benefit from our relationship with Freeport".<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Rio Tinto remained committed to the mining of Grasberg and would continue overseeing its management through various operating and technical committees.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Sensational claims that illegal payments to individual soldiers, units, and policemen had been routinely made to secure the Grasberg complex and its staff came to light in 2005. A report by Global Witness revealed that an additional $10m had been paid directly to individual military and police commanders between 1998 and 2004. This included $247,000 between May 2001 and March 2003 to General Mahidin Simbolon, former head of the 1999 East Timor massacre, and monthly payments throughout 2003 to the police Mobile Brigade - a group cited by the US State Department <a class="InternalLink" href="http://resources.revenuewatch.org/sites/default/files/Global%20Witness-Paying%20for%20Protection.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">as having</a> "continued to commit numerous serious human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, torture, rape, and arbitrary detention".<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">With the US arms trade embargo still in place, Rio Tinto had reassured the market that payments to the Indonesian military were "legally required and legitimate" only months before the news broke. Now Rio Tinto and Freeport-Indonesia came under even greater public pressure. At Rio Tinto's next shareholder meeting, after several West Papuans refugees made statements to the board on Grasberg, shareholder activist Stephen Mayne <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.maynereport.com/articles/2009/01/22-1202-2283.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">suggested</a> that "the most appropriate thing for Rio Tinto to do would be to exit". After confirming that Rio Tinto's contractual obligations would permit such a move, then-chairman Sir Rod Eddington <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.maynereport.com/articles/2009/01/22-1202-2283.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">informed shareholders</a> that they "make a considerable effort to ensure that the best that Rio Tinto can offer to Freeport in the management of that venture is available to them".<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">An Indonesian ministerial decree in 2007 demanded that the security of "vital national objects" - such as Grasberg - be handed over to the police within six months. Evidence obtained by world news service AFP suggests this is not happening. In a filing to the US Securities and Exchange Commission, Freeport disclosed <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jJMKtoD9LnT34URkkkJmTjaSf8EA" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">additional direct payments</a> of "less than" $1.6m in 2008 to 1,850 soldiers, despite the fact that 447 policemen make up the official number of personnel responsible for security at the Grasberg complex.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Unrepentant
<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">The company's 2008 Sustainable Development report <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.fcx.com/envir/wtsd/pdf-wtsd/2008/WTSD_2008.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">confirms that</a> Freeport-Indonesia makes contributions to "security institutions (including both police and military)". Alarmingly, <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AMNESTY,,IDN,,4a1fade478,0.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">according to Amnesty International</a>, as recently as 2008 there have been fundamental human rights violations such as the "torture, excessive use of force and unlawful killings by police and security forces" - reports that have subsequently been confirmed by the UN Special Representative of the Secretary General on Human Rights Defenders and the United Nations Committee against Torture.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">"There is no alternative to our reliance on the Indonesian military and police," Freeport chairman James Moffett <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html?pagewanted=print" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">said to the New York Times</a>  in 2005. "The need for this security, the support provided for such security, and the procedures governing such support, as well as decisions regarding our relationships with the Indonesian government and its security institutions, are ordinary business activities."<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;">Read the concluding chapter: <a class="InternalLink" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/201182913613680545.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">Norway's 'ethical divestment' from Rio Tinto</a>.
<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">This is an extract of a chapter from the book, Evolutions in Sustainable Investing: Strategies, Funds and Thought Leadership, to be<a class="InternalLink" href="http://au.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470888490.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">published by Wiley</a> in December 2011.<p class="Para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 38em; line-height: 22.4px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.8em !important;"><span class="x_Apple" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">NAJ Taylor is a <a class="InternalLink" href="http://www.najtaylor.com/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">PhD candidate</a> in the School of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Queensland, and author of <a class="InternalLink" href="http://thisblogharms.com/" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">This Blog Harms</a>. ==The Amungme, Kamoro & Freeport: How Indigenous Papuans Have Resisted the World's Largest Gold and Copper MineThe story of the Amungme and Kamoro peoples and U.S. mining corporation Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold(1) ("Freeport") offers one of the best-documented examples of how local communities have experienced and resisted the seizure of their traditional lands by government-backed multinational mining enterprises.The Amungme and Kamoro are the original indigenous landowners of the areas that now comprise Freeport's copper and gold mining operations and infrastructure in the Timika area of Papua (Irian Jaya/West Papua), Indonesia. At the time of Freeport's arrival in 1967, the two communities numbered several thousand people, organized in clan-based village social and governance structures. With lands encompassing the area's tropical rainforest, coastal lowlands, and glacial mountains and river valleys, the Kamoro (lowlanders) and Amungme (highlanders) practiced a subsistence economy based on sustainable agriculture and forest products, fishing, and hunting; their cultures intimately entwined with the surrounding landscape.Westerners and other outsiders had visited Kamoro and Amungme lands prior to Freeport's arrival. These included, during the 20(th) century, British naturalist expeditions, mountaineering teams, Japanese troops, Catholic and Protestant missionaries, and officials of the Dutch colonial administration. Unlike previous visitors to the area, however, Freeport's presence caused a massive, permanent, and escalating disruption to the lives of the Amungme and Kamoro.Alien InvasionFreeport's seizure, control, and despoliation of Kamoro and Amungme lands and natural resources has circumscribed or destroyed local communities' economies and livelihoods, and caused the internal displacement -- often forcibly -- of entire villages. The Amungme and Kamoro have been further displaced and marginalized -- economically, politically, socially, and culturally -- by the outsiders who swarmed to the economic "boom" town created by the mine and its infrastructure. The new arrivals include thousands of primarily Javanese settlers sponsored by the Indonesian government's discredited transmigration program, "spontaneous" migrants such as traders from Sulawesi, thousands of Papuans from other parts of the territory, and North American and Australian employees of Freeport. By the 1990s, the area's population had exploded to more than 60,000 people, making Timika the fastest-growing "economic zone" in the entire Indonesian archipelago.In defense of their lands, lives, and livelihoods, community members have protested Freeport's uninvited invasion and occupation -- and the overwhelming influx of migrants and often-brutal Indonesian military force accompanying it -- using a variety of nonviolent strategies and tactics grounded in strong community organizing.The fact that their struggle continues, now in its fourth decade, underscores the urgent need for more successful mechanisms for safeguarding the rights of indigenous communities who face assaults by large-scal mining operations in Indonesia and worldwide.
Historical Political ContextThe historical-political context in which U.S.-based Freeport established mining operations in Papua helps to explain the conflict between the company and indigenous Papuans.During the 1960s, the United Nations -- in an effort strongly backed by the U.S. government -- brokered the transfer of control over Papua from the Dutch colonial administration to Indonesia. Indigenous Papuans had no say in the Dutch-Indonesian negotiations, which culminated in 1962 in a bilateral agreement providing for the transfer. Indonesia took control of Papua in May 1963 and, in 1969, carried out an "Act of Free Choice" (AFC), meant to serve as a formal act of self-determination....<a href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-amungme-kamoro-freeport-how-indigenous-papuans-have-resisted-worlds-">http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-amungme-kamoro-freeport-how-indigenous-papuans-have-resisted-worlds-</a>

=<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2x</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MODERN GOLD RUSH?: An ounce of gold is now worth $1,675; gold mines long abandoned in the U.S. have creaked back to life. And on Capitol Hill, the nation's mining companies have been parting with some of their riches as they navigate around environmental, trade and other issues that affect their profitability.

<a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000021995&year=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Freeport-McMoRan</a> is a strong Republican supporter, contributing more than $500,000 to federal candidates in the last election. Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00009573&cycle=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Jeff Flake</a> (R-Ariz.) saw the best of the spoils, with $61,000 in contributions from Phoenix-based Freeport employees and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/pacgot.php?cycle=2012&cmte=C00320101" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">its PAC</a>. Texas Republican <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/alsorun.php?cid=N00033445&cycle=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">David Dewhurst</a>, who lost in the primary to freshman Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00033085&newmem=Y" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Ted Cruz</a>, got $45,000, and Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00027522&cycle=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Dean Heller</a>(R-Nev.) and House Speaker <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00003675&cycle=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">John Boehner</a> (R-Ohio) each received $20,000. Freeport gave GOP presidential nominee <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pres12/candidate.php?id=N00000286" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Mitt Romney</a> $14,100. 

Heller was also one of Newmont Mining's favorite candidates, receiving $20,250 from Newmont employees and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00206672&cycle=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">its PAC</a>, of a total $337,354 in combined contributions to candidates in the last election. Rep. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00031177&cycle=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Mark Amodei</a> (R-Nev.) followed closely behind with $19,000, then Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00004645&cycle=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Denny Rehberg</a> (R-Mont.) with $15,500, and Nevada Reps. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00031244&cycle=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Joe Heck</a> (R) with $16,000 and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00030191&cycle=Career" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Dina Titus </a>(D) with $15,000. 

According to Newmont's website, <a target="blank" href="http://www.newmont.com/our-investors/press-releases/2011/02032011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Nevada presents a huge opportunity for growth for the company</a>.The company already owns 2 million acres of land in the state and <a target="blank" href="http://www.newmont.com/our-investors/press-releases/2011/02032011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">operates 11 mines and nine process facilities there</a>. In 2010, Newmont produced 1.7 million ounces of gold from Nevada mines, which accounted for almost a third of its annual gold production. At today's prices, that would be worth $2.85 trillion.

Nevada-based Barrick Gold and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00320580&cycle=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">its PAC favored</a> the same Nevada lawmakers last year as Freeport and Newmont did, contributing $279,700 to federal campaigns -- including $20,000 each to Heller, Titus, and Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00009818&cycle=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Shelley Berkley</a> (D-Nev.), as well as $25,500 to Amodei and $20,250 to Heller. 

But the Nevada lawmakers themselves aren't invested in gold. The direct dividends of a potential gold rush would go to a bipartisan group of lawmakers from around the country, according to disclosure statements covering the year 2011: Rep. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00030071&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Kurt Schrader</a> (D-Ore.) and Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00029617&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Kay Hagan</a> (D-N.C.) own shares worth between $1,000 and $15,000 in both Freeport-McMoRan and Newmont Mining. Boehner and Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00031688&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">John Hoeven</a> (R-N.D.) <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?cycle=2012&id=D000021995#invested" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">own shares in Freeport-McMoRan</a> valued at between $15,000 to $50,000. Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00000362&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Jack Reed</a> (D-R.I.) and Reps. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00027565&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">John Campbell</a> (R-Calif.) and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00004133&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Fred Upton</a> (R-Mich.) own shares worth between $1,000 and $15,000. Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00004643&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Max Baucus</a> (D-Mont.) owns up to $2,000 in Freeport stock.

Others <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000027988#invested" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">own shares in Newmont Mining</a>. Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00004207&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Tom Harkin</a> (D-Iowa) and Reps. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00013131&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Eric Cantor</a> (R-Va.) and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00001024&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Nita Lowey</a> (D-N.Y.) own shares valued at between $15,000 and $50,000. Rep. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00031412&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Mick Mulvaney</a> (R-S.C.) has stock worth between $16,000 and $65,000, and Rep. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00003467&year=2011" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Ed Whitfield</a> (R-Ky.) owns shares that are worth $1,000 to $15,000.

Of America's top mining companies, only <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000021995&year=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Freeport-McMoRan</a> increased its lobbying budget last year -- to $360,000 from $190,000 in 2011. That's still nothing compared to its $1.5 million lobbying spending in 2008, but these days <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientissues.php?id=D000021995&year=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Freeport is worried about tax reform</a>, water settlement legislation related to Native American affairs, and trade tariffs. Last year it lobbied on Brazilian import tariffs on molybdenum and Russian export tariffs.

<a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000027988&year=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Newmont Mining spent $920,000 lobbying</a> on hard rock mining, the Mercury Export Ban Act and the taxation of mercury storage in 2012. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000045868&year=2012" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Barrick Gold</a> spent $275,000 to lobby mining issues and reimbursement for reclaiming uranium mills.</div>=

EPA advis bd:

<table id="efab" style="letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><tr style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. William Cobb</td><td style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Vice President, Environmental Services & Sustainable Development</td><td style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.</td><td style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Phoenix</td><td style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">AZ</td></tr><tr style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Edwin William Crooks</td><td style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Managing Director</td><td style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">KPMG, LLC</td><td style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Great Falls</td><td style=" box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">VA</td></tr></tbody></table>

===

<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/20/bp-gulf-of-mexico-leases_n_4996314.html">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/20/bp-gulf-of-mexico-leases_n_4996314.html</a>

NEW ORLEANS (AP) — High bids from Freeport-McMoRan Oil & Gas LLC made up more than one-third of the $850.8 million total at Wednesday's federal oil lease sale for the central Gulf of Mexico. It also was the first sale since the government said BP PLC can again secure federal contracts; the company made $41.6 million in high bids.

Freeport-McMoRan's 16 high bids totaled $321.4 million, including the day's biggest — $68.8 million — and six of the 10 highest, according to the federal Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.

The second-highest bidder both for total and single bids was Chevron USA Inc., at $103.3 million and $62.4 million. That bid, announced after bids of $1.2 million, $2.6 million and $32.8 million for a Mississippi Canyon tract about 125 miles south of Dauphin Island, Ala., and about 20 miles from BP PLC Macondo well that blew wild in 2010, drew a chorus of "oohs" from the audience.

BP was the only bidder on a tract a few miles west of that one, getting it for $1.2 million. The company was suspended from new federal business after pleading guilty in November 2012 to criminal charges from a major oil spill in the Gulf two years earlier. The suspension was lifted Friday and BP bid a total of $53.8 million on 31 tracts Wednesday, with high bids on 24.

"As the nation's largest energy investor, BP is committed to the deepwater Gulf of Mexico, where we have been an active player for a quarter century and have a multi-billion dollar investment program underway," spokesman Brett Clanton said in an emailed statement. "BP's participation in today's lease sale not only underscores the importance of the region, but it is also a testament to the vital role BP plays in the American economy and to the country's energy future."

BP's highest bid was $8 million for an Atwater Valley tract about 180 miles south of Biloxi, Miss., and 10 to 15 miles northeast of the day's most hotly contested tract — the one for which Freeport-McMoRan bid $68.8 million. The other five bids included Exxon Mobil Corp.'s $45.5 million....

==

Last week's <a target="_blank" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/indonesia-mine-collapse-death-toll-rises-17">collapse of a massive precious metals mine</a> in Indonesia, which killed at least 17 workers, brought unwanted attention to the American company that owns the facility, <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000021995">Freeport-McMoRan Copper and Gold</a>. But the company is already well-known to many here in Washington: Its top executives, as well as the company PAC, contribute hundreds of thousands of dollars each election cycle to help fuel congressional campaigns. Freeport currently employs at least one former member of Congress as a registered lobbyist, and in the past has employed at least one other.

<div>Freeport-McMoRan, which is based in Phoenix, strongly favors Republicans over Democrats with its contributions. In the 2012 cycle, the company's PAC and employees gave 80 percent of their $382,000 in donations to Republicans. The firm's favorite lawmaker? Arizona GOP Sen. <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00009573&cycle=2012">Jeff Flake</a>. He received the maximum $10,000 from the company PAC and another $43,000 from employees, making him the largest recipient of Freeport-McMoRan money. </div>

<div>

</div>

<div>Another major recipient of Freeport-McMoRan cash was David Dewhurst, who was defeated by <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00033085&newmem=Y">Ted Cruz</a> in the Republican primary for Texas' open Senate seat last year. Dewhurst, who was backed by many "establishment" Republican interests, received $10,000 from the company PAC and another $25,000 from company CEO James "Jim Bob" Moffett and members of his immediate family. </div>

<div>

</div>

<div>In the House, the top recipient of cash from the company is Speaker of the House <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00003675&cycle=2012">John Boehner</a> (R-Ohio), to whom the company's PAC gave the maximum of $10,000. Boehner is also <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000021995#invested">one of eight members</a> of Congress who owns shares in the company, according to his most recent personal financial disclosure form. </div>

<div>

</div>

<div>Moffett and other top executives drove a huge chunk of the contributions from company employees. Besides the money to Dewhurst, Moffett and his family were also responsible for $33,301 in donations to the Republican National Committee and $7,100 apiece to the Republican Congressional Campaign Committee and Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee in the 2012 cycle.</div>

<div>

</div>

<div>In 2008, donations from the company PAC and employees spiked to $595,000. Almost one-fifth of that -- $112,000 -- was in the form of contributions from company executives to the Republican National Committee. The company's spending on lobbying surged then, too: In 2007, it spent about $580,000 and in 2009, it spent $720,000 -- but in 2008, Freeport-McMoRan spent more than $1.5 million pressing its views in Washington.

The company took a strong interest in two bills that were pending that year. One, the <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/billsum.php?id=17309">Hardrock Mining and Reclamation Act</a> (H.R. 2262), would have imposed new royalties on mining operations on public lands; it passed the House but died in the Senate. The other, the <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/billsum.php?id=55294">Extractive Industries Transparency Disclosure Act</a> (H.R. 6066), would have required companies to disclose to shareholders any payments made to foreign countries in exchange for the extraction of natural resources. </div>

<div>

</div>

<div>So far in 2013, the company has reported lobbying on legislation affecting deepwater ports and, generally, issues related to taxes. It spent $120,000 in the first three months of the year, and had nine lobbyists, including former Rep. <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00005414&cycle=2008">Jim McCrery</a> (R-La.), on the payroll. </div>

<div>

</div>

<div>Image: Freeport-McMoRan's Indonesian mine image via <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grasberg_mine.jpg">Alfindra Primaldhi</a>.</div>

</div>

<h4 class="entry-categories-header">Categories:</h4>

<li class="entry-category"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/news/influence-lobbying/industries/">Industries</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-category"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/news/issues-and-legislation/">Issues and Legislation</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=Extractive%20Industries%20Transparency%20Disclosure%20Act&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">Extractive Industries Transparency Disclosure Act</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=freeport-mcmoran%20copper%20and%20gold&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">freeport-mcmoran copper and gold</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=Hardrock%20Mining%20and%20Reclamation%20Act&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">Hardrock Mining and Reclamation Act</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=indonesia&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">indonesia</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=jeff%20flake&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">jeff flake</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=Jim%20Bob%20Moffett&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">Jim Bob Moffett</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=Jim%20McCrery&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">Jim McCrery</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=John%20Boehner&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">John Boehner</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=Republican%20Congressional%20Campaign%20Committee&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">Republican Congressional Campaign Committee</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=Republican%20National%20Committee&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">Republican National Committee</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=Republican%20Senatorial%20Campaign%20Committee&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee</a>,</li>

<li class="entry-tag"><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/MT/mt-search.cgi?blog_id=8&tag=Russ%20Choma&limit=20&IncludeBlogs=8" rel="tag">Russ Choma</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

===

hodad: AZ Records obtained by DBA/CMD show that Seville had been acting, in concert with a “PPD liaison” and a “PPD Intel analyst” (most likely Dowhan), as a coordinator for ACTIC law enforcement/public safety/”counter terrorism” personnel during the course of the ALEC SNPS and related protests. In a November 30 “overview” of ALEC protest events, sent out by Seville to a number of PFD personnel, Seville detailed ACTIC (primarily PPD and PFD Homeland Defense Bureau) preparations for an “operational response” to a planned Occupy Phoenix march from Cesar Chavez Plaza to the downtown Phoenix offices of Freeport-McMoran Copper and Gold (located within Freeport-McMoran Center), to be held as part of Occupy Phoenix’s ongoing ALEC protests at 4 p.m. on December 1.

===
  2x

MODERN GOLD RUSH?: An ounce of gold is now worth $1,675; gold mines long abandoned in the U.S. have creaked back to life. And on Capitol Hill, the nation's mining companies have been parting with some of their riches as they navigate around environmental, trade and other issues that affect their profitability.

<a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000021995&year=2012">Freeport-McMoRan</a> is a strong Republican supporter, contributing more than $500,000 to federal candidates in the last election. Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00009573&cycle=2012">Jeff Flake</a> (R-Ariz.) saw the best of the spoils, with $61,000 in contributions from Phoenix-based Freeport employees and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/pacgot.php?cycle=2012&cmte=C00320101">its PAC</a>. Texas Republican <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/alsorun.php?cid=N00033445&cycle=2012">David Dewhurst</a>, who lost in the primary to freshman Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00033085&newmem=Y">Ted Cruz</a>, got $45,000, and Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00027522&cycle=2012">Dean Heller </a>(R-Nev.) and House Speaker <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00003675&cycle=2012">John Boehner</a> (R-Ohio) each received $20,000. Freeport gave GOP presidential nominee <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pres12/candidate.php?id=N00000286">Mitt Romney</a> $14,100.

Heller was also one of Newmont Mining's favorite candidates, receiving $20,250 from Newmont employees and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00206672&cycle=2012">its PAC</a>, of a total $337,354 in combined contributions to candidates in the last election. Rep. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00031177&cycle=2012">Mark Amodei</a> (R-Nev.) followed closely behind with $19,000, then Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00004645&cycle=2012">Denny Rehberg</a> (R-Mont.) with $15,500, and Nevada Reps. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00031244&cycle=2012">Joe Heck</a> (R) with $16,000 and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00030191&cycle=Career">Dina Titus </a>(D) with $15,000.

According to Newmont's website, <a target="blank" href="http://www.newmont.com/our-investors/press-releases/2011/02032011">Nevada presents a huge opportunity for growth for the company</a>.The company already owns 2 million acres of land in the state and <a target="blank" href="http://www.newmont.com/our-investors/press-releases/2011/02032011">operates 11 mines and nine process facilities there</a>. In 2010, Newmont produced 1.7 million ounces of gold from Nevada mines, which accounted for almost a third of its annual gold production. At today's prices, that would be worth $2.85 trillion.

Nevada-based Barrick Gold and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00320580&cycle=2012">its PAC favored</a> the same Nevada lawmakers last year as Freeport and Newmont did, contributing $279,700 to federal campaigns -- including $20,000 each to Heller, Titus, and Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00009818&cycle=2012">Shelley Berkley</a> (D-Nev.), as well as $25,500 to Amodei and $20,250 to Heller.

But the Nevada lawmakers themselves aren't invested in gold. The direct dividends of a potential gold rush would go to a bipartisan group of lawmakers from around the country, according to disclosure statements covering the year 2011: Rep. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00030071&year=2011">Kurt Schrader</a> (D-Ore.) and Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00029617&year=2011">Kay Hagan</a> (D-N.C.) own shares worth between $1,000 and $15,000 in both Freeport-McMoRan and Newmont Mining. Boehner and Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00031688&year=2011">John Hoeven</a> (R-N.D.) <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?cycle=2012&id=D000021995#invested">own shares in Freeport-McMoRan</a> valued at between $15,000 to $50,000. Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00000362&year=2011">Jack Reed</a> (D-R.I.) and Reps. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00027565&year=2011">John Campbell</a> (R-Calif.) and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00004133&year=2011">Fred Upton</a> (R-Mich.) own shares worth between $1,000 and $15,000. Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00004643&year=2011">Max Baucus</a> (D-Mont.) owns up to $2,000 in Freeport stock.

Others <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000027988#invested">own shares in Newmont Mining</a>. Sen. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00004207&year=2011">Tom Harkin</a> (D-Iowa) and Reps. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00013131&year=2011">Eric Cantor</a> (R-Va.) and <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00001024&year=2011">Nita Lowey</a> (D-N.Y.) own shares valued at between $15,000 and $50,000. Rep. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00031412&year=2011">Mick Mulvaney</a> (R-S.C.) has stock worth between $16,000 and $65,000, and Rep. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00003467&year=2011">Ed Whitfield</a> (R-Ky.) owns shares that are worth $1,000 to $15,000.

Of America's top mining companies, only <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000021995&year=2012">Freeport-McMoRan</a> increased its lobbying budget last year -- to $360,000 from $190,000 in 2011. That's still nothing compared to its $1.5 million lobbying spending in 2008, but these days <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientissues.php?id=D000021995&year=2012">Freeport is worried about tax reform</a>, water settlement legislation related to Native American affairs, and trade tariffs. Last year it lobbied on Brazilian import tariffs on molybdenum and Russian export tariffs.

<a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000027988&year=2012">Newmont Mining spent $920,000 lobbying</a> on hard rock mining, the Mercury Export Ban Act and the taxation of mercury storage in 2012. <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000045868&year=2012">Barrick Gold</a> spent $275,000 to lobby mining issues and reimbursement for reclaiming uranium mills.

==

===

cmd:

The romance between ALEC and fracking continued at this year's ALEC meeting in Utah -- an appropriate location for the frack-friendly ALEC crew. In May, the U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar <a href="http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/newsroom/2012/may/nr_05_08_2012.html" title="reference on approved" target="blank">approved</a> a major shale gas project by Texas-based <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Anadarko_Petroleum" title="reference on Anadarko Petroleum" target="self">Anadarko Petroleum</a> Corp. in Utah's Uinta Basin -- expected to develop more than 3,600 new wells over the next decade.

In another industry-friendly move, Utah's Governor Gary Herbert, who spoke the ALEC conference's opening luncheon, <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/24/us-utah-lands-idUSBRE82N03420120324" title="reference on signed a bill into law" target="blank">signed a bill into law</a> in March demanding that Congress hand over 30 million acres of federal land to the state by 2015 or the state will sue. <a href="http://news.yahoo.com/lawmakers-pick-fight-feds-over-public-lands-083347841.html" title="reference on According" target="blank">According</a> to the Associated Press, Lawmakers in Utah and Arizona have said the legislation is endorsed by ALEC. As documented by the Center for Media and Democracy's <a href="http://www.alecexposed.org/wiki/ALEC_Exposed" title="reference on ALEC Exposed" target="blank">ALEC Exposed</a> Project, ALEC drafted the "<a href="http://heartland.org/sites/all/modules/custom/heartland_migration/files/pdfs/6252.pdf" title="reference on Sagebrush Rebellion Act" target="blank">Sagebrush Rebellion Act</a>," which was "designed to establish a mechanism for the transfer of ownership of unappropriated lands from the federal government to the states." According to the <a href="http://www.suwa.org/2012/07/30/herbert-dodges-on-costs-and-effects-of-his-federal-land-grab-efforts/" title="reference on Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance" target="_blank">Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance</a>, the governor's initiative would open up millions of acres of the "Wilderness Study Areas and proposed wilderness areas to oil and gas development" but in the process would cost Utah taxpayers enormously.

At the meeting, the CEO of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Institute_for_Energy_Research" title="reference on Institute for Energy Research" target="self">Institute for Energy Research</a> (IER) Dr. Robert Bradley was one of the featured speakers. Bradley, formerly a director of policy analysis at Enron, also spoke at the 2011 ALEC conference in New Orleans. He is also an "adjunct scholar" at the right-wing think tank the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cato_Institute" title="reference on Cato Institute" target="self">Cato Institute</a> and specializes in "global warming alarmism." IER is a non-profit group focused on global energy markets that pushes for deregulation, advances climate change denial, and attempts to discredit renewable energy sources. The group's 2010 IRS 990 form said that its focus was narrowed in on "impediments to domestic energy production, including government restrictions on access, burdensome regulations, and the favoritism of energy sources that are unsustainable in the marketplace."

The PR Bus of AEA and Koch's AFPIER <a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=115" title="reference on received" target="blank">received</a> some $307,000 from Exxon Mobil between 2003 and 2007, according to the publicly traded company's "Corporate Giving Reports." IER also received a total of $235,000 from Koch Family foundations between 1997-2010, according to a <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries/institute-for-energy-research/?utma=1.1699501272.1343492602.1343492602.1344377276.2&utmb=1.1.10.1344377276&utmc=1&utmx=-&utmz=1.1344377276.2.2.utmcsr=sourcewatch.org%7Cutmccn=%28referral%29%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/index.php&utmv=-&utmk=176160674" title="reference on Greenpeace report" target="blank">Greenpeace report</a>. Koch Industries, an ALEC member, also profits from the <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/03/02/436669/how-the-kochs-are-fracking-america/" title="reference on expansion" target="_blank">expansion</a> of fracking. Unlike Exxon, because Koch is not a publicly-traded company, any corporate donations to groups like IER, AEA, or AFP are not publicly disclosed.

IER is a "partner" organization of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Energy_Alliance" title="reference on American Energy Alliance" target="self">American Energy Alliance</a>, a 501(c)4 organization which calls itself the "grassroots arm" of IER. Thomas Pyle is president of both organizations, and is a former lobbyist for Koch Industries and former energy policy aide for former House Majority Leader <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Thomas_D.DeLay" title="reference on Thomas D. DeLay" target="self">Thomas D. DeLay</a>, who resigned from the leadership following his indictment on conspiracy charges. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wayne_Gable" title="reference on Wayne Gable" target="self">Wayne Gable</a>, also a former lobbyist for Koch Industries and former president for two of the Koch Family foundations, is on the board of both IER and AEA.

In 2011 IER and AEA launched "<a href="http://www.energyforamerica.org/" title="reference on Energy for America" target="blank">Energy for America</a>" as a joint initiative with a laser point in on fracking, with an aim to "educate" the public on the practice. In October 2011, AEA and IER, in partnership with Koch Industries' astroturf group <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Americans_for_Prosperity" title="reference on Americans for Prosperity" target="self">Americans for Prosperity</a>, started a "Energy for America" <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/10/18/346518/kochs-afp-starts-big-oil-bus-tour/" title="reference on bus tour" target="_blank">bus tour</a> to encourage the expansion of domestic exploration of oil, gas and coal, targeting U.S. Senate battleground states for the upcoming 2012 elections.

Additionally, <a href="http://www.bhfs.com/" title="reference on Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck" target="blank">Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck</a> is one of the three chairs of the ALEC <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Energy,Environment,and_Agriculture_Task_Force" title="reference on Energy, Environment, and Agriculture Task Force" target="self">Energy, Environment, and Agriculture Task Force</a>. One of its clients is <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=LNG_Terminals" title="reference on Freeport LNG" target="blank">Freeport LNG</a>, which owns and operates one of the first liquefied natural gas import terminals built in the United States. According to the law firm's <a href="http://www.bhfs.com/Practices/CaseStudies/ShiftingGearsforFreeportLNGsChangingNaturalGasMarket" title="reference on website" target="blank">website</a>, "For the last nine years, Brownstein has been the lead counsel in the structuring, strategy and development of the $1.2 billion receiving and regasification facility with commercial output capacity of more than 2.0 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day."

==

one%:

The Extractor Sector: The Case of Freeport-McMoRan (FCX)

Freeport-McMoRan (FCX) is the world’s largest extractor of copper and gold. The company controls huge deposits in Papua, Indonesia, and also operates in North and South America, and in Africa. In 2010, the company sold 3.9 billion pounds of copper, 1.9 million ounces of gold, and 67 million pounds of molybdenum. In 2010, Freeport-McMoRan reported revenues of $18.9 billion and a net income of $4.2 billion.[xi]

The Grasberg mine in Papua, Indonesia, employs 23,000 workers at wages below three dollars an hour. In September 2011, workers went on strike for higher wages and better working conditions. Freeport had offered a 22 percent increase in wages, and strikers said it was not enough, demanding an increase to an international standard of seventeen to forty-three dollars an hour. The dispute over pay attracted local tribesmen, who had their own grievances over land rights and pollution; armed with spears and arrows, they joined Freeport workers blocking the mine’s supply roads.[xii] During the strikers’ attempt to block busloads of replacement workers, security forces financed by Freeport killed or wounded several strikers.

Freeport has come under fire internationally for payments to authorities for security. Since 1991, Freeport has paid nearly thirteen billion dollars to the Indonesian government—one of Indonesia’s largest sources of income—at a 1.5 percent royalty rate on extracted gold and copper, and, as a result, the Indonesian military and regional police are in their pockets. In October 2011, the Jakarta Globe reported that Indonesian security forces in West Papua, notably the police, receive extensive direct cash payments from Freeport-McMoRan. Indonesian National Police Chief Timur Pradopo admitted that officers received close to ten million dollars annually from Freeport, payments Pradopo described as “lunch money.” Prominent Indonesian nongovernmental organization Imparsial puts the annual figure at fourteen million dollars.[xiii] These payments recall even larger ones made by Freeport to Indonesian military forces over the years which, once revealed, prompted a US Security and Exchange Commission investigation of Freeport’s liability under the United States’ Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.

In addition, the state’s police and army have been criticized many times for human rights violations in the remote mountainous region, where a separatist movement has simmered for decades. Amnesty International has documented numerous cases in which Indonesian police have used unnecessary force against strikers and their supporters. For example, Indonesian security forces attacked a mass gathering in the Papua capital, Jayapura, and striking workers at the Freeport mine in the southern highlands. At least five people were killed and many more injured in the assaults, which shows a continuing pattern of overt violence against peaceful dissent. Another brutal and unjustified attack on October 19, 2011, on thousands of Papuans exercising their rights to assembly and freedom of speech, resulted in the death of at least three Papuan civilians, the beating of many, the detention of hundreds, and the arrest of six, reportedly on treason charges.[xiv]

On November 7, 2011, the Jakarta Globe reported that “striking workers employed by Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold’s subsidiary in Papua have dropped their minimum wage increase demands from $7.50 to $4.00 an hour, the All-Indonesia Workers Union (SPSI) said.”[xv] Virgo Solosa, an official from the union, told the Jakarta Globe that they considered the demands, up from the (then) minimum wage of $1.50 an hour, to be “the best solution for all.”

Workers at Freeport’s Cerro Verde copper mine in Peru also went on strike around the same time, highlighting the global dimension of the Freeport confrontation. The Cerro Verde workers demanded pay raises of 11 percent, while the company offered just 3 percent.

The Peruvian strike ended on November 28, 2011.[xvi] And on December 14, 2011, Freeport-McMoRan announced a settlement at the Indonesian mine, extending the union’s contract by two years. Workers at the Indonesia operation are to see base wages, which currently start at as little as $2.00 an hour, rise 24 percent in the first year of the pact and 13 percent in the second year. The accord also includes improvements in benefits and a one-time signing bonus equivalent to three months of wages.[xvii]

In both Freeport strikes, the governments pressured strikers to settle. Not only was domestic militrary and police force evident, but also higher levels of international involvement. Throughout the Freeport-McMoRan strike, the Obama administration ignored the egregious violation of human rights  and instead advanced US–Indonesian military ties. US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, who arrived in Indonesia in the immediate wake of the Jayapura attack, offered no criticism of the assault and reaffirmed US support for Indonesia’s territorial integrity. Panetta also reportedly commended Indonesia’s handling of a weeks-long strike at Freeport-McMoRan.[xviii]

US President Barack Obama visited Indonesia in November 2011 to strengthen relations with Jakarta as part of Washington’s escalating efforts to combat Chinese influence in the Asia–Pacific region. Obama had just announced that the US and Australia would begin a rotating deployment of 2,500 US Marines to a base in Darwin, a move ostensibly to modernize the US posture in the region, and to allow participation in “joint training” with Australian military counterparts. But some speculate that the US has a hidden agenda in deploying marines to Australia. The Thai newspaper The Nation has suggested that one of the reasons why US Marines might be stationed in Darwin could be that they would provide remote security assurance to US-owned Freeport-McMoRan’s gold and copper mine in West Papua, less than a two-hour flight away.[xix]

The fact that workers at Freeport’s Sociedad Minera Cerro Verde copper mine in Peru were also striking at the same time highlights the global dimension of the Freeport confrontation. The Peruvian workers are demanding pay rises of eleven percent, while the company has offered just three percent. The strike was lifted on November 28, 2011.[xx]

In both Freeport strikes, the governments pressured strikers to settle. Not only was domestic militrary and police force evident, but also higher levels of international involvement. The fact that the US Secretary of Defense mentioned a domestic strike in Indonesa shows that the highest level of power are in play on issues affecting the international corporate 1 percent and their profits.

Public opinion is strongly against Freeport in Indonesia. On August 8, 2011, Karishma Vaswani of the BBC reported that “the US mining firm Freeport-McMoRan has been accused of everything from polluting the environment to funding repression in its four decades working in the Indonesian province of Papau. . . . Ask any Papuan on the street what they think of Freeport and they will tell you that the firm is a thief, said Nelels Tebay, a Papuan pastor and coordinator of the Papua Peace Network.”[xxi]

Freeport strikers won support from the US Occupy movement. Occupy Phoenix and East Timor Action Network activists marched to Freeport headquarters in Phoenix on October 28, 2011, to demonstrate against the Indonesian police killings at Freeport-McMoRan’s Grasberg mine.[xxii]

Freeport-McMoRan (FCX) chairman of the board James R. Moffett owns over four million shares with a value of close to $42.00 each. According to the FCX annual meeting report released in June 2011, Moffett’s annual compensation from FCX in 2010 was $30.57 million. Richard C. Adkerson, president of the board of FCX, owns over 5.3 million shares. His total compensation in was also $30.57 million in 2010 Moffett’s and Adkerson’s incomes put them in the upper levels of the world’s top 1 percent. Their interconnectness with the highest levels of power in the White House and the Pentagon, as indicated by the specific attention given to them by the US secretary of defense, and as suggested by the US president’s awareness of their circumstances, leaves no doubt that Freeport-MacMoRan executives and board are firmly positioned at the highest levels of the transnational corporate class.

Freeport-McMoRan’s Board of Directors

James R. Moffett—Corporate and policy affiliations: cochairman, president, and CEO of McMoRan Exploration Co.; PT Freeport Indonesia; Madison Minerals Inc.; Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans; Agrico, Inc.; Petro-Lewis Funds, Inc.; Bright Real Estate Services, LLC; PLC–ALPC, Inc.; FM Services Co.

Richard C. Adkerson—Corporate and policy affiliations: Arthur Anderson Company; chairman of International Council on Mining and Metals; executive board of the International Copper Association, Business Council, Business Roundtable, Advisory Board of the Kissinger Institute, Madison Minerals Inc.

Robert Allison Jr.—Corporate affiliations: Anadarko Petroleum (2010 revenue: $11 billion); Amoco Projection Company.

Robert A. Day—Corporate affiliations: CEO of W. M. Keck Foundation (2010 assets: more than $1 billion); attorney in Costa Mesa, California.

Gerald J. Ford—Corporate affiliations: Hilltop Holdings Inc, First Acceptance Corporation, Pacific Capital Bancorp (Annual Sales $13 billion), Golden State Bancorp, FSB (federal savings bank that merged with Citigroup in 2002) Rio Hondo Land & Cattle Company (annual sales $1.6 million), Diamond Ford, Dallas (sales: $200 million), Scientific Games Corp., SWS Group (annual sales: $422 million); American Residential Cmnts LLC.

H. Devon Graham Jr.—Corporate affiliations: R. E. Smith Interests (an asset management company; income: $670,000).

Charles C. Krulak—Corporate and governmental affiliations: president of Birmingham-South College; commandant of the Marine Corp, 1995–1999; MBNA Corp.; Union Pacific Corporation (annual sales: $17 billion); Phelps Dodge (acquired by FCX in 2007).

Bobby Lee Lackey—Corporate affiliations: CEO of McManusWyatt-Hidalgo Produce Marketing Co.

Jon C. Madonna—Corporate affiliations: CEO of KPMG, (professional services auditors; annual sales: $22.7 billion); AT&T (2011 revenue: $122 billion); Tidewater Inc. (2011 revenue: $1.4 billion).

Dustan E. McCoy—Corporate affiliations: CEO of Brunswick Corp. (revenue: $4.6 billion); Louisiana-Pacific Corp. (2011 revenue: $1.7 billion).

B. M. Rankin Jr.—Corporate affiliations: board vice chairman of FCX; cofounder of McMoRan Oil and Gas in 1969.

Stephen Siegele—Corporate affiliations: founder/CEO of Advanced Delivery and Chemical Systems Inc.; Advanced Technology Solutions; Flourine on Call Ltd.

The board of directors of Freeport-McMoRan represents a portion of the global 1 percent who not only control the largest gold and copper mining company in the world, but who are also interconnected by board membership with over two dozen major multinational corporations, banks, foundations, military, and policy groups. This twelve-member board is a tight network of individuals who are interlocked with—and influence the policies of—other major companies controlling approximately $200 billion in annual revenues.

Freeport-McMoRan exemplifies how the extractor sector acquires wealth from the common heritage of natural materials—which rightfully belongs to us all—by appropriating the surplus value of working people’s labor in the theft of our commons. This process is protected by governments in various countries where Freeport maintains mining operations, with the ultimate protector being the military empire of the US and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Further, Freeport-McMoRan is connected to one of the most elite transnational capitalist groups in the world: over 7 percent of Freeport’s stock is held by BlackRock, Inc., a major investment management firm based in New York City.

The Investment Sector: The Case of BlackRock, Inc.

Internationally, many firms operate primarily as investment organizations, managing capital and investing in other companies. These firms often do not actually make anything except money, and are keen to prevent interference with return on capital by taxation, regulations, and governmental interventions anywhere in the world.

BlackRock, based in Manhattan, is the largest assets management firm in the world, with over 10,000 employees and investment teams in twenty-seven countries. Their client base includes corporate, public, union, and industry pension plans; governments; insurance companies; third-party mutual funds; endowments; foundations; charities; corporations; official institutions; sovereign wealth funds; banks; financial professionals; and individuals worldwide. BlackRock acquired Barclay Global Investors in December of 2009. As of March 2012, BlackRock manages assets worth $3.68 trillion in equity, fixed income, cash management, alternative investment, real estate, and advisory strategies.[xxiii]

In addition to Freeport-McMoRan, BlackRock has major holdings in Chevron (49 million shares, 2.5 percent), Goldman Sachs Group (13 million shares, 2.7 percent), Exxon Mobil (121 million shares, 2.5 percent), Bank of America (251 million shares, 2.4 percent), Monsanto Company (12 million shares, 2.4 percent), Microsoft Corp. (185 million shares, 2.2 percent), and many more.[xxiv]...

<a href="http://www.projectcensored.org/top-stories/articles/the-global-1-exposing-the-transnational-ruling-class/">http://www.projectcensored.org/top-stories/articles/the-global-1-exposing-the-transnational-ruling-class/</a>

-----

<table><tbody><tr class="logolowdownheading"><td colspan="3">Energy/Natural Resources/Mining (Oil & Gas) | <a href="http://www.hightowerlowdown.org/node/2603#energy">permalink to this section</a></td></tr><tr class="logolowdownsubheading"><td width="70%">Corporation & products</td><td width="15%">Total contribution</td><td width="15%">% to Republicans</td></tr><tr class="logolowdowndata"><td>Koch Industries (refining)</td><td>$1,911,212</td><td>93%</td></tr><tr class="logolowdowndata"><td>Exxon Mobil</td><td>$1,331,258</td><td>87%</td></tr><tr class="logolowdowndata"><td>Chevron Corp</td><td>$931,361</td><td>82%</td></tr><tr class="logolowdowndata"><td>Marathon Oil</td><td>$664,790</td><td>78%</td></tr><tr class="logolowdowndata"><td>Valero Energy</td><td>$589,500</td><td>82%</td></tr><tr class="logolowdowndata"><td>Peabody Energy</td><td>$590,284</td><td>72%</td></tr><tr class="logolowdowndata"><td>Occidental Petroleum</td><td>$569,900</td><td>77%</td></tr><tr class="logolowdowndata"><td>ConocoPhillips</td><td>$443,754</td><td>71%</td></tr><tr class="logolowdowndata"><td>Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold</td><td>$367,161</td><td>60%</td></tr><tr class="logolowdowndata"><td>Arch Coal</td><td>$363,041</td><td>72%</td></tr><tr class="logolowdowndata"><td>Halliburton</td><td>$316,280</td><td>89%</td></tr></tbody></table>

Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. (Freeport) is a large international mining company, headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona. Freeport operates globally, mining largely copper, gold, and molybdenum; it is the largest single producer of molybdenum in the world. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-0" title="">[1]</a> Freeport operates the Grasberg mine in <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (the largest gold mine and the third largest copper mine in the world) and has mining operations in the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" class="mw-redirect">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. Freeport also has rod and refining operations and copper production facilities in Texas, Connecticut, Illinois, Arizona, and New Jersey, as well as molybdenum conversion plants in Arizona, Iowa, and the Netherlands. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-1" title="">[2]</a>

Freeport’s estimated reserves “include 93.2 billion pounds of copper, 41.0 million ounces of gold, 2.0 billion pounds of molybdenum, 230.9 million ounces of silver and 0.6 billion pounds of cobalt.”<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-2" title="">[3]</a> Freeport’s development of the Tenke Fungurume deposit in the DRC is estimated to be the largest undeveloped copper/cobalt lode in the world.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-3" title="">[4]</a>

<h2>Contents</h2>

[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#Political_and_public_influence">1 Political and public influence</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#Corporate_accountability">2 Corporate accountability</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#Labor_and_human_rights">2.1 Labor and human rights</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#Environment">2.2 Environment</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#Anti-trust_and_tax_practices">2.3 Anti-trust and tax practices</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#Social_responsibility_initiatives">2.4 Social responsibility initiatives</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#Business_scope">3 Business scope</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#Governance">4 Governance</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#Contact_information">5 Contact information</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#Articles_and_resources">6 Articles and resources</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#Related_SourceWatch_articles">6.1 Related SourceWatch articles</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#References">6.2 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#External_resources">6.3 External resources</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#External_articles">6.4 External articles</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>Political and public influence</h2>

Freeport-McMoRan spent $420,000 on lobbying in 2007, largely to the firms <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jones,Walker_and_Johnston%26_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jones, Walker and Johnston & Associates (page does not exist)">Jones, Walker and Johnston & Associates</a>.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-4" title="">[5]</a> Freeport also has an official <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committee</a>, Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. Citizenship Committee, which contributed $172,500 to federal candidates in the 2008 election cycle; 39% to Democratic candidates and 61% to Republican candidates.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-5" title="">[6]</a>

<h2>Corporate accountability</h2>

<h3>Labor and human rights</h3>

One of Freeport’s largest assets, the Grasberg mine in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, has also proven to be one of its largest reputational liabilities. Indonesia was ruled by Gen. Suharto’s brutal military dictatorship for over three decades, during which the government became known for repression and gross abuse of human rights.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-6" title="">[7]</a> Freeport, however, developed a close relationship with the regime to secure its position in Indonesia. Through investigative reporting and Freeport’s own confessions to the Securities & Exchange Commission, millions of dollars of payments to the Indonesian military, paramilitary, and police units and officials, as well as direct payments for vacations and college educations for family members of individual commanders, have been reported.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-7" title="">[8]</a> In its annual report, filed in March 2003, Freeport stated: "PT Freeport Indonesia's share of support costs for the government-provided security, involving over 2,000 government security personnel for the operations, was $5.6 millionfor 2002 and $4.7 million for 2001. This supplemental support consists of various infrastructure and other costs, such as food and dining hall costs, housing, fuel, travel, vehicle repairs, allowances to cover incidental and administrative costs, and community assistance programs conducted by the military/police. PT Freeport Indonesia’s capital costs for associated infrastructure was $0.4 million for 2002 and $0.5 million for 2001. In addition, over a period of several years prior to 2001, we constructed and provided infrastructure for housing, offices and related facilities at a cost of approximately $35 million".<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-8" title="">[9]</a>

As recently as 2008, Freeport admitted it had paid around "1.6 million dollars through wire transfers and cheques ... to provide a 'monthly allowance' to police and soldiers at and around the Grasberg mine," reported the Agence France-Presse. The payments were made "in contravention of a series of legal measures aimed at stopping military units working as paid protection." The $1.6 million in direct payments were part of $8 million that "Freeport paid in broader 'support costs' for 1,850 police and soldiers protecting Grasberg last year, according to a company report filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission." <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-9" title="">[10]</a>

Reports have also found that mine security and Indonesian military and police forces have been responsible for deaths, torture, and disappearances of locals as well as foreigners. The Australian Council on Overseas Aid found that in 1994 and 1995, the military and mine security were responsible for 22 civilian deaths and disappearances and 15 deaths and disappearances of those determined by the Indonesian government to be guerrillas.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-10" title="">[11]</a> This pattern of violence has been continuously documented, with one of the most high-profile sets of deaths being the killing by the Indonesian military of two American schoolteachers and a Papuan in 2002 on a Freeport mine road, after which the U.S. Congress cut military aid to Indonesia and questions were increasingly raised regarding the relationship between Freeport and the Indonesian military.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-11" title="">[12]</a> After the killing of three traditional gold miners in 2006, despite information tracing these deaths to the Indonesian military, twelve Papuans, including a respected pastor, were arrested by the FBI and the Indonesian police on the pretense that they were being taken to the U.S. to denounce violence by the Indonesian military and taken in a Freeport boxcar to prison.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-12" title="">[13]</a>

Protesters have expressed anti-Freeport sentiment over its tenure in Indonesia, with perhaps one of the strongest rebukes being in 1996, when rioters shut down the mine for three days and millions of dollars of equipment were destroyed.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-13" title="">[14]</a> A 2006 protest, in which students attacked Freeport offices in Jakarta, also shut down the company’s mine in Papua after locals, armed with bows and arrows, created barricades and demanded to be permitted to sift through the mine’s waste after violent clashes with police and company security who attempted to prevent them from sifting.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-14" title="">[15]</a> Earlier protests of the installation of the mine and the resulting takings of tribal and community lands were brutally suppressed by the dictatorship, at times with Freeport financial support, with reports of anywhere from 900 to thousands of deaths.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-15" title="">[16]</a> Students and other activists and locals protesting the Freeport mine have also been pursued, arrested, attacked, and tortured.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-16" title="">[17]</a>

Suits have also been filed against Freeport in U.S. federal court and Louisiana state court, alleging that Freeport was guilty of human rights abuses. The federal case, filed by Tom Beanal, a leader of the Amungme people of West Papua, alleges that Freeport cooperated with the Indonesian military in committing human rights abuses against him such as torture, surveillance, and detention, as well as degradation to the environment and land of the Amungme people. The state case claims similar environmental and human rights abuses. The Fifth Circuit and the Louisiana state courts dismissed the cases.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-17" title="">[18]</a> Tom Beanal was later placed on the board of Freeport Indonesia, Freeport’s subsidiary operating the Grasberg mine.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-18" title="">[19]</a>

While human rights groups have presented concerns that Freeport’s investments in the Tenke Fungurume deposits in the Congo raise similar human rights issues, given the security and human rights record in the area, the U.S. government’s Overseas Private Investment Corporation recently approved risk insurance for the venture.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-19" title="">[20]</a>

While relations between Freeport and the Indonesian military have dominated the labor and human rights record of the company, other labor issues have also occurred at Freeport mines and other operations. In 2003, the Grasberg mine was closed after a landslide killed workers.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-20" title="">[21]</a> In November 2008, Freeport fired 691 North American mine workers, from Arizona to Colorado to New Mexico, in order to reduce costs and delay expansions.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-21" title="">[22]</a>

<h3>Environment</h3>

Unlike in Freeport’s Congolese venture, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation deemed the Freeport Grasberg mine in Indonesia unfit to insure, revoking Freeport’s insurance policy in October 1995. This was the first time that OPIC had ever revoked risk insurance for a U.S. company due to environmental or human rights concerns. OPIC officials cited extreme environmental concerns, including large amounts of waste that Freeport had dumped into Papuan rivers at levels that would be illegal in the United States.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-22" title="">[23]</a> The Indonesian Environment Ministry provided previously undisclosed documents to The New York Times regarding environmental contamination around the mine, including a 2002 study by the American consulting company Parametrix (funded by Freeport) identifying the rivers and wetlands affected by Freeport waste as “unsuitable for aquatic life.”<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-23" title="">[24]</a> Reports indicate that the tailings from the mine, which contain heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, selenium, copper, and others, have been dumped into local rivers (at a volume estimated by some to equal approximately 650 million metric tons) and are now flowing into the Arafura Sea.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-24" title="">[25]</a>

The Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund determined in 2006 to blacklist Freeport from its investments, given that “continued investment in the company was deemed to entail an unacceptable risk of contributing to severe environmental damage,” according to the Norwegian Ministry of Finance.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-25" title="">[26]</a>

Freeport has also found itself the object of criticism for environmental practices in the United States, with local environmentalists denouncing Freeport’s release of radioactive gypsum waste into the Mississippi River.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-26" title="">[27]</a>

<h3>Anti-trust and tax practices</h3>

Freeport merged with the mining giant Phelps Dodge Corp. in 2006, raising possible red antitrust flags, but this merger was successfully approved by U.S. antitrust regulators. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-27" title="">[28]</a>

<h3>Social responsibility initiatives</h3>

After the 1996 riots in Indonesia, Freeport began to increase its development projects in Papua, contributing 1% of its annual revenues to a fund which would contribute to medical services, roads, and schools. Its projects included two hospitals, a clinic, health programs for malaria and AIDS, and a fund to compensate locals with shares in the company for the lands Freeport was using. The International Center for Corporate Accountability, while finding significant corruption in the management of these funds and other violations of Indonesian law in a report on Freeport in Indonesia, also commended the company for opening its practices to evaluation by the Center.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-28" title="">[29]</a>

Freeport published its corporate sustainability report in 2007, A World of Commitments: Working Toward Sustainable Development 2007, which describes the social and environmental sustainability initiatives undertaken by the company and is designed to complement the reporting the company conducts under the Global Reporting Initiative.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-29" title="">[30]</a> This report is available at <a href="http://www.fcx.com/envir/index.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.fcx.com/envir/index.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.fcx.com/envir/index.htm</a>.

<h2>Business scope</h2>

Freeport is ranked 140th on the 2008 Fortune 500 list, and brought in revenues of $17.9 billion in 2008, a 209% increase from 2006. Its 1997-2007 annual growth rate was 21.6%.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-30" title="">[31]</a> See <a href="http://www.fcx.com/company/who.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.fcx.com/company/who.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.fcx.com/company/who.htm</a> to review Freeport-McMoran’s 2007 Annual Report and other financial information provided by the company.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper%26_Gold#cite_note-31" title="">[32]</a>

<h2>Governance</h2>

Directors Accessed January 2009: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-32" title="">[33]</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_R._Moffett" title="James R. Moffett" class="mw-redirect">James R. Moffett</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_C._Adkerson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard C. Adkerson (page does not exist)">Richard C. Adkerson</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_J.Allison,Jr." title="Robert J. Allison, Jr.">Robert J. Allison, Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_A._Day" title="Robert A. Day">Robert A. Day</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Gerald_J._Ford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald J. Ford (page does not exist)">Gerald J. Ford</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=H._Devon_Graham_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. Devon Graham Jr. (page does not exist)">H. Devon Graham Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=J._Bennett_Johnston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Bennett Johnston (page does not exist)">J. Bennett Johnston</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Charles_C._Krulak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles C. Krulak (page does not exist)">Charles C. Krulak</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Bobby_Lee_Lackey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bobby Lee Lackey (page does not exist)">Bobby Lee Lackey</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jon_C._Madonna" title="Jon C. Madonna">Jon C. Madonna</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Dustan_E._McCoy" title="Dustan E. McCoy">Dustan E. McCoy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Gabrielle_K._McDonald" title="Gabrielle K. McDonald">Gabrielle K. McDonald</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=B.M.Rankin,Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.M. Rankin, Jr. (page does not exist)">B.M. Rankin, Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=J._Stapleton_Roy" title="J. Stapleton Roy">J. Stapleton Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Stephen_H._Siegele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen H. Siegele (page does not exist)">Stephen H. Siegele</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=J._Taylor_Wharton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Taylor Wharton (page does not exist)">J. Taylor Wharton</a></li>

</ul>

Freeport’s Management includes the following individuals; full bios are available on the Freeport website:<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-33" title="">[34]</a>

Chairman: James R. Moffett President and CEO: Richard C. Adkerson Executive Vice President, CFO, and Treasurer: Kathleen L. Quirk Executive Vice President and CAO: Michael J. Arnold

<h2>Contact information</h2>

Freeport can be contacted as follows:<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_note-34" title="">[35]</a>

Headquarters

One North Central Ave.

Phoenix, AZ 85004

+1 602.366.8100

fcx_communications AT fmi.com

New Orleans Administrative Office

1615 Poydras St.

New Orleans, LA 70112

+1 504.582.4000

Investor Relations

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=David_Joint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Joint (page does not exist)">David Joint</a>, Manager, Investor Relations

+1 504.582.4203

ir AT fmi.com

Media Relations

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Bill_Collier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Collier (page does not exist)">Bill Collier</a>, Vice President Communications

+1 504.582.1750

fms_communications AT fmi.com

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Eric_Kinneberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Kinneberg (page does not exist)">Eric Kinneberg</a>, Director-External Communications

+1 602.366.7994

fcx_communications AT fmi.com

Global Supply Chain

+1 602.366.8461

Customer Service Group

Rod: +1 602.366.8417

Electrode & Bare Wire: +1 602.366.7855

Copper Sulfate & Magnetite: +1 602.366.7855

Community Relations

+1 602.366.8050 or +1 800.528.1182 extension 8050,

or community_affairs AT fmi.com.

E-mail proposals to: community_affairs AT fmi.com or mail to:

Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold

Community Relations Department/Foundation

One North Central Ave.

Phoenix, AZ 85004

<h2>Articles and resources</h2>

<h3>Related SourceWatch articles</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=W._Russell_King" title="W. Russell King">W. Russell King</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lundin_Mining" title="Lundin Mining">Lundin Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Victor_A._Tanaka" title="Victor A. Tanaka">Victor A. Tanaka</a></li>

</ul>

<h3>References</h3>

<li id="cite_note-0"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-0" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.fcx.com/company/who.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.fcx.com/company/who.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.fcx.com/company/who.htm</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-1" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=FCX.N&rpc=66" class="external free" title="http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=FCX.N&rpc=66" rel="nofollow">http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=FCX.N&rpc=66</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-2" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.fcx.com/metals/assets.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.fcx.com/metals/assets.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.fcx.com/metals/assets.htm</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-3" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.fcx.com/metals/mining.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.fcx.com/metals/mining.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.fcx.com/metals/mining.htm</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-4" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?year=2007&lname=Freeport-McMoRan+Copper+%26+Gold" class="external free" title="http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?year=2007&lname=Freeport-McMoRan+Copper+%26+Gold" rel="nofollow">http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?year=2007&lname=Freeport-McMoRan+Copper+%26+Gold</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-5" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00320101" class="external free" title="http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00320101" rel="nofollow">http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00320101</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-6" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/27/asia/suharto.php" class="external free" title="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/27/asia/suharto.php" rel="nofollow">http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/27/asia/suharto.php</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-7" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html" class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html</a>; www.globalwitness.org; <a href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article4720040.ece" class="external free" title="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article4720040.ece" rel="nofollow">http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article4720040.ece</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-8" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/831259/000083125903000015/f10k2002.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/831259/000083125903000015/f10k2002.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/831259/000083125903000015/f10k2002.htm</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-9" title="">↑</a> "<a href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jJMKtoD9LnT34URkkkJmTjaSf8EA" class="external text" title="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jJMKtoD9LnT34URkkkJmTjaSf8EA" rel="nofollow">US mining giant still paying Indonesia military</a>," Agence France-Presse, March 22, 2009.</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-10" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article4720040.ece" class="external free" title="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article4720040.ece" rel="nofollow">http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article4720040.ece</a>; <a href="http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/1996/09/bryce.html?welcome=true" class="external free" title="http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/1996/09/bryce.html?welcome=true" rel="nofollow">http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/1996/09/bryce.html?welcome=true</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-11" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/30/1067233324011.html" class="external free" title="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/30/1067233324011.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/30/1067233324011.html</a>; <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E6D71E39F933A05752C0A9659C8B63" class="external free" title="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E6D71E39F933A05752C0A9659C8B63" rel="nofollow">http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E6D71E39F933A05752C0A9659C8B63</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-12" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/969343431.html?dids=969343431:969343431&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+14%2C+2006&author=Ellen+Nakashima&pub=The+Washington+Post&edition=&startpage=A.17&desc=FBI+Said+Involved+in+Arrest+of+8+Indonesians" class="external free" title="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/969343431.html?dids=969343431:969343431&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+14%2C+2006&author=Ellen+Nakashima&pub=The+Washington+Post&edition=&startpage=A.17&desc=FBI+Said+Involved+in+Arrest+of+8+Indonesians" rel="nofollow">http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/969343431.html?dids=969343431:969343431&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+14%2C+2006&author=Ellen+Nakashima&pub=The+Washington+Post&edition=&startpage=A.17&desc=FBI+Said+Involved+in+Arrest+of+8+Indonesians</a>; <a href="http://www.etan.org/news/2005/02papua.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.etan.org/news/2005/02papua.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.etan.org/news/2005/02papua.htm</a>; <a href="http://blogs.amnesty.org.uk/blogs_entry.asp?eid=333" class="external free" title="http://blogs.amnesty.org.uk/blogs_entry.asp?eid=333" rel="nofollow">http://blogs.amnesty.org.uk/blogs_entry.asp?eid=333</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-13" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html" class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-14" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1016" class="external free" title="http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1016" rel="nofollow">http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1016</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-15" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.greens.org/s-r/11/11-22.html" class="external free" title="http://www.greens.org/s-r/11/11-22.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.greens.org/s-r/11/11-22.html</a>; <a href="http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid:530065" class="external free" title="http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid:530065" rel="nofollow">http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid:530065</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-16" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://blogs.amnesty.org.uk/blogs_entry.asp?eid=333" class="external free" title="http://blogs.amnesty.org.uk/blogs_entry.asp?eid=333" rel="nofollow">http://blogs.amnesty.org.uk/blogs_entry.asp?eid=333</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-17" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.business-humanrights.org/Categories/Lawlawsuits/Lawsuitsregulatoryaction/LawsuitsSelectedcases/Freeport-McMoRanlawsuitsreWestPapua" class="external free" title="http://www.business-humanrights.org/Categories/Lawlawsuits/Lawsuitsregulatoryaction/LawsuitsSelectedcases/Freeport-McMoRanlawsuitsreWestPapua" rel="nofollow">http://www.business-humanrights.org/Categories/Lawlawsuits/Lawsuitsregulatoryaction/LawsuitsSelectedcases/Freeport-McMoRanlawsuitsreWestPapua</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-18" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/minerals/2000/indonesia/0731mcmo.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/minerals/2000/indonesia/0731mcmo.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/minerals/2000/indonesia/0731mcmo.htm</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-19" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2008/0117pambazukacontracts.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2008/0117pambazukacontracts.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2008/0117pambazukacontracts.htm</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-20" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1016" class="external free" title="http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1016" rel="nofollow">http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1016</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-21" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aCLiRqi1rGmk&refer=us" class="external free" title="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aCLiRqi1rGmk&refer=us" rel="nofollow">http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aCLiRqi1rGmk&refer=us</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-22" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html" class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-23" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html" class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-24" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1028" class="external free" title="http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1028" rel="nofollow">http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1028</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-25" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/12080613?f=related" class="external free" title="http://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/12080613?f=related" rel="nofollow">http://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/12080613?f=related</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-26" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.greens.org/s-r/11/11-22.html" class="external free" title="http://www.greens.org/s-r/11/11-22.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.greens.org/s-r/11/11-22.html</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-27" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://phoenix.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2006/12/25/daily2.html" class="external free" title="http://phoenix.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2006/12/25/daily2.html" rel="nofollow">http://phoenix.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2006/12/25/daily2.html</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-28" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_43/b3956122.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_43/b3956122.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_43/b3956122.htm</a>; www.icca-corporateaccountability.org; <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html?pagewanted=9" class="external free" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html?pagewanted=9" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html?pagewanted=9</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-29" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.csrwire.com/News/12767.html" class="external free" title="http://www.csrwire.com/News/12767.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.csrwire.com/News/12767.html</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-30" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/snapshots/10455.html" class="external free" title="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/snapshots/10455.html" rel="nofollow">http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/snapshots/10455.html</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-31" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.fcx.com/company/who.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.fcx.com/company/who.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.fcx.com/company/who.htm</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-32" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.fcx.com/ir/board.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.fcx.com/ir/board.htm" rel="nofollow">Directors</a>, Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold, accessed January 19, 2009.</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold#cite_ref-34" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.fcx.com/company/contact.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.fcx.com/company/contact.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.fcx.com/company/contact.htm</a></li>

</ol>

<h3>External resources</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.papuaweb.org/bib/abib/freeport.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.papuaweb.org/bib/abib/freeport.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.papuaweb.org/bib/abib/freeport.htm</a></li>

<li>Leith, Denise. The Politics of Power: Freeport in Suharto's Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003</li>

</ul>

<h3>External articles</h3>

<ul>

<li>"<a href="http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=986" class="external text" title="http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=986" rel="nofollow">Freeport McMoRan's Corporate Profile</a>" Project Underground, May 19th, 1997. (This article is hosted on the CorpWatch website).</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a>, 2005, Paying for Protection: The Freeport mine and the Indonesian security forces. Global Witness, July 2005. Washington. 35p.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Denise_Leith" title="Denise Leith">Denise Leith</a> 2003. <a href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CpT_HleBbEMC&dq=%22The+Politics+of+Power:+Freeport+in+Suharto%27s+Indonesia%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=WKH-SZrtGcSXkQX_lY3eBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4" class="external text" title="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CpT_HleBbEMC&dq=%22The+Politics+of+Power:+Freeport+in+Suharto's+Indonesia%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=WKH-SZrtGcSXkQX_lY3eBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4" rel="nofollow">The Politics of Power: Freeport in Suharto's Indonesia</a>. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.</li>

<li>Freeport-McMoRan Copper and Gold Inc, "<a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/831259/000083125903000015/f10k2002.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/831259/000083125903000015/f10k2002.htm" rel="nofollow">Annual Report 2002</a>", US Securities and Exchange Commission, page 20.</li>

<li>Jane Perlez and Raymond Bonner, "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html?pagewanted=print" class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/international/asia/27gold.html?pagewanted=print" rel="nofollow">The Cost of Gold | The Hidden Payroll: Below a Mountain of Wealth, a River of Waste</a>", New York Times, December 27, 2005.</li>

<li>"<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/international/AP-Indonesia-Military-Corruption.html?pagewanted=print" class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/international/AP-Indonesia-Military-Corruption.html?pagewanted=print" rel="nofollow">Indonesian Military Admits to Taking Money U.S. Company</a>", New York Times, December 29, 2005. (This is an Assoiciated Press story).</li>

<li>Tb. Arie Rukmantara, "<a href="http://www.thejakartapost.com/detailheadlines.asp?fileid=20051231.A04&irec=3" class="external text" title="http://www.thejakartapost.com/detailheadlines.asp?fileid=20051231.A04&irec=3" rel="nofollow">Government warns Freeport to stop polluting river</a>", The Jakarta Post, January 01, 2006.</li>

<li>Richard C. Adkerson, "<a href="http://www.fcx.com/news/2006/RCA%20NewYorkTimes.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.fcx.com/news/2006/RCA%20NewYorkTimes.pdf" rel="nofollow">Letter to New York Times</a>", Freeport McMoRan, January 11, 2006.</li>

<li>"<a href="http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/34533/story.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/34533/story.htm" rel="nofollow">Second Mining Company Blasts NY Times Over Reports</a>", New York Times, January 18, 2006.</li>

<li>Katharine Q. Seelye, "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/19/international/asia/19freeport.html" class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/19/international/asia/19freeport.html" rel="nofollow">Mining Company Says U.S. Studies Payments to Indonesia's Military</a>", New York Times, January 19, 2006.</li>

<li>Raymond Bonner and Jane Perlez, "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/28/international/asia/28indo.html" class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/28/international/asia/28indo.html" rel="nofollow">New York Urges U.S. Inquiry in Mining Company's Indonesia Payment</a>", New York Times, January 28, 2006.</li>

</ul>