Frontiers of Freedom fof

=i thought defunct but
ebell got start
capt bak 418<div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">page 9</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/exxon-denial-and-deception.pdf?a1481f" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/exxon-denial-and-deception.pdf?a1481f</a></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ExxonMobil - Funding the Skeptics </div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">One of the most high profile skeptics in the climate change debate, S. Fred Singer, has recently denied receiving any oil company money, and claimed that his consulting for oil companies was solely “on the subject of oil pricing, some 20 years ago….”59 </div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yet Exxon’s own documents 60 show that in 1998, the company gave a grant of $10,000 to the Science and Environmental Policy Project (SEPP), of which Singer is the founding president, and another $65,000 to the Atlas Economic Research Foundation, which promotes and supports Singer’s work.61 In addition, in the past Singer has acknowledged receiving funding from Exxon. 62 According to the Wall Street Journal 63, </div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small;">ExxonMobil also funds the ultra-conservative and anti-environmentalist Frontiers of Freedom Institute, of which Singer is a staff member. Frontiers of Freedom was cited in the American Petroleum Institute (API) 1998 Global Science Communications Action Plan as a possible organization to help operationalize their antiKyoto strategy, to be funded by API and others in the fossil fuel industry. 64 Singer has a history of public attacks on the integrity of the IPCC process.65 </div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He has fabricated quotes from the former chair of the IPCC, Dr. Bert Bolin, in an attempt to suggest that Dr. Bolin had changed his mind about climate change.66 </div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Singer was also the mastermind behind a Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT) project that took fifty Republican students from the United States, trained in the skeptics’ arguments, to the climate negotiations in Bonn in 2001, to demonstrate in favor of Bush’s abandonment of the Kyoto Protocol.67 CFACT was also listed in the 1998 API plan mentioned above...</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">See www.exxonmobil.com/contributions/ public_info.html. </div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">61 See www.atlasusa.org/highlights/archives/1995/H1995- 02-Environment.html; and http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?id=3645&method=full.</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 62 During a 1994 television appearance on Nightline, Singer acknowledged receiving funding from Exxon, Shell, Unocal and ARCO, and that his institute, the Science and Environment Policy Project (SEPP) is partially funded by Exxon. For more information, see http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=3207&method=full. </div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">63 “Conservatives Seek IRS Inquiry on Environmental Group’s Status,” The Wall Street Journal, 21 June 2001. 64 API memo, 1998 – see appendix. 65 See interview with Fred Singer, “Hot </div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div> =<div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h3 style="line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;">Academia: The 'Intellectual Raw Materials' for the EV Fight</h3>The Koch network has spent decades investing in colleges and universities, often times funding faculty positions or free market centers and programs and staffing them with ideologically aligned academics. In recent years, this funding has come under considerable scrutiny, and much has been reported on the strings attached to funding of programs like the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/mercatus-center" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Mercatus Center</a> at George Mason University, the Center for Growth and Opportunity at Utah State University, and the Department of Economics at Florida State University. By design, this is an “investment in the intellectual raw materials,” as Fink wrote, “that is, the exploration and production of abstract concepts and theories.” The abstract nature of such academic exploration makes it a little harder to see the impact of the Koch network’s investments in universities on a single policy issue as discreet as transportation electrification. But not impossible. ...Indeed, some of the Kochs' chosen academics and Koch-funded centers have spoken publicly to the issue. One of the most visible academic figures arguing against the federal EV tax credit is Veronique de Rugy, a Senior Research Fellow at the Mercatus Center. Last fall, as Congress considered a couple of opposing bills — a bipartisan proposal to extend the tax credit and another to cancel it — <a href="https://www.creators.com/read/veronique-de-rugy/10/18/extending-the-electric-vehicle-tax-credit-undermines-tax-reform" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">de Rugy railed against the tax credit in an op-ed</a>.It’s worth noting that the bill to eliminate the credit was <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2019/02/05/senator-john-barrasso-koch-talking-points-electric-car-tax-credit" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">introduced by Senator John Barrasso</a> of Wyoming, the third largest recipient of Koch Industries donations in the Senate, and that Koch Industries formally lobbied for Barrasso’s bill. De Rugy wrote that “Barrasso's proposal makes the tax code simpler and less distortionary, making it the most economically sound.”Earlier this year, de Rugy wrote another op-ed bashing the bipartisan support for the federal EV tax credit, and <a href="https://www.creators.com/read/veronique-de-rugy/04/19/bipartisan-support-for-electric-vehicle-handouts-betrays-taxpayers" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">describing the consumer tax incentive as a “corporate handout.”</a>Another Mercatus Center economist, Matthew Mitchell, <a href="https://www.mercatus.org/scholars/matthew-d-mitchell" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">publishes frequently on the subjects of government favoritism and privilege</a>, making the popular free-market argument that the government shouldn’t support private industries through fiscal policies like tax preferences, loan guarantees, and direct subsidization.Curiously, Mitchell never writes of the massive subsidies enjoyed by the mature oil and gas industries, which the <a href="https://www.treasury.gov/open/Documents/USA%20FFSR%20progress%20report%20to%20G20%202014%20Final.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">U.S. treasury has calculated out to $4.7 billion per year</a>. Nor does he take issue with the more than $500 million that Koch Industries itself — the second largest private company in the U.S. — has benefited from over the past two decades, <a href="https://subsidytracker.goodjobsfirst.org/parent/koch-industries" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">according to the Subsidy Tracker built by Good Jobs First</a>. Mitchell does, however, use Tesla as a “beautiful illustration of the problem of favoritism and crony capitalism” in <a href="https://fedsoc.org/commentary/videos/capitalism-v-cronyism-what-s-the-true-cost-of-a-tesla" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">a video he narrates for the Federalist Society</a>, and in a number of related articles. It’s more common for Koch-funded academics to influence the EV policy discussion indirectly, through the “abstract concepts and theories” that Fink described or through other related issues.The gasoline tax provides a good example. The Koch network opposes any increase to federal or state gas taxes, for obvious reasons — the taxes would make Koch Industries’ refined petroleum products more expensive (and make alternatives like mass transit and electric cars more attractive). However, gas taxes typically fund roads, and gas tax revenues are dwindling as they haven’t kept pace with inflation and cars have gotten far more fuel efficient. [omg pix:
Koch Student Commons, on the ground floor of the University of Kansas' business school. ]The Koch network is actively pushing the argument that electric vehicles, which don’t pay a gas tax, are to blame for highway funding shortfalls, despite vast evidence to the contrary. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2019/09/11/koch-alec-fees-electric-cars-penalize-drivers-consumer-reports" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Some states have enacted special EV fees to bolster highway funds</a>, and Senator Barrasso is spearheading an effort to create a new fee at the federal level. This despite <a href="https://advocacy.consumerreports.org/press_release/evfees/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">a recent report by Consumer Reports</a> which found that the majority of these fees are punitive in that they charge plug-in drivers more than the equivalent that gas-powered cars would generate in gas taxes annually. Even so, some Koch-funded academics have argued recently against raising gas taxes, while taking shots at electric cars. <a href="https://www.ocregister.com/2018/01/03/paying-more-at-the-pump-will-not-fix-californias-roads-if-politicians-keep-raiding-the-gas-tax-fund/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Writing in the Orange County Register last year</a>, a professor and research fellow from Utah State University’s Koch-funded program claim that “The decline in gas-tax revenue caused by the shift away from internal-combustion engines is stressing the highway trust funds in many states,” adding that some states now “charge special fees for electric-car owners to compensate for the lost revenue.”Similarly, in a <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/adammillsap/2019/04/29/gas-taxes-not-long-term-answer-for-infrastructure-funding/#5dca67ac2ae8" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">recent op-ed in Forbes</a>, Adam Milsap, the associate director of the Koch-funded L. Charles Hilton Jr. Center for the Study of Economic Prosperity and Individual Opportunity at Florida State University, writes that “the gas tax is not the long-term funding answer” for road funds. While Milsap doesn’t promote a fee for EVs, he does portray them as a growing part of the problem. Milsap is, to borrow Mitchell’s phrase, “a perfect illustration” of the Koch-funded higher ed ecosystem.In a 2014 panel on <a href="http://kochdocs.org/2019/06/06/koch-freedom-partners-donor-summit-session-funding-universities-transcript/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">“Leveraging Science and the Universities” at the Koch Freedom Partners donor summit session</a>, Milsap described how Koch-funded programs — like George Mason University's Mercatus Center and the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/institute-humane-studies-george-mason-university" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Institute for Humane Studies</a> — trained him to cultivate a “new talent pipeline” for all levels of the Koch network. He also described how academics should use all “viable mediums,” including “major Republican blogs, op-eds, and policy briefs” to spread ideas to a broader, more popular audience, as he regularly does on Forbes and in other outlets. <h3 style="line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;">Think Tanks: Translating Free Market Ideas to EV Antagonism</h3>Fink described the role of think tanks as translating ideas into actual solutions and policy proposals. Here, at this stage, “ideas are applied to a relevant context and molded into needed solutions for real-world problems.”The role that think tanks and policy institutions play in fighting against EV-friendly policies cannot be overstated, as they develop and push deceptive talking points about electric cars into the public policy debates, and even produce reports and “studies” that cherry-pick data to promote a burn-more-gas agenda. As <a href="https://blog.ucsusa.org/elliott-negin/will-koch-pull-the-plug-on-electric-cars" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Elliot Negin of the Union of Concerned Scientists wrote</a>, “these think tanks and advocacy groups essentially function as public relations arms for their benefactors, representing their interests under the guise of being neutral, albeit conservative, policy shops.” Negin references a September 2018 letter, which <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/09/27/koch-funded-groups-again-speak-out-against-electric-vehicle-tax-credits" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">DeSmog also reported extensively on</a>, that reveals the breadth of the Koch think tank influence in the debate over the federal EV tax credit. The letter, signed by 30 self-described “conservative free-market organizations” — the majority of which have clear ties to <a href="https://desmogblog.com/charles-koch" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Charles Koch</a> and Koch Industries through their funding or leadership — called for Congress to halt the expansion of the EV tax credit, or to eliminate it entirely. If there is a central hub of the Koch network’s think tank efforts, it appears to be the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/american-energy-alliance-aea" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">American Energy Alliance</a> (AEA), which organized the letter to Congress.The AEA is the advocacy wing of the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/institute-energy-research" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Institute for Energy Research</a>, both of which receive Koch funding. Both groups are lead by <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/thomas-pyle" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Tom Pyle</a>, who has a long history of working with and for the Koch brothers and <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-inc" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Koch Industries</a>. He was the top lobbyist at Koch Industries, and then later as a private lobbyist, he lobbied on behalf of Koch Industries and the National Petrochemical & Refiners Association (now the<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/american-fuel-petrochemical-manufacturers-afpm" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;"> American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers</a>), of which Koch Industries is a core and influential member.The AEA has been consistently vocal in its opposition to the electric vehicle tax credit, and in June <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2019/06/04/american-energy-alliance-tom-pyle-push-poll-koch-electric-cars-tax-credit" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">released a now-annual deceptive push poll</a> that relied on demonstrably false data and leading questions to allege that Americans don't support the tax credit.Joining Pyle in signing the letter were representatives of another 29 organizations, at least 17 of which have clear, demonstrable ties to the Koch network.There's the “Action” arm of the Koch-funded corporate bill mill the <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)</a> and the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI)</a>, a conservative advocacy group <a href="https://cei.org/about-cei" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">dedicated</a> to “economic freedom” that has <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">received funding</a> from ExxonMobil, Texaco, and the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-family-foundations" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">family foundations of both Koch brothers</a>.Then there's <a href="https://www.americancommitment.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">American Commitment</a>, run by Phil Kerpen, a former vice president of <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/americans-for-prosperity" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Americans for Prosperity</a> (founded and funded by the Kochs). And don't forget <a href="http://lessgovernment.org/#sthash.UrtaKSlM.dpbs" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Less Government</a>, an “organization dedicated to reducing the power of government and protecting the First Amendment from governmental assault,” founded and run by <a href="https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/seton-motley" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Seton Motley</a>, staunch <a href="https://www.redstate.com/setonmotley/2016/05/03/koch-brothers-don%E2%80%99t-want-government-cronyism-%E2%80%93-google/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Koch defender</a>, who is also a policy adviser to the climate science-denying <a href="http://desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Heartland Institute</a>, which has <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute#funding" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">received millions in grants from Koch family network foundations</a>. And there's <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Frontiers of Freedom</a>, run by George Landrith, a group which has received significant funding from Koch network foundations and dark money organizations like <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/who-donors-trust" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">DonorsTrust</a>, and which launched an offshoot called<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2017/12/23/energy-equality-coalition-koch-attack-federal-electric-vehicle-tax-credit" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;"> the Energy Equality Coalition</a> to battle against the federal electric vehicle tax credit. Besides collaborating on the occasional letter to Congress, representatives from these groups regularly reach out into the public sphere to influence public opinion and bend political will. 
When the Energy Equality Coalition launched, one of the group's board members, George Landrith, told The Weekly Standard, “Working-class people are paying taxes to subsidize luxury goods for the richest among us … We believe there should be energy equality, not special treatment for the wealthy.” Landrith’s comment anticipated a talking point that would become a favorite of the Koch network, one that has been repeated dozens, if not hundreds, of times in op-eds and commentaries penned by Koch reps. Over a two-month span after Senator Barrasso introduced his bill to eliminate the EV tax credit last fall, a flurry of such pieces hit the presses. In December 2018, Jonathan Lesser of the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/manhattan-institute-policy-research" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Manhattan Institute</a> (which has received more than $2.6 million from Koch foundations) tried to paint the EV tax credit as “inequitable” <a href="https://www.investors.com/politics/commentary/ev-subsidies-taxpayers-electric-cars/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">in Investors Business Daily</a>.A couple days later, Landrith <a href="https://dailycaller.com/2018/12/07/electric-vehicle-tax-credit/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">argued the same in The Daily Caller</a>. Then came Ross Marchand of the <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Taxpayers_Protection_Alliance" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Taxpayers Protection Alliance </a>(at least $1.1 million from Koch groups), bashing the “EV tax credit gravy train,” and Drew Johnson of the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/national-center-public-policy-research" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">National Center for Public Policy Research </a>(at least <a href="http://conservativetransparency.org/recipient/national-center-for-public-policy-research/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">$1 million from DonorsTrust and Donors Capital Fund</a>) <a href="https://www.houmatoday.com/news/20190125/opinion-electric-vehicle-subsidies-dont-help-environment" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">asking readers of the Austin American Statesmen</a> to “Imagine taxing middle-class families to help rich folks buy luxury cars.” This echo chamber has proven effective. In February 2019, <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/sen-john-barrasso-every-time-an-electric-car-sells-you-help-pay-for-it-its-time-to-unplug-the-subsidy" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Senator Barrasso himself wrote in a FoxNews op-ed that</a> “Every time one of these cars sells, the U.S. taxpayer must help pay for it,” and also stated inaccurately that “Eight out of 10 electric-car tax credits go to households earning at least $100,000 — buyers who don’t need a subsidy.” Speaking in the Senate, Barrasso repeated that the EV program “disproportionately subsidizes wealthy buyers” and that “hard-working Wyoming taxpayers shouldn't have to subsidize wealthy California luxury-car buyers.”It’s worth noting that this particular talking point is intentionally misleading — leaving out the huge contribution of electric car leases — and is easily debunked. (<a href="https://www.kochvsclean.com/electric-car-tax-credit-facts/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">See our explanation on KochvsClean here</a>, and check out the rest of <a href="https://www.kochvsclean.com/ev-facts/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">our EV Facts</a> while you’re there.)So, where does it come from? That brings us to the other main purpose of the Kochs’ investments in think tanks: producing the raw materials for the disinformation that gets pumped through the conservative echo chamber. The “eight of out 10” statistic that has been repeated ad nauseum is typically attributed to a report by Wayne Winegarden of the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/Pacific-Research-Institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Pacific Research Institute</a> (which has received $1.7 million from Koch foundations). It has been <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/costly-subsidies-rich-wayne-winegarden-debunked" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">roundly debunked for cherrypicking outdated statistics and ignoring leased vehicles</a>, which play a significant role in the EV market.Yet the study has been cited in countless articles and op-eds, including those described above and others published in the <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-electric-kool-aid-subsidy-test-11546201813" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Wall Street Journal</a>, the <a href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/kill-dont-expand-tax-subsidies-for-electric-vehicles" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Washington Examiner</a>, the <a href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/04/electric-vehicle-tax-credit-benefits-wealthy-owners/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">National Review</a>, and more, as well as in<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2019/05/09/koch-funded-groups-still-begging-congress-kill-electric-car-tax-credit" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;"> letters to Congressional leaders, including the one described above</a>. Clearly, the Koch network’s investments in the Pacific Research Institute are paying off. The institute's product is one of a handful of reports and studies that Koch network commentators will regularly cite in their attacks on electric cars. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/short-circuit-high-cost-electric-vehicle-subsidies-jonathan-lesser-debunked" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Another comes from the Manhattan Institute</a>, supporting the obviously misleading claims that widespread adoption of electric cars would increase air pollution and have a negligible impact on the global climate. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/12/06/koch-commissioned-nera-study-aims-kill-electric-vehicle-tax-credit" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Another</a>, by <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/nera-economic-consulting" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">NERA Economic Consulting</a>, was commissioned by a subsidiary of Koch Industries and is often referenced to support macroeconomic arguments against lifting the EV tax credit's cap. To review: The Koch network’s massive investment in think tanks and policy institutions not only funds the production of deceptive talking points, but also the voices from seemingly reputable organizations who pump the disinformation through the echo chamber and influence public opinion and shape political will. <h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;">The Ground Game: Citizen Activist Organizations and Front Groups</h3>In his magazine article, “Structure of Social Change,” Fink wrote that “Citizen activist or implementation groups are needed in the final stage to take the policy ideas from the think tanks and translate them into proposals that citizens can understand and act upon.”To this end, the Kochs’ sprawling 501(c)4 advocacy group <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/americans-for-prosperity" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Americans for Prosperity</a> (AFP) is a massively influential player, with more than 2.3 million members and operations in 35 states. The national AFP team operates publicly much like the think tanks described above — see, for instance, <a href="https://morningconsult.com/opinions/tesla-drivers-dont-need-taxpayer-handouts/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">this op-ed on why “Tesla drivers don’t need taxpayer handouts” by an AFP policy analyst</a>, or <a href="https://www.americanenergyalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EVCoalition2.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">the chief government affairs officer’s signature on the EV tax credit letter</a>.[marco conf]
But at the state level and local level, AFP chapters work more directly to rally voters and pressure elected and appointed policymakers. As a number of states consider policies and regulations concerning electric vehicles, AFP’s influence is growing. They are even intervening in arcane electric utility regulatory proceedings. <a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/09/16/oil-industry-electric-car-1729429" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">As Politico recently reported</a>, AFP’s state chapters have mobilized against utility investments in EV charging infrastructure in <a href="https://americansforprosperity.org/afp-az-announces-opposition-to-crony-corporation-commission-proposal/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Arizona</a>, <a href="https://www.icc.illinois.gov/workshops/Notice%20of%20Inquiry%20Regarding%20Electric%20Vehicles" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Illinois</a>, and Iowa. Various AFP state chapters have also pushed legislators to pass annual EV registration fees, many inspired by a model resolution discussed for years at the Koch-funded and -controlled ALEC meetings. The model resolution that passed at last fall’s ALEC meeting was written and promoted by none other than Tom Pyle of the American Energy Alliance, as <a href="https://documented.net/2019/01/fact-checking-alec-where-do-its-model-bills-come-from/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">revealed in emails obtained by the corporate watchdog Documented</a>, providing yet another example of how the policy influence flows through this multi-tiered Koch network. In Colorado in 2017, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/11/business/energy-environment/electric-cars-hybrid-tax-credits.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">AFP’s state chapter lobbied aggresively for a bill </a>that would end the state’s tax incentive for the purchase of a new electric car. The effort paid off, as the state legislature canceled the tax credit. (Though the victory was short-lived, as the Democrats swept the statewide offices in the 2018 elections and quickly introduced a new tax incentive.) Colorado, a recent hotbed of EV policy action, hosts more Koch-tied ground game groups than just AFP.Earlier this year, a <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2019/07/24/freedom-drive-coalition-koch-disinformation-playbook-colorado" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">group called the Freedom to Drive Coalition launched</a>, using the Koch’s disinformation playbook to oppose efforts by the governor’s office to introduce cleaner air standards and adopt low- and zero-emission vehicle mandates.<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2019/07/24/freedom-drive-coalition-koch-disinformation-playbook-colorado" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">As DeSmog reported this summer</a>, the coalition portrays itself as the voice of the Colorado driver, but is run by a handful of Colorado-based public affairs professionals. One of them is Sean Paige, a former director of Americans for Prosperity’s Colorado chapter. The coalition itself includes car dealers and auto groups, some agricultural associations, and the Colorado Petroleum Association.Notably, the only national member is the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/american-fuel-petrochemical-manufacturers-afpm" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">American Fuel & Petrochemicals Manufacturers (AFPM</a>), a national trade association representing 98 percent of oil refining capacity in the United States, in which Koch Industries is an influential member. (James Mahoney served as AFPM chairman while he was an executive vice president at Koch Industries, and there has been a <a href="https://documented.net/2017/12/alec-hires-former-koch-staffer-to-lead-its-energy-task-force/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">perpetual revolving door</a> between the leadership and staff at AFPM, Koch Industries, ALEC, and the Institute for Energy Research.) Similar efforts are evident on the ground in states across the country, wherever policymakers are considering proposals to help accelerate the transition to electric cars. Other efforts are less evident, but almost certainly underway.The Koch ground game often runs campaigns through front groups that mask the Big Oil money and present a facade of public and consumer support. (Recall that Americans for Prosperity was once itself a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/26/koch-brothers-americans-for-prosperity-rightwing-political-group" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">little known political advocacy group masquerading as a decentralized grassroots libertarian movement that helped juice the early Tea Party upwelling.</a>)The Koch network and Marathon Petroleum were <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/climate/cafe-emissions-rollback-oil-industry.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">already revealed in a New York Times investigation</a> to be behind a covert effort to bundle public comments in support of a rollback of President Obama's clean car standards, which the Trump administration is on the verge of formalizing. If that roll back survives certain legal challenges — which most legal experts doubt — it would force American drivers to burn an extra 500,000 barrels of gasoline every day, and would disincentivize automakers from producing and selling all-electric models that are currently in development.While the Koch network's fingerprints on that effort were exposed, there are almost certainly more front groups that haven't yet been tied to Koch funding or coordination. All told, the Koch network's investments throughout their “structure of social change” give politicians plenty of cover, through disinformation and the veneer of public support, to promote policies that put the brakes on the market for electric vehicles.Then factor in the considerable cash invested directly in political campaigns by Koch Industries and its subsidiaries, and the <a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/09/10/koch-new-super-pac-midterms-813553" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">dark money that flows from Koch-affiliated PACs</a>, and the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/26/koch-brothers-americans-for-prosperity-rightwing-political-group" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">campaign-caliber ground game provided before elections by Americans for Prosperity</a>, and the <a href="https://www.prwatch.org/news/2018/11/13413/koch-brothers-are-watching-you-and-new-documents-reveal-just-how-much-they-know" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">startling volume of voter data they've compiled in their i360 voter files</a>.That's how you get policymakers to spurn electric cars, instead supporting policies that only benefit the oil industry, at the expense of public health, the climate, and the personal finances of American drivers. <div>
</div></div>smoking gun overview ebellhttp://www.alternet.org/environment/how-trump-ally-myron-ebell-spread-misinformation-big-tobacco-and-big-oil =<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/04/10/koch-nichols-scott-pruitt-strip-california-waiver-regulate-auto-emissions" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/04/10/koch-nichols-scott-pruitt-strip-california-waiver-regulate-auto-emissions</a>...In the weeks leading up to his announcement about the emissions standards, Pruitt had taken a more antagonistic tone towards California, signaling that he might attempt to revoke the waiver that was <a href="https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/california-greenhouse-gas-waiver-request" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">granted by the Obama administration, per legal mandate, in 2009</a>.<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="font-size: small; min-height: 280px;"><div class="field-items" style=""><div class="field-item even" style="">“California is not the arbiter of these issues,” Pruitt told Bloomberg News in March, adding that the state “shouldn’t and can’t dictate to the rest of the country what these levels are going to be.”With the waiver in hand, California can continue to enforce current greenhouse gas emissions standards, despite whatever the EPA sets as the new national standards for model years 2022-2025. On top of that, any other state can choose to adopt California’s standards, which 13 other states and the District of Columbia currently have.Because these states represent roughly one-third of the country’s personal vehicle market, automakers would have to decide whether to set up two different production lines for states following the California standards and the rest of the country, or whether to treat California’s targets as a de facto national standard.Predictably, the automakers, through the powerful Auto Alliance and Global Automakers trade groups, are calling for one national regime, which could result from a grand bargain like the one that Pruitt just scrapped, or could be delivered by Pruitt stripping California of its waiver.Any attempt at such a repeal would be hugely controversial, and possibly illegal, due to many nuances in the Clean Air Act and the history of its application and enforcement. A waiver granted to California under the Clean Air Act has never been revoked, and has only been denied once.Notably, that lone denial came in December 2007 when William (Bill) Wehrum, who ran the EPA’s clean air division at the time, <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/27/nation/na-waiver27" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">convinced then-EPA Administrator Stephen Johnson to reject the state’s request</a> to set its own greenhouse gas standards for vehicles, the very issue at hand today.(California was later granted that same waiver in 2009 under the Obama administration, after the state sued the EPA, and after the Supreme Court had held in 2007 that <a href="http://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2017/04/02/the-tenth-anniversary-of-massachusetts-v-epa/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">the EPA was required to regulate greenhouse gas emissions</a>. For a much more comprehensive background on California’s waiver and Wehrum’s opposition, see <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/02/06/bill-wehrum-once-denied-california-right-cut-auto-emissions-and-could-do-it-again-epa" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">this recent Desmog article</a>.)Today, Wehrum is again the air chief at the EPA, and is again in a position to attempt to strip California of its unique authority to set its own air pollution limits. As Wehrum, Pruitt, and EPA policymakers work to figure out the new national emissions standards for cars and light trucks, they are hearing from groups including the American Consumer Institute and its Koch-tied coalition on the importance of revoking the California waiver.<h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;">Who Are the Groups Fighting California’s Clean Air Act Waiver?</h3>The ACI letter to Pruitt, dated March 28, 2018, was signed by representatives from 11 groups, eight of which have known ties to the Koch network, and all of which are routine commenters on conservative issues.The <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Consumer_Institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">American Consumer Institute (ACI)</a> is credited with organizing the coalition, and the letter is signed by its President Steve Pociask. The group is best known for opposing <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/13-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-fccs-net-neutrality-regulation/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">net neutrality efforts</a> while being funded by a major internet service provider (ISP) lobby, as journalist <a href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/8gdbw5/cables-companies-are-astroturfing-fake-consumer-support-to-end-net-neutrality" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Lee Fang detailed for VICE</a>. More recently, Pociask has turned his attention to attacking electric vehicles, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevepociask/2018/03/22/the-science-on-electric-vehicles-does-not-support-continuing-californias-waiver/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">writing on Forbes</a> that “the science on electric vehicles does not support continuing California’s waiver.”<a href="http://lessgovernment.org/#sthash.UrtaKSlM.dpbs" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Less Government </a>is an “organization dedicated to reducing the power of government and protecting the First Amendment from governmental assault,” which was founded and run by <a href="https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/seton-motley" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Seton Motley</a>, who is also listed as a Policy Adviser to the climate science-denying <a href="http://desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Heartland Institute</a>. Though Motley and his Less Government org have their roots in telecom and media issues, he has in recent years engaged more on climate and energy issues, <a href="http://www.energyandpolicy.org/americans-for-prosperity-anti-wind-letter-analysis/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">signing some anti-wind energy letters organized by the Koch-backed Americans for Prosperity</a> and <a href="http://lessgovernment.org/why-are-republicans-resurrecting-failed-green-energy-subsidies/#sthash.9ki1QTaT.dpbs" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">writing a bit on electric vehicles</a>.The <a href="http://www.energyandpolicy.org/taxpayer-protection-alliance" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Taxpayers Protection Alliance (TPA)</a> is part of the <a href="https://projects.propublica.org/graphics/koch" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">network of front groups</a> funded by the Koch brothers and their donor network through the <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2012/12/center-to-protect-patient-rights-ga/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Center to Protect Patient Rights</a> (now called <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Encore" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">American Encore</a>), and <a href="http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/behind-the-curtain-exclusive-the-koch-brothers-secret-bank-96669.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Freedom Partners</a>. As the Energy and Policy Institute has described, “TPA essentially exists as a shell for its advocacy, based on its own IRS form 990s: 'The Taxpayers Protection Alliance has given control of the management duties and the daily activities of the organization to MLM Consulting, LLC (MLM). MLM will be responsible for managing the organization and work to support the exempt purposes of TPA. The President of TPA, David Williams, is the sole owner of MLM Consulting LLC.'” Williams signed the ACIletter to Pruitt. TPA has fought clean energy policy in the past using the website SolarSecrets.org and has published white papers arguing against solar energy tax credits.<a href="http://caseforconsumers.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Consumer Action for a Strong Economy </a>is run by Matthew Kandrach, and has been <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/freedomworks#s46" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">linked to a number of coalition efforts stemming from the FreedomWorks</a> organization, which was born of a merger between the Koch-founded <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE)</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Empower_America" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Empower America</a>.<a href="https://www.americancommitment.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">American Commitment</a> is run by Phil Kerpen, a former Vice President of Americans for Prosperity. The organization was founded by <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sean_Noble" title="Sean Noble" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Sean Noble</a>, a right-wing operative with close ties to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Koch_brothers" title="Koch brothers" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Koch brothers</a> who also runs the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_to_Protect_Patient_Rights" title="Center to Protect Patient Rights" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Center to Protect Patient Rights</a> (American Encore), a major funnel for Koch donor network money to front groups.<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/freedomworks" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">FreedomWorks</a> was, as mentioned above, born of a merger between the Koch-founded <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE)</a>and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Empower_America" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Empower America</a>, though it has no known Koch ties at present day. The group was described in a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821200015/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/12/dick-armey-resigns-freedomworks-tea-party" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">2012 article in Mother Jones</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821200015/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/12/dick-armey-resigns-freedomworks-tea-party" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;"> </a>as “one of the main political outfits of the conservative movement and an instrumental force within the tea party.” It pushes free market policies and has questioned the well-established science linking human activity to a warming planet.The <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI)</a> is a conservative advocacy group <a href="https://cei.org/about-cei" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">dedicated</a> to “economic freedom” that has <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">received funding</a> from ExxonMobil, Texaco, and the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-family-foundations" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">family foundations of the Koch brothers</a>.<a href="http://www.energyandpolicy.org/americans-for-tax-reform" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Americans for Tax Reform</a> (ATR) is an <a href="https://www.atr.org/about" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">anti-tax</a> group that has received funding from the oil and gas lobbying group, the <a href="http://conservativetransparency.org/org/americans-for-tax-reform-americans-for-tax-reform-foundation/?og_tot=127&order_by=contribution+DESC&adv=American+Petroleum+Institute&min=&max=&yr=&yr1=&yr2=&submit=#grants" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">American Petroleum Institute</a>, along with various groups in the Koch network such as the <a href="http://conservativetransparency.org/org/americans-for-tax-reform-americans-for-tax-reform-foundation/?og_tot=127&order_by=contribution+DESC&adv=claude&min=&max=&yr=&yr1=&yr2=&submit=#grants" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation</a> and the <a href="http://conservativetransparency.org/org/americans-for-tax-reform-americans-for-tax-reform-foundation/?og_tot=127&order_by=contribution+DESC&adv=Center+to+Protect+Patient+Rights&min=&max=&yr=&yr1=&yr2=&submit=#grants" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Center to Protect Patient Rights</a>, as well as <a href="http://conservativetransparency.org/org/americans-for-tax-reform-americans-for-tax-reform-foundation/?og_tot=127&order_by=contribution+DESC&adv=donors&min=&max=&yr=&yr1=&yr2=&submit=#grants" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">DonorsTrust</a>.The <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/60-plus-association" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">60 Plus Association</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151014182632/http://60plus.org/about/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">describes itself </a>as the conservative alternative to the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) and receives significant funding from groups connected to the Koch brothers. The group has also received funding from the American Petroleum Institute, and was created by Sean Noble (see American Commitment above). Noble was until recently a consultant for the Arizona Public Service utility company, and <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2016/07/08/how-arizona-corporation-commission-turned-anti-solar-just-few-years" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">has led efforts in Arizona to kill solar-friendly legislation</a>.<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Frontiers of Freedom</a>, run by George Landrith, has received significant funding from Exxon, the Koch brothers, and dark money organizations like Donors Trust. In 2015, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2017/12/23/energy-equality-coalition-koch-attack-federal-electric-vehicle-tax-credit" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Landrith launched the Energy Equality Coalition</a> to battle against the federal electric vehicle tax credit. The coalition also includes David Williams of the Taxpayer Protection Alliance and Horace Cooper, a senior fellow at the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Heartland Institute</a>. Landrith is also a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115202340/http://www.nationalcenter.org/NCPPR_Directors.pdf" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">director </a>of the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/national-center-public-policy-research" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">National Center for Public Policy Research (NCPPR)</a>. The Center for Freedom and Prosperity was <a href="https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/global-warming/climate-deniers/front-groups/center-for-freedom-prosperity-foundation/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">once funded by the Charles Koch Foundation</a> and has actively lobbied for more liberalized tax laws, and for less scrutiny towards offshore tax havens.Seven of the organizations that signed this letter to Pruitt — and five of the actual representatives who signed — <a href="http://www.rstreet.org/outreach/letter-support-policies-encouraging-smokers-to-switch-to-less-harmful-alternatives/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">also recently penned a letter to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) defending “electronic and heat-not-burn” tobacco products (or vaping products), indicating that this network is defending the tobacco industry as well as oil and gas companies.<h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;">California and Partner States Fight Back</h3>Nichols has signaled that California will not be retreating from its strong standards.</div></div></div>award, romney bash clinton disarm: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=77275

omg<a href="https://www.ff.org/rep-cathy-mcmorris-rodgers-actor-gary-sinise-honored-at-frontiers-of-freedom-annual-reagan-gala/">https://www.ff.org/rep-cathy-mcmorris-rodgers-actor-gary-sinise-honored-at-frontiers-of-freedom-annual-reagan-gala/</a><a href="https://www.ff.org/rep-cathy-mcmorris-rodgers-actor-gary-sinise-honored-at-frontiers-of-freedom-annual-reagan-gala/">
[tasteful blue suit]</a><a href="https://www.ff.org/rep-cathy-mcmorris-rodgers-actor-gary-sinise-honored-at-frontiers-of-freedom-annual-reagan-gala/">
</a>Washington, DC — Frontiers of Freedom, a public advocacy group

founded by the late Sen. Malcolm Wallop, R-Wy., announced Thursday it

had presented in 2014 Ronald Reagan Award to actor Gary Sinise in

recognition of his efforts to keep Reaganite values alive in Hollywood

and for his work in support of wounded warriors and active duty

servicemen and women.“Gary Sinise is a true American patriot. His

unselfish devotion to the cause of liberty, which is best expressed by

his ongoing commitment to the health, morale, and well-being of

America’s fighting men and women, makes him exceptionally worthy of the

Reagan Award. The example Gary sets is one that other members of the

film and entertainment community should seriously consider following,”

George Landrith, president of Frontiers of Freedom said.Sinise

reiterates his commitment to the nation’s veterans and decried the

mistreatment of veterans by the Veterans Administration.  In a

passionate speech describing his personal journey to better

understanding the need to protect and promote the interests of US

veterans, Sinise decried the abuses of veterans by the VA

administration.  “We should have the courage to take determined action,

to walk with our veterans…. No veteran should ever face the kinds of

abuse and neglect that we’ve seen this year….if we the people have the

courage and caring and willingness  to put service above self to meet

them and help… we will be at our very best at someone else’s darkest

moment.”Previous Reagan Award winners include former Vice

President Dick Cheney, Utah Sen. Orrin Hatch, Michigan U.S. Rep. Fred

Upton, and conservative activist Grover Norquist.The group also

presented its first annual Lincoln Legislator Award to U.S. Rep. and

House Republican Conference Chair Cathy McMorris-Rodgers, R-Wash., who

also emceed the event.“Rep. McMorris-Rodgers symbolizes what is

best about America’s traditional of citizen-legislator leadership. Her

tireless work on behalf of the cause of limited government, personal

liberty, and a strong national defense made the decision to make her the

inaugural recipient of our Lincoln Award an easy one. She is a fighter,

standing up for the interests of the American people against a

government that has grown too big and spends too much.”Frontiers

of Freedom is a public policy organization based in Washington, D.C.

that supports limited government, a strong national defense, and argues

that the American people should be able to exercise a maximum of

personal choice with a minimum of government interference.==https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom
<h2>Background</h2>

Frontiers of Freedom (FoF) is a 501(C)4 nonprofit organization founded in 1995 by U.S. Senator <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop">Malcolm Wallup</a>. It describes itself as an educational foundation with the <a target="blank" href="http://www.ff.org/about/mission/">mission </a>“to

promote the principles of individual freedom, peace through strength,

limited government, free enterprise, free markets, and traditional

American values as found in the Constitution and the Declaration of

Independence.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s1">[1]</a>

Frontiers of Freedom, Inc. does business as “Frontiers of Freedom,” a

501(C)4 nonprofit which is tax-exempt but can't accept tax-deductible

donations, and also maintains a <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030205181032/http://www.ff.org/about/">separate “educational organization”</a> called the Frontiers of Freedom Institute that operates under section 501(c)3 of the Internal Revenue Code. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s2">[2]</a>

In their original mission statement, the Frontiers of Freedom described

themselves as “the antithesis to the Sierra Club and Vice President Al

Gore's Earth in the Balance.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s3">[3]</a>

In 2002, Frontiers of Freedom released “<a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017233958/http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/755661/posts">Ten Tenets</a>”

as their mission statement. Their ninth tenet reads as follows

(emphasis added) “To remove sound science from public policy is

legislative and regulatory malpractice. To employ junk science in public policy is unethical and irresponsible.” Notably, the term “Junk Science” was often used by by <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/steve-milloy" target="_blank">Steve “The Junkman” Milloy</a>. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s4">[4]</a>

Frontiers of Freedom (FoF) maintains a number of “<a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017234434/http://www.ff.org/centers/">Centers</a>” on their website  including the Center

for Constitutional and Political Studies, Center for Economic Liberty

and Property Rights, Center for National Security, Center for Science

and Public Policy, and Reagan Legacy. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s5">[5</a><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s5">]</a>

<h2>Stance on Climate Change</h2>

October, 2015

“Many scientists are predicting the onset of two or three centuries

of cooler weather — which would mean bigger glaciers. That’s despite the

world’s growing use of fossil fuels. No matter what humans do,

temperature trends go up, and then down; glaciers expand and then

recede; sea levels rise and then fall, explains Will Happer, professor

emeritus of physics at Princeton.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s6">[6]</a>

</blockquote>

2010

Frontiers of Freedom used to maintain a list of “<a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712141541/http://ff.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=43&Itemid=77">Global Warming Papers</a>” including many written by prominent climate change skeptics including: <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s8">[8]</a>

<ul style="line-height: 17.6px;"><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/cliff-ollier">Cliff D. Ollier</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-idso">Craig Idso</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/christopher-monckton">Christopher Monkton</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/william-kininmonth">William Kininmonth</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/nigel-lawson">Nigel Lawson</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-inhofe">Senator James Inhofe</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/richard-s-courtney">Richard S. Courtney</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/chris-horner">Chris Horner</a></li></ul>October, 2007

“The Earth's climate has changed many times with many cooling phases

and many warming phases. The Earth’s current modest warming trend (less

than 1 degree C over 100 years), is well within historical norms.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s7">[7]</a>

</blockquote>

<div>February, 2004</div>

<div>“Climate has always varied, often with large swings. […] These

dramatic climatic ebbs and flows are naturally occurring events. A more

appropriate response to potential climate change is the production and

employment of resources toward meaningful adaptation strategies.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s29">[29]</a></div>

</blockquote>

<h2>Funding</h2>

In 2001, the Wall Street Journal reported that the largest donors to Frontiers for Freedom were <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Altria_Group">Philip Morris</a>, <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Exxon_Mobil">Exxon Mobil</a>, and <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/R.J.Reynolds_Tobacco_Company">R.J. Reynolds</a>.<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s9"> [9]</a>

Frontiers of Freedom Institute is the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501%28c%29_organization#501.28c.29.283.29">501(c)(3)</a> arm of FoF. The other arm, Frontiers of Freedom, Inc., is a 501(c)4 organization and so is not required to publicly list their donors. According to the IRS,

501(c)4 organizations are also permitted to attempt to influence

legislation, and participate in political campaigns or elections. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s10">[</a><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s10">10</a><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s10">]</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s11">[</a><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s11">11]</a>

The following is compiled from <a target="_blank" href="http://conservativetransparency.org/advanced-search/?adv=frontiers+of+freedom&donor=&recipient=&candidate=&min=&max=&yr=&yr1=&yr2=&order_by=&submit=">data the Conservative Transparency Project collected </a>from publicly available 990 tax forms for Frontiers of Freedom, Inc.  <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s12">[12]</a>

View the attached spreadsheet for additional information on <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Frontiers%20of%20Freedom%20Funding.xlsx" target="_blank">Frontiers of Freedom Funding by year (.xlsx).</a>

<table style="width: 611px" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" width="485"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><tbody><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15">
</td><td style="width: 143px;">Frontiers of Freedom</td><td style="width: 201px;">Frontiers of Freedom Institute</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Exxon_Mobil">Exxon Mobil</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$1,127,000</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Koch_Family_Foundations">Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$175,000</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/John_M.Olin_Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$125,000</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/who-donors-trust" target="blank">DonorsTrust</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$107,500</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Earhart_Foundation">Earhart Foundation</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$100,000</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Scaife_Foundations">Sarah Scaife Foundation</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$100,000</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Samuel_Roberts_Noble_Foundation">The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$100,000</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15">Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation</td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$75,000</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lynde_and_Harry_Bradley_Foundation">The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$48,450</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Scaife_Foundations">The Carthage Foundation</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$35,000</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/William_H.Donner_Foundation">William H. Donner Foundation</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$35,000</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Roe_Foundation">The Roe Foundation</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$7,500</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15">True Foundation</td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$7,200</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Aequus_Foundation">Aequus Institute</a></td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$4,500</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15">Windway Foundation</td><td style="width: 143px;">
</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$4,000</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15">Armstrong Foundation</td><td style="width: 143px;" align="right">$4,500</td><td style="width: 201px;">
</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Randolph_Foundation">The Randolph Foundation</a></td><td style="width: 143px;" align="right">$25,000</td><td style="width: 201px;">
</td></tr><tr height="15"><td style="height: 20px; width: 260px;" height="15">Grand Total</td><td style="width: 143px;" align="right">$29,500</td><td style="width: 201px;" align="right">$2,051,150</td></tr></tbody></table><h3>ExxonMobil Funding</h3>

<a target="_blank" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=35">According to ExxonSecrets</a>, FoF has received a total of $1,272,000 from ExxonMobil since 1998. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s13" style="line-height: 17.6px;">[13]</a>

<h3>Koch Funding</h3>

Greenpeace <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018044900/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/global-warming/climate-deniers/front-groups/frontiers-of-freedom/">reported</a> that FoF received a total of $175,000 from Koch Foundations between 2004 and 2007. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s14">[</a><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s14">14]</a>

<h3>990 Forms [many)</h3>...<h2> People</h2>

<h3>Senior Staff</h3>

<table style="width: 1144px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" width="1208"><tbody><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21" width="261">Name</td><td style="width: 6px;" align="right" width="43">2001<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s56">[56]</a></td><td style="width: 13px;" align="right" width="41">2002<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s55">[55]</a></td><td style="width: 12px;" align="right" width="41">2003<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s54">[54]</a></td><td style="width: 13px;" align="right" width="41">2004<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s53">[53]</a></td><td style="width: 18px;" align="right" width="41">2005<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s52">[52]</a></td><td style="width: 1px;" align="right" width="41">2006<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s51">[51]</a></td><td style="width: 25px;" align="right" width="41">2007<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s50">[50]</a></td><td style="width: 21px;" align="right" width="41">2008<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s49">[49]</a></td><td style="width: 18px;" align="right" width="41">2009<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s48">[48]</a></td><td style="width: 18px;" align="right" width="41">2010<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s47">[47]</a></td><td style="width: 11px;" align="right" width="41">2011<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s46">[46]</a></td><td style="width: 8px;" align="right" width="41">2012<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s45">[45]</a></td><td style="width: 9px;" align="right" width="41">2013<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s44">[44]</a></td><td style="width: 17px;" align="right" width="41">2014<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s43">[43]</a></td><td style="width: 10px;" align="right" width="41">2015<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s15">[15]</a></td><td style="width: 13px;" align="right" width="41">2016<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s42">[42]</a></td><td style="width: 176px;" width="289">Description </td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Aaron Lee</td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 1px;">Y</td><td style="width: 25px;">Y</td><td style="width: 21px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Director of Special Projects</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Amanda E. Telford</td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Director of Operations</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Amrita Singh</td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 11px;">Y</td><td style="width: 8px;">Y</td><td style="width: 9px;">Y</td><td style="width: 17px;">Y</td><td style="width: 10px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 176px;">Director of Publications</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Ashley Abbot</td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
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</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Director of Operations</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Belinda Rankin</td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Vice President - External Relations</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Christa Floresca</td><td style="width: 6px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Director of Development</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/chris-horner" target="blank">Christopher C. Horner</a></td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 12px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 11px;">Y</td><td style="width: 8px;">Y</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">General Counsel and Senior Policy Adviser</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21"><a target="blank" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=601">George C. Landrith</a></td><td style="width: 6px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 12px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 1px;">Y</td><td style="width: 25px;">Y</td><td style="width: 21px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 11px;">Y</td><td style="width: 8px;">Y</td><td style="width: 9px;">Y</td><td style="width: 17px;">Y</td><td style="width: 10px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 176px;">President and CEO</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Ibtihal Khidir</td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 176px;">Associate Fellow</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Jason Wright</td><td style="width: 6px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 12px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Vice President</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kerri_Houston">Kerri Houston</a></td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 1px;">Y</td><td style="width: 25px;">Y</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Vice President of Policy</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21"><a target="blank" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=604">Kimberly A. Martin</a></td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Director of Development</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/L.Francis_Bouchey">L. Francis Bouchey</a></td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 12px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Adjunct Fellow</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Marie Volcy</td><td style="width: 6px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Director of Operations</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Miklos K. Radvanyi</td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 11px;">Y</td><td style="width: 8px;">Y</td><td style="width: 9px;">Y</td><td style="width: 17px;">Y</td><td style="width: 10px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 176px;">Executive Vice President</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21"><a target="blank" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=358">Paul Georgia</a></td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">Y</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 176px;">Chief Economist</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21"><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Peter_Roff">Peter Roff</a></td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 176px;">Senior Fellow</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Ric Costales</td><td style="width: 6px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Pacific Region President, Chairman of the National Policy Board </td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer" target="_blank">S. Fred Singer</a></td><td style="width: 6px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 12px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 176px;">Adjunct Fellow</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Scott L. Vanatter</td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">Y</td><td style="width: 8px;">Y</td><td style="width: 9px;">Y</td><td style="width: 17px;">Y</td><td style="width: 10px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 176px;">Executive Vice President</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Shawn Macomber</td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 176px;">Visiting Fellow</td></tr><tr height="21"><td style="width: 127px;" height="21">Travis Korson</td><td style="width: 6px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 12px;">
</td><td style="width: 13px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 1px;">
</td><td style="width: 25px;">
</td><td style="width: 21px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 18px;">
</td><td style="width: 11px;">
</td><td style="width: 8px;">
</td><td style="width: 9px;">
</td><td style="width: 17px;">
</td><td style="width: 10px;">Y</td><td style="width: 13px;">Y</td><td style="width: 176px;">Director of Communications</td></tr></tbody></table>George C. Landrith

George C. Landrith, President and CEO of Frontiers of Freedom, previously served as the Vice President and General Counsel to the <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Legal_Center_for_the_Public_Interest">National Legal Center for the Public Interest</a> (now associated with the <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Enterprise_Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>.)

Pau Georgia

<a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Paul_Georgia">Paul Georgia</a> was a past Analyst at the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" target="blank">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>, and past Chief Economist for the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Mining_Association">National Mining Association</a>.

Peter Roff

Peter Roff was the political director of <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Newt_Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>’s GOPAC.

<h3>Other People</h3>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/myron-ebell">Myron Ebell </a>— former Policy Director (1996 - 1999) <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s13" style="line-height: 17.6px;">[13]</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/paul-driessen">Paul Driessen</a> — Senior Fellow (as of May, 2005) <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s13" style="line-height: 17.6px;">[13]</a></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_Ferguson">Robert Ferguson</a> — Past Executive Director, FoF's Center for Science and Public Policy <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s16">[16]</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon">Willie Soon</a> — “Chief Science Researcher,” FoF's Center for Science and Public Policy (as of August,2005) <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s16" style="line-height: 17.6px;">[16]</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/chris-horner">Christopher C. Horner</a> — Past General Counsel and Senior Policy Adviser (2012). <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s17" style="line-height: 17.6px;">[17]</a></li></ul><h2>Actions</h2>

June 13, 2016

Frontiers of Freedom (FoF) was listed as a creditor in <a target="_blank" href="http://www.prwatch.org/news/2016/06/13114/peabody-coal-bankruptcy-reveals-extensive-funding-climate-denial-network">Peabody Energy's 2016 bankruptcy filings</a>, reports the Center for Media and Democracy (CMD/PRWatch). <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s38">[38]</a>

While the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2859772">available bankruptcy documents</a>

do not list the scale or dates of funding, they outline Peabody

Energy's financial ties to a large network of groups promoting climate

change denial. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s39">[39]</a>

Prominent individuals appearing in the documents include climate deniers <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" target="blank">Willie Soon</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/richard-lindzen" target="blank">Richard Lindzen</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/roy-spencer" target="blank">Roy Spencer</a> and <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2014/10/31/richard-berman-tobacco-to-fossil-fuels" target="blank">Richard Berman</a>. The long list of organizations also includes groups such as <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/americans-for-prosperity" target="blank">Americans for Prosperity</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/american-legislative-exchange-council" target="blank">American Legislative Exchange Council</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/committee-constructive-tomorrow" target="blank">CFACT</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/institute-energy-research" target="blank">Institute for Energy Research</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/state-policy-network" target="blank">State Policy Network</a>, the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/us-chamber-commerce" target="blank">U.S. Chamber of Commerce</a> and dozens more. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s40">[40]</a>

The Guardian also analysed and reported on the Peabody bankruptcy findings: [41]

“These groups collectively are the heart

and soul of climate denial,” said Kert Davies, founder of the Climate

Investigation Center, who has spent 20 years tracking funding for

climate denial. “It’s the broadest list I have seen of one company

funding so many nodes in the denial machine.”

The company’s filings reveal funding for a range of organisations

which have fought Barack Obama’s plans to cut greenhouse gas emissions,

and denied the very existence of climate change. […]

Among Peabody’s beneficiaries, the Center for the Study of Carbon

Dioxide and Global Change has insisted – wrongly – that carbon emissions

are not a threat but “the elixir of life” while the American

Legislative Exchange Council is trying to overturn Environmental

Protection Agency rules cutting emissions from power plants. Meanwhile,

Americans for Prosperity campaigns against carbon pricing. The Oklahoma

chapter was on the list. […]

“The breadth of the groups with financial

ties to Peabody is extraordinary. Thinktanks, litigation groups, climate

scientists, political organisations, dozens of organisations blocking

action on climate all receiving funding from the coal industry,” said

Nick Surgey, director of research for the Center for Media

and Democracy.

“We expected to see some denial money, but

it looks like Peabody is the treasury for a very substantial part of the

climate denial movement.”

</blockquote>

Notable organizations listed in the initial documents include:

<ul><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/60-plus-association" target="blank">60 Plus Association</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Coalition_for_Clean_Coal_Electricity">The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/american-energy-alliance-aea" target="blank">American Energy Alliance</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Alliance_for_Energy_and_Economic_Growth">Alliance For Energy And Economic Growth</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/american-energy-alliance-aea" target="blank">American Energy Alliance</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/american-legislative-exchange-council">American Legislative Exchange Council</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/americans-for-prosperity" target="blank">Americans For Prosperity</a> Oklahoma</li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/atlas-economic-research-foundation" target="blank">Atlas Economic Research Foundation</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Rick_Berman">Berman And Company, Inc</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Consumer_Energy_Alliance">Consumer Energy Alliance</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Clean_Air_Policy">Center For Clean Air Policy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/about-center-energy-and-economic-development-ceed" target="blank">Center for Energy and Economic Development</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/center-study-carbon-dioxide-and-global-change" target="blank">Center For The Study Of Carbon Dioxide And Global Change</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coalition_for_Responsible_Regulation">Coalition for Responsible Regulation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/committee-constructive-tomorrow">Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Council_on_State_Taxation">Council on State Taxation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/dci-group" target="blank">DCI Group AZ, LLC</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ducks_Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/energy-environment-legal-institute" target="blank">Energy & Environment Legal Institute</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Edison_Electric_Institute">Edison Electric Institute</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/franklin-centre-government-and-public-integrity" target="blank">Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/energy-environment-legal-institute" target="blank">Free Market Environmental Law Clinic</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom" target="blank">Frontiers Of Freedom Institute</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/george-c-marshall-institute" target="blank">George C. Marshall Institute</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Hill%26_Knowlton">Hill Knowlton Strategies</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Hill%26_Knowlton">Hill Knowlton, Inc</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/hudson-institute" target="blank">Hudson Institute</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Hunton%26_Williams">Hunton & Williams</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Independence_Institute">Independence Institute</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/institute-energy-research" target="blank">Institute For Energy Research</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/institute-liberty" target="blank">Institute for Liberty</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Association_of_Manufacturers">National Association of Manufacturers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/national-black-chamber-commerce" target="blank">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Conference_of_State_Legislatures">National Conference of State Legislatures</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Mining_Association">National Mining Association</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Association_of_Regulatory_Utility_Commissioners">National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Rural_Electric_Cooperative_Association">National Rural Electric Cooperative Association</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/NextGen_Energy_Council">NextGen Energy Council</a></li><li>PACE (May refer to <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Partnership_for_Affordable_Clean_Energy">Partnership for Affordable Clean Energy</a>)</li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/science-and-public-policy-institute" target="blank">Science & Public Policy Institute</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sidley_Austin">Sidley Austin LLP</a></li><li><a href="http://desmogblog.com/state-policy-network" target="blank">State Policy Network</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Texas_Conservative_Coalition_Research_Institute">Texas Conservative Coalition Research Institute</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/texas-public-policy-foundation">Texas Public Policy Foundation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/us-chamber-commerce" target="blank">U.S. Chamber of Commerce</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/about-western-business-roundtable-wbr" target="blank">Western Business Roundtable</a></li></ul>Notable individuals named in the initial documents include the following:

<ul><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kelly_Mader">Kelly Forbes Mader</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Heather_Wilson">Heather A. Wilson </a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/roy-spencer" target="blank">Roy W. Spencer </a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" target="blank">Willie Soon</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/richard-lindzen" target="_blank">Richard Lindzen</a></li></ul>December 13, 2015

Writing as a guest blogger on Watts Up With That, CFACT's executive director <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314195811/http://wattsupwiththat.com/2015/12/13/paris-cop21-agreement-watered-down-but-still-dangerous/">Craig Rucker denounced the latest UN climate change agreement</a>: <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s39">[39]</a>

<div>“This agreement will not meaningfully alter the temperature of the Earth, even under the U.N.’s own computer models.</div>

<div>

“The bad news is that it plants the seeds of a new UN climate regime that left unchecked will swell into a bureaucratic behemoth.”</div>

</blockquote>

April 7, 2016

Frontiers of Freedom President George Landrith<a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517200524/http://www.ff.org/group-of-senators-let-america-down/"> issued the following statement on proposed renewable energy tax benefits</a>: <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s36">[36]</a>

<div>“Millions of Americans are deeply disappointed that Senators John Thune (R-S.D.),

Bill Nelson (D-Fla.) and Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) worked to insert sweetheart

tax benefits for special interests in the so-called renewable energy

industry. Simply stated, hard working Americans who are struggling to

make ends meet may now end up paying hundreds of millions of dollars to

well-healed 'green energy' companies — like wind and geothermal energy —

who can afford the best lobbyists money can buy.</div>

<div>Not only do ratepayers pay more on the electrical bill for these

forms of 'green energy,' they also pay for the corporate welfare these

special interests receive. This is doubly insulting. This is reminiscent

of the Solyndra scandal — taxpayers paying hundreds of millions for a

failed business model.</div>

<div>Just two days ago, Frontiers of Freedom was part of a large

coalition of organizations representing millions of Americans expressing

our strong opposition to extending expiring renewable energy tax

benefits when reauthorizing the Federal Aviation Administration. In that

letter, we stated, 'Government subsidies, loans, mandates, and tax

policies regarding renewables have consistently failed to deliver on

their promises of long-term job creation and economic viability.

Americans deserve access to energy solutions that are affordable and

reliable — ones that should be able to stand on their own in the

marketplace.'</div>

<div> Americans have once again been let down by some of their elected representatives in the U.S.

Senate. Given the frustration and anger that is plainly visible in the

electorate, it is shocking that business continues as usual inside the

Beltway. Out of touch politicians often decry the frustrated and angry

tone of the public. But if they are concerned about the tone of the

electorate, politicians must start listening to regular Americans and

abandon cozy corporate welfare deals that have become all too much the

norm in Washington. The budget process must return to 'regular order'

where the public can see what is being done with their money and where

secret backroom deals are prohibited.”</div>

</blockquote>

July 27, 2015

Frontiers of Freedom was a

signatory to a letter to House members urging them to support a bill

that would kill the wind production tax credit (PTC). <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s33">[33]</a>

<div>The letter claimed the proposed legislation “protects Americans from the large costs of an out-of-control subsidy.” Since the PTC

was created, the letter asserted that, “taxpayers have sent billions of

dollars to large multinational corporations in the wind industry.”</div>

<div>The bill referenced in the letter, “The PTC

Elimination Act,” was sponsored by Mike Pompeo of Wichita, Kansas—the

top recipient of Koch funding in Congress. As of November 17, the bill

had 53 co-sponsors, forty-six of which had received contributions from

Koch Industries over the last five years, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.alternet.org/environment/how-koch-brothers-bankers-snuck-anti-wind-op-ed-past-new-york-times">reports Elliot Negin of the Union of Concerned Scientists</a>. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s34">[34]</a></div>

<div>Signatories included:</div>

<div>

<ul><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thomas_J.Pyle">Thomas Pyle</a> — <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Energy_Alliance">American Energy Alliance</a></li><li>Mike Needham — <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Heritage_Action_for_America">Heritage Action for America</a></li><li>Brett Gardner — <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/americans-for-prosperity" target="blank">Americans for Prosperity</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Grover_Norquist">Grover Norquist </a>— <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/americans-tax-reform" target="blank">Americans for Tax Reform</a></li><li>Adam Brandon — <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/myron-ebell" target="blank">Myron Ebell </a>— <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" target="blank">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Phil_Kerpen">Phil Kerpen</a> — <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Commitment">American Commitment</a></li><li>Matthew Kendrach — <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/60-plus-association" target="blank">60 Plus Association</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=601">George Landrith</a> — Frontiers of Freedom</li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_Williams">David Williams</a> — Taxpayers Protection Alliance</li><li>Sabrina Schaeffer — <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/independent-women-s-forum" target="blank">Independent Women’s Forum</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Heather_Richardson_Higgins">Heather Higgins</a> — <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/independent-women-s-forum" target="blank">Independent Women’s Voice</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Judson_Phillips">Judson Phillips</a> — <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tea_Party_Nation">Tea Party Nation</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Colin_Hanna">Colin Hanna</a> — <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Let_Freedom_Ring">Let Freedom Ring</a></li><li>Andrew Moylan — R Street</li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Marita_Noon">Marita Noon </a>— Energy Makes America Great</li><li>Seton Motley — Less Government</li><li>Kristin Fecteau — Campaign to Free America</li><li>Horace Cooper — Project 21</li><li>Tom Brinkman — Coalition Opposed to Additional Spending and Taxes</li></ul></div>

March 25, 2015

<div>Frontiers of Freedom was one of a group of organizations to submit a

group letter to chairman Michael Boots regarding the National

Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) review.  According to the letter, the NEPA review is “an inappropriate framework for making climate policy.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s18">[18</a><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s18">]</a></div>

<div>Other organizations behind the letter include many which have

received significant funding from the fossil fuel industry and

right-wing foundations:</div>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/center-study-carbon-dioxide-and-global-change" target="blank">CO2 Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/committee-constructive-tomorrow" target="blank">CFACT</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/americans-tax-reform" target="blank">Americans for Tax Reform</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Energy_Research">Institute for Energy Research</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Energy%26_Environment_Legal_Institute">E&E Legal</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/science-and-environmental-policy-project">Science and Environmental Policy Project</a></li><li>SBE Council</li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a></li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Commitment">American Commitment</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/cornwall-alliance-stewardship-creation">Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank">The Heartland Institute</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/60-plus-association" target="blank">60 Plus Association</a></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Center_for_Public_Policy_Research">National Centre for Public Policy Research</a></li></ul>October, 2013

Frontiers of Freedom was behind a coalition letter urging Congress to repeal the Renewable Fuel Standard. The letter was <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517184433/http://blog.heartland.org/2013/10/frontiers-of-freedom-backs-coalition-supporting-swift-repeal-of-the-renewable-fuel-standard/">also signed by the Heartland Institute</a>. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s30">[30]</a>

“We, collectively and individually, believe the only reform to this failed government mandate should be to repeal the RFS.

Repealing this mandate would bring certainty to the fuel markets and

eliminate the harmful impacts this government program has had on

businesses and consumers,” <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517185203/http://www.ff.org/coalition-letter-on-renewable-fuel-standard/">the FoF letter reads</a>. “[…] With the recent scandals at EPA showing its lack of transparency and its willingness to break the law to further its agenda, expanding the RFS would only give the EPA another avenue to exercise power over the lives of Americans and further harm the economy.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s31">[31]</a>

</blockquote>

May 21 - 23, 2012

Frontiers of Freedom is listed as an <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150815214313/https://www.heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/ICCCs/ICCC7.pdf">official co-sponsor (PDF)</a> of the Heartland Institute's Seventh International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC7) in Chicago, IL.<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s19"> [19]</a>

<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/closer-look-heartland-s-iccc7-denial-palooza-speakers-and-sponsors">DeSmogBlog investigated </a>sponsors

behind the conference and found they had collectively received over $67

million from ExxonMobil, Koch, and Scaife family foundations. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s20">[20]</a>

March, 2009

Frontiers of Freedom is listed as a <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714045601/http://www.heartland.org/events/WashingtonDC09/cosponsors.html">sponsor</a> of the Heartland Institute's <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institutes-2009-climate-conference-new-york-funding-history-sponsors">Second International Conference on Climate Change</a>. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s21">[21]</a>

<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institutes-2009-climate-conference-new-york-funding-history-sponsors" target="_blank">DeSmogBlog found </a>that

conference sponsors had collectively received over $47 million from

energy companies and right-wing foundations, with over 78% coming from <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Scaife_Foundations">Scaife Family Foundations</a>. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s22">[22</a><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s22">]</a>

April 12, 2007

<div><a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517183114/http://www.onenewsnow.com/politics-govt/2008/01/18/durbin-hagel-say-global-warming-a-national-security-threat">George Landrith, president of the Frontiers of Freedom Institute (FFI), said</a> the idea behind the Durbin-Hagel proposal which would have the CIA

and Pentagon assess the national security implications of climate

change is “a big waste of time and effort” at a period when numerous

security issues need to be addressed.<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s28"> [28]</a></div>

<div>“We've seen in the last several years, leading up to 9/11, lots of

intelligence and security failures,” Landrith notes. “And it seems to me

that diverting [the agencies'] attention with things that matter, like

protecting Americans from people who want to kill them, would be a much

higher priority than worrying about whether temperature change is going

to change by one degree over the next hundred years. […] I just don't

see how that military's problem.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s28" style="line-height: 17.6px;">[28]</a></div>

<div>According to Landrith, former Vice President Al Gore and “the

global-warming alarmists at the U.N.,” have convinced people that global

warming is real, that the science behind it is certain, and that there

is no serious debate about its reality. “And of course, that's not

true,” says Landrith. “I talk to scientists everyday who question it and

scratch their head [about what global-warming advocates are saying].”

And to the extent that there is a consensus about global warming, he

adds, “it seems that there's a political consensus – which is [when]

politicians have licked their finger, stuck it in the air, and they have

a sense that the breeze is blowing in a certain direction. […]” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s28" style="line-height: 17.6px;">[28]</a></div>

2003-2004

ExxonMobil received two grants from ExxonMobil in 2003: one $95,000

grant for “Global Climate Change Outreach,” and another $50,000 grant

for “Global Climate Change Activities,” <a target="_blank" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/exxon-knew-climate-change-was-coming-but-what-matters-is-what-exxondid/">Greenpeace reports</a>. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s32">[32]</a>

Exxon gave more than $200,000 to the Frontiers of Freedom Institute in 2004, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.pressherald.com/2016/01/11/while-denying-climate-change-in-washington-big-oil-braced-for-a-hotter-planet/">reports the Portland Press Herald</a>. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s35">[35]</a>

June 7, 2002

President George Landrith<a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018051524/https://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/joint-letter-president-bush-epas-climate-action-report"> signed a letter to President Bush</a>, asking him to withdraw the “Climate Action Report 2002.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s23">[23]</a>

The letter describes the Climate Action Report as “largely a compilation

and summary of junk science produced by the Clinton-Gore Administration

in order to support their Kyoto agenda,” and calls on Bush to have the

report “re-written on the basis of sound science.”

A further demand of the letter is for Bush to “dismiss or re-assign all

administration employees who are not pursuing your agenda, just as you

have done in several similar instances.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s23" style="line-height: 17.6px;">[23]</a>

May 14, 2002

Held a <a target="blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021019115323/http://www.usnewswire.com/topnews/first/0514-108.html">briefing</a> at the National Press Club, in conjunction with the <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cooler_Heads_Coalition">Cooler Heads Coalition</a> and The <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Science_and_Environmental_Policy_Project">Science and Environmental Policy Project</a>,

entitled “Experts Discuss Why United States Should Withdraw Its

Signature From Kyoto; Whatever Happened To Global Warming Anyway?” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s24">[24]</a>

Speakers included <a target="_blank" href="http://www.john-daly.com/">John Daly</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer">S. Fred Singe</a>r, and <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/chris-horner">Chris Horner</a>.

August 19, 1997

Held a “Countdown to Kyoto” conference in Canberra, Australia “to

bolster support for the government's increasingly isolated position on

global warming in preparation for Kyoto.”

The conference was co-organized by <a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Australian_APEC_Study_Centre">The Australian APEC Study Centre</a> and featured well known climate change deniers such as <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels">Patrick Michaels</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/john-christy">John Christy</a>, and<a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alan_Oxley"> Alan Oxley</a>. Other speakers including Jerry Ellis, past Chairman of the multinational BHP Ltd. And Peter Hartley, director of a think tank called the Tasmania Institute. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s25">[25]</a>

At the conference, U.S. Senator Chuck Hagel

commented, “I believe we are headed down the wrong path in the

negotiations for any global climate treaty to be signed in Kyoto, Japan,

this December.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s26">[26]</a>

<h2>Contact & Location</h2>

As of June, 2016 <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ff.org/about/contact-us/">Frontiers of Freedom listed the following contact</a> information on its website: <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s37">[37]</a>

Frontiers of Freedom

4094 Majestic Blvd., #380

Fairfax, Virginia 22033

703-246-0110 office

703-246-0129 fax

Email: <a href="mailto:info@ff.org">info@ff.org</a>

</blockquote>

<h2>Related Organizations</h2>

<ul><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Science_and_Public_Policy">The Center for Science and Public Policy (CSPP)</a> — A past <a target="blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040408020220/http://ff.org/centers/csspp/misc/index.html">project of FoF</a>, set up in 2003.</li><li>The Alliance for America Network </li><li>The Grassroots ESA Coalition</li><li><a target="blank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cooler_Heads_Coalition">Cooler Heads Coalition </a>— <a target="blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018052412/http://www.globalwarming.org">Member</a> <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom#s27">[27]</a></li></ul><h2>Resources...</h2>==https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedomstub
Frontiers of Freedom was founded by ex-Republican Senator <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_Wallop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malcolm Wallop (page does not exist)">Malcolm Wallop</a>

in 1996, immediately after he retired from the Senate. The right-wing

think tank describes itself as “a cutting-edge, forward-looking policy

group advancing center-right principles in today's fast-paced news and

information age. We work with grassroots activists throughout the

country to protect private property rights, secure our national

security, and promote sensible public policies critical to our country's

liberty”<a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

In its mission statement, Frontiers of Freedom called itself "the

antithesis to the Sierra Club and Vice President Al Gore's Earth in the

Balance":

<dl><dd>Frontiers works to advance States' rights, protect property

rights, privatize Social Security, defend first amendment civil

liberties, and among other efforts to reform the federal tax code, the

Endangered Species Act, and the Food and Drug Administration.<a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-2">[2]</a></dd></dl>

It is an often overlooked but key player in the anti-green backlash.

<div id="toc" class="toc"><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div></div><div id="toc" class="toc"><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#Funding">1 Funding</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#Principals">2 Principals</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#Issues">3 Issues</a>

<ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li></ul>

</li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#References">4 References</a></li></ul>

</div>

<h2>Funding</h2>

Frontiers of Freedom receives money of tobacco and oil companies, including <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Philip_Morris_Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Morris Co (page does not exist)">Philip Morris Co</a>, <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=ExxonMobil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ExxonMobil (page does not exist)">ExxonMobil</a> and <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=RJ_Reynolds_Tobacco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RJ Reynolds Tobacco (page does not exist)">RJ Reynolds Tobacco</a>. According to the New York Times:

“Frontiers of Freedom, which has about a $700,000 annual budget,

received $230,000 from Exxon in 2002, up from $40,000 in 2001, according

to <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Exxon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exxon (page does not exist)">Exxon</a> documents”<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#endnote_2">[1]</a>. In 2003, Exxon gave FoF $195,000<a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-3">[3]</a>, $250,000 in 2004<a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-4">[4]</a>, $140,000 in 2005<a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and $180,000 in 2006<a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-6">[6]</a>.

<a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=George_Landrith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Landrith (page does not exist)">George Landrith</a>, President of FoF told the New York Times: “They've determined that we are effective at what we do”, He said <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Exxon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exxon (page does not exist)">Exxon</a> essentially took the attitude, “We like to make it possible to do more of that<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#endnote_3">[2]</a>”.

FoF has also received some $388,450 in 13 grants from the following five conservative foundations<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#endnote_4">[3]</a>:

<ul><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Earhart_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earhart Foundation (page does not exist)">Earhart Foundation</a> </li><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=John_M.Olin_Foundation,Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John M. Olin Foundation, Inc. (page does not exist)">John M. Olin Foundation, Inc.</a> </li><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Lynde_and_Harry_Bradley_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation (page does not exist)">Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation</a> </li><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Scaife_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah Scaife Foundation (page does not exist)">Sarah Scaife Foundation</a></li><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Carthage_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carthage Foundation (page does not exist)">Carthage Foundation</a></li></ul>

<h2>Principals</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_Wallop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malcolm Wallop (page does not exist)">Malcolm Wallop</a>

– The Founder of FOF. Republican Senator from 1977-1995. Wallop

continues to have close connections to the current Republican

Administration. He is seen as a friend of current Vice-president <a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, and <a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>

has spoken at FoF conferences. Freedom staff have been invited to

private briefings with President Bush on issues such as Kyoto. </li></ul>

Wallop is a former Board member of <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Hubbell_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubbell Inc. (page does not exist)">Hubbell Inc.</a>, <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=El_Paso_Energy_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Paso Energy Company (page does not exist)">El Paso Energy Company</a> and <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Sheridan_State_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheridan State Bank (page does not exist)">Sheridan State Bank</a>.

In and out of office he has concentrated on areas relating to tax

reform, federal deregulation, energy policy, private property rights,

and national defense<a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-7">[7]</a>.

<ul><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=George_C.Landrith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George C. Landrith (page does not exist)">George C. Landrith</a> - President . Landrith was a candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's Fifth Congressional District. </li><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Jason_Wright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jason Wright (page does not exist)">Jason Wright</a> - Vice President. Challenged Rep. Christopher Cannon for the GOP nomination for Congress in Utah's 3rd District. </li><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Kerri_Houston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerri Houston (page does not exist)">Kerri Houston</a> - Vice President of Policy </li><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Kimberly_A.Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimberly A. Martin (page does not exist)">Kimberly A. Martin</a> - Director of Development </li><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Amanda_E.Telford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amanda E. Telford (page does not exist)">Amanda E. Telford</a> - Director of Operations </li><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Paul_Driessen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Driessen (page does not exist)">Paul Driessen</a> - from <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Ron_Arnold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ron Arnold (page does not exist)">Ron Arnold</a>’s <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Center_for_defence_of_Free_Enterprise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for defence of Free Enterprise (page does not exist)">Center for defence of Free Enterprise</a> is also an adjunct fellow at the <a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Atlas_Economic_Research_Foundation" title="Atlas Economic Research Foundation" class="mw-redirect">Atlas Economic Research Foundation</a>, <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Committee_for_a_Constructive_Tomorrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (page does not exist)">Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow</a> (CFACT) and <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frontiers of Freedom Institute (page does not exist)">Frontiers of Freedom Institute</a>[10]. </li><li>Dr. <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=S.Fred_Singer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Fred Singer (page does not exist)">S. Fred Singer</a> - Adjunct Fellow. One of the world’s leading climate sceptics. President of the <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Science%26_Environmental_Policy_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science & Environmental Policy Project (page does not exist)">Science & Environmental Policy Project</a> and member of <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=ESEF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESEF (page does not exist)">ESEF</a> (see below).</li><li><a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Christopher_C.Horner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher C. Horner (page does not exist)">Christopher C. Horner</a> - Senior Adjunct Fellow. Horner serves as Counsel to the climate sceptic coalition called the <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Cooler_Heads_Coalition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooler Heads Coalition (page does not exist)">Cooler Heads Coalition</a>, of which Frontiers of Freedom is an active member. He is also an adjunct policy analyst at the <a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a> (CEI).</li></ul>

<h2>Issues</h2>

<ul><li>National Defence – Committed to a strong national defence and need for a missile defense system</li><li>Energy Policy – FOF “is committed to advancing the need for a

sensible comprehensive energy policy that includes coal, gas, oil,

hydro- and nuclear energies”.</li><li>Climate Change - FoF describes itself as an “international

leader in combating the proliferation of politicized and sensationalized

“science” about global climate change”. Leading opponent of the Kyoto

Protocol and a member of the Cooler Heads Coalition (see CEI).</li><li>CAFÉ Standards – Against increasing fuel efficiency standards</li><li>Endangered Species Act – For reform of the ESA</li><li>Environment - Aggressively trying to undermine tax deductible status of Environmental NGOs.</li></ul>

<h3>Climate</h3>

<a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Myron_Ebell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myron Ebell (page does not exist)">Myron Ebell</a> who is one of the US’s leading political climate sceptics at the <a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>, worked at <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=FoF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FoF (page does not exist)">FoF</a> from early 1996-99. At the <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=CEI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CEI (page does not exist)">CEI</a> Ebell chairs the <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Cooler_Heads_Coalition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooler Heads Coalition (page does not exist)">Cooler Heads Coalition</a>, of which FoF is a member. Frontiers of Freedom is also a joint signatory on <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=CEI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CEI (page does not exist)">CEI</a> letters on climate along with many right wing and wise use groups. <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Horner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Horner (page does not exist)">Christopher Horner</a>, a Senior Fellow at <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=FoF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FoF (page does not exist)">FoF</a> is also an adjunct policy analyst at the <a href="https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>(CEI).

But FoF has a history of working on climate issues in its own

right. In August 1997, FOF, organised a Countdown to Kyoto conference in

Canberra in conjunction with the Australian APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic

Co-operation) Centre. According to Australian newspapers, its aim was

to "bolster support" for the government's increasingly isolated position

on global warming in preparation for Kyoto[11].

It was attended by, amongst others, the Australian Deputy Prime Minister <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Tim_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Fischer (page does not exist)">Tim Fischer</a> and Environment Minister <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hill (page does not exist)">Robert Hill</a>,

Wallop and Senator Chuck Hagel, the co-sponsor of a Senate resolution

advising then President Bill Clinton that any agreement seen to harm

United States economic interests should be abandoned and would not be

supported by the Senate.

Also in attendance were <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=John_Dingell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dingell (page does not exist)">John Dingell</a>, D-Mich and the climate sceptics Professor Patrick Michaels, Professor John Christy and Cornell University professor <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Rabkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy Rabkin (page does not exist)">Jeremy Rabkin</a>

who noted that it was Kyoto’s intention to “create a international

super-agency that not only possesses police powers sufficiently strong

to bring miscreant countries to heel, but also wisdom enough to run the

world economy.”[12]

In 2002, FOF held a briefing at the National Press Club with the <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Cooler_Heads_Coalition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooler Heads Coalition (page does not exist)">Cooler Heads Coalition</a>,

entitled: Experts Discuss Why United States Should Withdraw Its

Signature From Kyoto; Whatever Happened To Global Warming Anyway. Wallop

spoke, so did <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Fred_Singer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Singer (page does not exist)">Fred Singer</a>, <a href="https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=John_Daly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Daly (page does not exist)">John Daly</a>,

a climate sceptic from Australia, and Christopher. Horner, from the FoF

/ CEI[13]. The year before the FOF had held another symposium that

argued that "there is no significant man-induced global warming[14].”

<h2>References</h2>
<div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" lang="en">The coining of the term <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;">eco-terrorism</a> is credited by many to the Executive Director of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_the_Defense_of_Free_Enterprise" title="Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;">Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ron_Arnold" title="Ron Arnold" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;">Ron Arnold</a>.In the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks, the word 'terrorism' has become a potent political weapon. For years Arnold has blurred the boundaries between what constitutes <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">civil disobedience</a> and elevated vandalism to equal terrorism. The conflation of civil disobedience with terrorism is a calculated strategy.Legislation using the cover of cracking down on '<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">eco-terrorism</a>' - such as that currently being promoted by the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council" title="American Legislative Exchange Council" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">American Legislative Exchange Council</a> - is percolating its way through the legislatures of a number of U.S. states. While vandalism and criminal damage is already illegal, the attraction of such legislation is in defining "terrorism" so broadly as to ban civil disobedience.One of the most potent tactics employed over the last twenty years in the environment movement has been through organising peaceful civil disobedience protests. Such protests often result in an issue gaining widespread media coverage prompting public discussion of important public issues and, in some cases, resulted in environmental victories.Groups that have a high media profile also have the ability to successfully raise funds from appeals directly to millions of citizens. For the conservative movement, legislating against civil disobedience under the guise of cracking down on 'ecoterrorism' would dramatically reduce both the media profile and fundraising capacity of groups such as <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Greenpeace</a>, the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Rainforest_Action_Network" title="Rainforest Action Network" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Rainforest Action Network</a> and local grassroots groups.What makes the possibility of such a legislative crackdown possible is the existence of groups - including Earth First! and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society - that have condoned or undertaken damage to property but have stated their opposition to violence against individuals. Vandalism has also been widely attributed to other more shadowy 'groups' such as the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Earth Liberation Front</a> and<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Animal Liberation Front</a>.For PR advisers to industry, the ability to portray the existence of at least some real environmentalists that support damage to property has been a boon.In 1991 Greenpeace International was campaigning against the use of chlorine in the pulp and paper industries due to its toxic pollution problems. This campaign caused the huge US chlorine producer, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Clorox" title="Clorox" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Clorox</a> to have the Public Relations division of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ketchum" title="Ketchum" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ketchum</a>Communications draft a crisis management plan based on the assumption that Greenpeace would target the household use of chlorine.In one of many scenarios canvassed, Ketchum pondered what to do in response to a hypothetical newspaper column calling for a boycott of Clorox products and Greenpeace pickets in front of supermarkets in 10 major cities. One component of a suggested action plan was "Industry association advertising campaign: 'Stop Environmental Terrorism' calling on Greenpeace and the columnist to be more responsible and less irrational in their approach".In June 2001, the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Frontiers_of_Freedom" title="Frontiers of Freedom" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Frontiers of Freedom</a> sponsored an "Eco-Terror" Conference, called "Eco-Terrorism & Extremism: The Costs Imposed on Americans," addressed by republicans, right-wing activists and wise use leaders, who were determined to try and make environmentalists the domestic public enemy number one, although this would change with September 11th. Speakers included <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop" title="Malcolm Wallop" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Malcolm Wallop</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Orrin Hatch</a>, Congressman <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_Nethercutt" title="George Nethercutt" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">George Nethercutt</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ron_Arnold" title="Ron Arnold" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Ron Arnold</a> from the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_the_Defense_of_Free_Enterprise" title="Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_J.Milloy" title="Steven J. Milloy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Steven J. Milloy</a>"the Junkman" and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=R.J._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. J. Smith (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">R. J. Smith</a> from the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>. According to FoF: "the extreme environmental movement is endangering lives, harming the environment, killing jobs and economic opportunity, and costing taxpayers millions of dollars".At the conference Wallop and Arnold singled out Rainforest Action Network, which was labelled "one of the biggest law-breakers." More important though was that Congressman George Nethercutt outlined plans for what was described as a "a full-out legal assault on so-called 'eco-terrorism', including a bill that would convey mandatory prison sentences for violence against environmental and life-sciences research".More recently <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Marc_Levin" title="Marc Levin" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Marc Levin</a>, a lawyer and president of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Freedom_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Freedom Center (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">American Freedom Center</a> seized upon a report by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Public_Interest_Watch" title="Public Interest Watch" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Public Interest Watch</a> attacking Greenpeace. After reviewing a number of incidents of damage to property attributed to the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front, Levin sought to smear Greenpeace with the ecoterrorism tag. "While these acts of ecoterror are clearly illegal, few people realize that the money used to commit many of these crimes may have been illegally laundered through tax-exempt organizations whose donors - individuals and nonprofit foundations unaware of the laundering - receive tax deductions," he wrote in the New Jersey Law Journal.Levin flagged the move by the U.S. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Department_of_Justice" title="Department of Justice" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Department of Justice</a> to sue Greenpeace for the April 2002 boarding of a cargo ship approaching Miami that was laden with timber from the Brazilian rainforests. Without skipping a beat, Levin conflated Greenpeace's peaceful protest with ecoterrorism, which, he argued, justified an IRS crackdown. "Prosecuting ecoterrorists has proved difficult; they have a "cell" structure and lack centralized leaderships or membership rosters. But this is precisely why it is critically important that the IRS does its part to immobilize ecoterror groups by investigating how moneys flow through tax-exempt organizations to affiliates," he wrote.It is a theme echoed by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Neil_Hrab" title="Neil Hrab" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Neil Hrab</a> from the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a> in an article published in the 2004 edition of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Organization_Trends" title="Organization Trends" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Organization Trends</a>, a publication of the conservative <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Capital_Research_Center" title="Capital Research Center" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Capital Research Center</a>. Hrab complained of groups undertaking direct action that "seldom are they threatened with loss of their nonprofit tax status unless an outside party undertakes a difficult and costly challenge". <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cei.org/gencon/019,03903.cfm" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">[1]</a>In Australia draft legislation defining charities sought to disqualify groups involved in civil disobedience from qualifying for tax deductibility. The Executive Director of the corporate funded think tank, the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_of_Public_Affairs" title="Institute of Public Affairs" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Institute of Public Affairs</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Mike_Nahan" title="Mike Nahan" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Mike Nahan</a>, was enthusiastic about the proposed changes, acknowledging that the disqualifying purposes "will threaten the charity status of several organisations"."For example Greenpeace, which regularly engages in trespass and other breaches of the law, would have its charity status threatened by a requirement to not break the law," he wrote. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/07/1060145797302.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">[2]</a> After an outcry from community groups the proposal has been shelved.Government's have also used their broad discretionary powers in issung travel documents as a way of punishing advocates of civil disobedience. In September 2005 the Australian Government revoked the six-month visitors visa of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Scott_Parkin" title="Scott Parkin" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Scott Parkin</a>, an environmental and peace activist from the Houston Global Awareness Collective. Parkin was arrested, six weeks after he arrived in the country, on "character grounds" and imprisoned pending deportation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/visiting-us-peace-activist-arrested/2005/09/11/1126377206348.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">[3]</a> Government officials refused to explain to Parkin or his lawyers the basis for re-assessing his status.Australian Greens Senator Bob Brown suspects Parkin was arrested because of his campaigning against the military contractor<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Halliburton" title="Halliburton" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Halliburton</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/outcry-over-plan-to-deport-activist-as-a-security-threat/2005/09/11/1126377205181.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">[4]</a> Two weeks ago Parkin spoke at a protest outside the Sydney office of KBR, a Halliburton subsidiary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.theadvertiser.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,16445874%255E1702,00.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">[5]</a> A barrister representing Parkin, Julian Burnside, has indicated he will lodge an appeal against his re-classification with the Migration Review Tribunal. "If all Mr Parkin has done to be assessed a security risk is to peacefully protest his opinions, then we are in serious trouble," Burnside said. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Activist-wants-reason-for-deportation/2005/09/12/1126377250350.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">[6]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Other SourceWatch resources</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Animal_Enterprise_Terrorism_Act" title="Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Eco-terrorism_hoaxes" title="Eco-terrorism hoaxes" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">eco-terrorism hoaxes</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Stop_Eco_Violence" title="Stop Eco Violence" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Stop Eco Violence</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Intimidating_democracy" title="Intimidating democracy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Intimidating democracy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Intimidating_foundations" title="Intimidating foundations" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Intimidating foundations</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Intimidating_public_interest_groups" title="Intimidating public interest groups" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Intimidating public interest groups</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Australia_Revokes_Scott_Parkin%27s_Visa" title="Australia Revokes Scott Parkin's Visa" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Australia Revokes Scott Parkin's Visa</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Vandalism_of_John_Gay%27s_house" title="Vandalism of John Gay's house" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Vandalism of John Gay's house</a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">External links</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/e/e4/Clorox.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 16px; background: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Copy of Kethcum's Leaked Draft Clorox Crisis Management Plan</a> (4.6MB Pdf file) See page 9</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/a/a9/CloroxGP.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 16px; background: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Greenpeace USA Media Release on Copy of Kethcum's Leaked Draft Clorox Crisis Management Plan</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">M. Martin "Congressman Blasts Eco-Terror", United Press International, June 14, 2001.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Marc Levin, "Beyond Simple Protest", New Jersey Law Journal, November 3, 2003.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Neil_Hrab" title="Neil Hrab" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Neil Hrab</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cei.org/gencon/019,03903.cfm" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">'Direct action' The Tactics of radical activism: part 1: how environmental groups use violent tactics to advance their agenda</a>, Organization Trends, February 2004.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mike Nahan, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/07/1060145797302.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">'Charities' that are really political lobbyists must be exposed>Chilling dissent:</a> As the Bush Administration ratchets up domestic spying the FBI is collecting 'research' reports on 'direct action' environmental groups produced by right wing think tanks", Media Transparency, January 25, 2006.The Frontiers of Freedom Foundation, Inc., operating "simply as" Frontiers of Freedom (FF) was founded in 1996 by ex-Republican Senator Malcolm Wallop of Wyoming".</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">=</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">FIXED see annotatibns below
</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Contents
[hide]1 Mission2 Funding2.1 Exxon Funding2.2 Foundation Funding3 Frontiers of Freedom and Tobacco4 Personnel5 Contact Details6 Articles and Resources6.1 Related SourceWatch Articles6.2 References6.3 External linksMission
According to the organization's web site, "Frontiers of Freedom is a cutting-edge, forward-looking policy group advancing center-right principles in today's fast-paced news and information age. We work with grassroots activists throughout the country to protect private property rights, secure our national security, and promote sensible public policies critical to our country's liberty."Frontiers oversees the work of six public policy centers and four websites. Each year, we publish thirty Policy Perspectives, brief analyses of issues of public concern, and six Science Reviews, easy-to-understand critiques of the intersection between science and public policy. We regularly brief Members of Congress and the Administration on important policy matters. We also regularly hold press briefings, host conferences, and write strategic op-eds for publication across the country on issues central to our mission.
"Since our founding, Frontiers has grown from a start-up organization with big ideas to a preeminent think tank that is making a real and tangible difference advancing common sense ideas for government. One of our greatest sources of pride has been our position on the front lines in the battle to make a national missile defense system a reality. Our efforts earned us a seat across the table, literally, from President Bush on the day he announced our withdrawal from the ABM Treaty. In addition, we have both provided and received briefings from Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and his Deputy Paul Dundes Wolfowitz. We are proud to be considered an asset to the national security community during these times of serious global insecurity."
FoF groups its work under the banner of six "policy centers":
Center for Constitutional GovernmentCenter for Economic Liberty and Property RightsCenter for National Security and DefenseCenter for Free Market Environmentalism and ConservationCenter for Civic, Family, and Societal ProgressCenter for Science and Public PolicyFunding
Frontiers of Freedom receives money of tobacco and oil companies, including Philip Morris Cos, ExxonMobil and RJ Reynolds Tobacco.
Exxon Funding
According to a 2003 New York Times report, "Frontiers of Freedom, which has about a $700,000 annual budget, received $230,000 from Exxon in 2002, up from $40,000 in 2001, according to Exxon documents. George Landrith, President of FoF told the New York Times "They've determined that we are effective at what we do" and that Exxon essentially took the attitude, "We like to make it possible to do more of that".[1]
Funding from Exxon includes:
2002: $100,000 for the "Center for Sound Science and Public Policy" (sic), $97,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach Activities", and a further $35,000 for "Global Climate Change Science Projects";[2]2003: $95,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach" and a further $50,000 for "Project Support - Sound Science Center";[3]2004: $50,000 for "Climate Change Efforts", $90,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach", $40,000 as "Project Support - Climate Change" and a further $70,000 for "Project Support- Science Center & Climate Change";[4]2005: $50,000 for the "Annual Gala and General Operating Support" and a further $90,000 for "General Operating Support"[5];2006: $90,000 for "General Operating Support" and a further $90,000 for the "Science & Policy Center"[6]; and2007: $90,000 for "energy literacy".[7] 
Foundation Funding
Media Transparency reports that FoF has also received some $580,450 in 25 grants between 1996 and 2005 from the following five conservative foundations:[8]
Earhart FoundationJohn M. Olin Foundation, Inc.Lynde and Harry Bradley FoundationSarah Scaife FoundationSamuel Roberts Noble FoundationCarthage Foundation 
Frontiers of Freedom and Tobacco
In a 1996 memo, Jeff Taylor of Frontiers of Freedom writes to Alexander Spears, of the Lorillard Tobacco Company to solicit funding. Taylor describes the activities in which Frontiers of Freedom engaged to attack the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's efforts to regulate the tobacco industry. The memo also shows how Frontiers managed to generate a clamor among Congressmembers seeking the praise from Fof, a relatively new group. Wallop writes,
One sure gauge of our growth took place recently when we presented 15 members of Congress with our 'Defender of Freedom' award. When we returned to the office, we had calls from a handful of other Members asking why they had not been recognized by Frontiers.[1]One of the "Achievements" Frontiers lists for 1996 was Wallop's guest-hosting of the Armstrong Williams talk show. Armstrong Williams was recently revealed to have accepted $240,000 in taxpayer funds from the George W. Bush administration to comment positively on his show about Bush's "No Child Left Behind" education act. A USA Today article about the scandal can be seen at http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-01-06-williams-whitehouse_x.htm
Other policy topics on which Frontiers of Freedom was active include privatizing Social Security, privacy and anti-terrorism legislation (and, ironically, this was all back in 1996).
Personnel
As of January 2010, the staff were:[9]
George C. Landrith, PresidentBelinda Rankin, Vice President, External RelationsMiklos K. Radvanyi, Vice President, International PolicyChristopher C. Horner, General Counsel and Senior Policy AdviserPaul Georgia, Chief Economist and Executive Director of the Center for Science and Public PolicyAmrita Singh, Director of PublicationsAaron Lee, Director of Special ProjectsSometime previously (date?), the staff were:
Malcolm WallopGeorge C. Landrith - President. Landrith was a candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's Fifth Congressional District.Jason Wright - Vice President. Challenged Rep. Christopher Cannon for the GOP nomination for Congress in Utah's 3rd District.Kerri Houston - Vice President of PolicyKimberly A. Martin - Director of DevelopmentAmanda E. Telford - Director of OperationsAaron "Al" Lee, Director of Special ProjectsRobert Ferguson, head of Science and Public Policy Institute [2]In July 2004 Aaron Lee was added to the 'staff' page and 2 people were no longer listed:
S. Fred Singer, former Adjunct FellowChristopher C. Horner, former Senior Adjunct FellowOther alumni:
Lynn Bouchey, circa Sept 2003 =
Malcolm Wallop was born in New York City, February 27, 1933. He graduated from Yale University in 1954 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Mr. Wallop was Senator from Wyoming from 1977 to 1995; upon retiring, he founded Frontiers of Freedom.
Contents   [hide] 1 Affiliations1.1 Frontiers of Freedom1.1.1 Frontiers of Freedom and tobacco1.2 Commercial (board memberships)1.3 Other2 Books3 Articles and resources3.1 References3.2 Related SourceWatch articles3.3 External resources3.4 External articles 
Affiliations
Frontiers of FreedomWallop is the chairman of Frontiers of Freedom (FOF), a non-profit organization he established in January of 1995 immediately after retiring from the Senate.
 
Frontiers of Freedom and tobaccoSee the "Frontiers of Freedom and Tobacco" section of Frontiers of Freedom for more information. (The information below should probably be moved there.)
Frontiers of Freedom is a tobacco industry funded group.[1][2] [3] [4] In a 1996 memo, Jeff Taylor of Frontiers of Freedom writes to Alexander White Spears, III of Lorillard Inc. to solicit funding. Taylor describes the activities in which FOF had engaged to attack the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's efforts to regulate the tobacco industry. The memo also shows how FOF managed to generate a clamor among Congressmembers for the praise of the relatively new group. The memo says,
One sure gauge of our growth took place recently when we presented 15 members of Congress with our 'Defender of Freedom' award. When we returned to the office, we had calls from a handful of other Members asking why they had not been recognized by Frontiers.Commercial (board memberships)Wallop sits on the boards of Hubbell, Inc., El Paso Energy Company, and Sheridan State Bank.
 
OtherMr. Wallop also served as General Chairman of Steve Forbes' unsuccessful 1996 presidential bid. [5]Member, Task Force on the United NationsMember, 'Congressional Advisory Board' of the Center on Regulation and Economic Growth of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution(AdTI) in 1994 and 1995. [6]Books
Malcolm Wallop, the chapter "The Environment: Air, Water & Public Lands," in:"A Changing America: Conservatives View the '80s from the United States Senate", edited by Paul Laxalt and Richard S. Williamson,Regnery/Gateway, 1980, ISBN 0895268922Malcolm Wallop and Angelo Codevilla, "The Arms Control Delusion", San Francisco: ICS Press, October 1, 1987, ISBN 091761691XArticles and resources
ReferencesRelated SourceWatch articlesFrontiers of FreedomExternal resourcesWALLOP, Malcolm, Biographical Directory of the American CongressSenator Malcolm Wallop: Biography, Frontiers of FreedomExternal articlesWikipedia also has an article on Malcolm Wallop. This article may use content from the Wikipedia article under the terms of theGFDL.
=
some rep
The Frontiers of Freedom Foundation, Inc., operating "simply as" Frontiers of Freedom (FF) was founded in 1996 by Republican ex-Senator Malcolm Wallop of Wyoming, a Yale University graduate.
Contents
[hide]1 Mission1.1 Public policy centers2 Funding2.1 Exxon Funding2.2 Foundation Funding3 IRS nonprofit status4 Frontiers of Freedom and Tobacco5 FoF Achievement: founder Wallop guest-hosts Armstrong Williams show6 Other policy topics7 Personnel7.1 Board of directors7.1.1 Directors in 20067.1.2 Directors in 19987.2 Staff7.2.1 Staff, 20107.2.2 Staff, earlier7.3 Consultants8 Contact Details9 Articles and Resources9.1 Related SourceWatch Articles9.2 References9.3 External resources9.4 External articlesMission
According to the organization's web site, "Frontiers of Freedom is a cutting-edge, forward-looking policy group advancing center-right principles in today's fast-paced news and information age. We work with grassroots activists throughout the country to protect private property rights, secure our national security, and promote sensible public policies critical to our country's liberty."Frontiers oversees the work of six public policy centers and four websites. Each year, we publish thirty Policy Perspectives, brief analyses of issues of public concern, and six Science Reviews, easy-to-understand critiques of the intersection between science and public policy. We regularly brief Members of Congress and the Administration on important policy matters. We also regularly hold press briefings, host conferences, and write strategic op-eds for publication across the country on issues central to our mission.
"Since our founding, Frontiers has grown from a start-up organization with big ideas to a preeminent think tank that is making a real and tangible difference advancing common sense ideas for government. One of our greatest sources of pride has been our position on the front lines in the battle to make a national missile defense system a reality. Our efforts earned us a seat across the table, literally, from President Bush on the day he announced our withdrawal from the ABM Treaty. In addition, we have both provided and received briefings from Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and his Deputy Paul Dundes Wolfowitz. We are proud to be considered an asset to the national security community during these times of serious global insecurity."
Public policy centers
FoF groups its work under the banner of six "policy centers":
Center for Constitutional GovernmentCenter for Economic Liberty and Property RightsCenter for National Security and DefenseCenter for Free Market Environmentalism and ConservationCenter for Civic, Family, and Societal ProgressCenter for Science and Public Policy 
Funding
Frontiers of Freedom has received money from tobacco and oil companies, including Philip Morris Cos, ExxonMobil and RJ Reynolds Tobacco.
 
Exxon FundingAccording to a 2003 New York Times report, "Frontiers of Freedom, which has about a $700,000 annual budget, received $230,000 from Exxon in 2002, up from $40,000 in 2001, according to Exxon documents. George Landrith, President of FoF told the New York Times "They've determined that we are effective at what we do" and that Exxon essentially took the attitude, "We like to make it possible to do more of that".[1]
Funding from Exxon includes:
2002: $100,000 for the "Center for Sound Science and Public Policy" (sic), $97,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach Activities", and a further $35,000 for "Global Climate Change Science Projects";[2]2003: $95,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach" and a further $50,000 for "Project Support - Sound Science Center";[3]2004: $50,000 for "Climate Change Efforts", $90,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach", $40,000 as "Project Support - Climate Change" and a further $70,000 for "Project Support- Science Center & Climate Change";[4]2005: $50,000 for the "Annual Gala and General Operating Support" and a further $90,000 for "General Operating Support"[5];2006: $90,000 for "General Operating Support" and a further $90,000 for the "Science & Policy Center"[6]; and2007: $90,000 for "energy literacy".[7] 
Foundation Funding
Media Transparency reports that FoF has also received some $580,450 in 25 grants between 1996 and 2005 from the following five conservative foundations:[8]
Earhart FoundationJohn M. Olin Foundation, Inc.Lynde and Harry Bradley FoundationSarah Scaife FoundationSamuel Roberts Noble FoundationCarthage Foundation 
IRS nonprofit status
The IRS "Search for Charities" does show "Frontiers of Freedom Institute Inc.".[9]
But on Guidestar.org, of the 3 "Frontiers of Freedom" nonprofits that come up in a search[10], none has an IRS Form 990 filing available[11] more recently than 2006:
Frontiers of Freedom Inc, 12011 Lee Jackson Mem Hwy 3rd Fl, Fairfax, Va; EIN 52-1904528[12]; founded in 1995 (No 990s available);501(c)(4) Frontiers of Freedom Foundation, PO Box 69, Oakton, Va; EIN 54-2050093; founded in 2003; Category (NTEE): International, Foreign Affairs, and National Security / (Alliance/Advocacy Organizations); 990s available for 2004 and 2006;501(c)(3) Frontiers of Freedom Institute Inc, 4094 Majestic Ln #380, Fairfax, Va; EIN 54-1773197; founded in 1996; Category (NTEE): International, Foreign Affairs, and National Security / (Research Institutes and/or Public Policy Analysis); 990s available for 2003, 2004 and 2006;The accounting firm preparing the FoFI and FoFF 2006 tax returns was Hendershot, Burkhardt and Reed, used by many like-minded groups. But oddly, the 2004 and 2003 returns seem to have the tax preparer blacked out.
 
Frontiers of Freedom and Tobacco
In a 1996 memo, Jeff Taylor of Frontiers of Freedom writes to Alexander Spears, of the Lorillard Tobacco Company to solicit funding. Taylor describes the activities in which Frontiers of Freedom engaged to attack the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's efforts to regulate the tobacco industry. The memo also shows how Frontiers managed to generate a clamor among Congressmembers seeking the praise from Fof, a relatively new group. Wallop writes,
One sure gauge of our growth took place recently when we presented 15 members of Congress with our 'Defender of Freedom' award. When we returned to the office, we had calls from a handful of other Members asking why they had not been recognized by Frontiers.[3] 
FoF Achievement: founder Wallop guest-hosts Armstrong Williams show
One of the "Achievements" Frontiers lists for 1996 was Wallop's guest-hosting of the Armstrong Williams talk show. Armstrong Williams was recently revealed to have accepted $240,000 in taxpayer funds from the George W. Bush administration to comment positively on his show about Bush's "No Child Left Behind" education act. A USA Today article about the scandal can be seen at http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-01-06-williams-whitehouse_x.htm
 
Other policy topics
Other policy topics on which Frontiers of Freedom was active include privatizing Social Security, privacy and anti-terrorism legislation (and, ironically, this was all back in 1996).
 
Personnel
Board of directors
Directors do not appear to be listed on the ff.org website, as of April 2011.
Directors in 2006
FoF Inc's 2006 Form 990 reports FoF's directors as:
Grover NorquistRandall Roe, lobbyist for Burns and Roe Group[4]Diemer True, "Casper WY independent oil baron and former politician", Independent Petroleum Association of AmericaRonald Docksai, Council for Inter-American Security founderJ.A. Parker, president of J.A. Parker and Associates consulting firm, and (as of 1998) president of Lincoln Institute for Research and Education, Inc and of the Abraham Lincoln Foundation for Public Policy Research[5]]Joseph Schuchert, was board member of Salem Communications Holding Co.Directors in 1998
Available from Greenpeace is a Jan. 1998 FoF document listing directors and brief bios, including Wallop, Parker, Schuchert, True, Lawrence A. Kudlow, and Ellen R. Sauerbrey (former Republican nominee for governor of MD; Columnist, talk show host, commentator; former national chair of ALEC).[6]]
Staff
 
Staff, 2010
As of January 2010, the staff were:[13]
George C. Landrith, PresidentBelinda Rankin, Vice President, External RelationsMiklos K. Radvanyi, Vice President, International PolicyChristopher C. Horner of CEI, as General Counsel and Senior Policy AdviserPaul Georgia of CEI, Chief Economist and Executive Director of the Center for Science and Public PolicyAmrita Singh, Director of PublicationsAaron Lee, Director of Special Projects 
Staff, earlier
Sometime previously (date?), the staff were:
Malcolm WallopGeorge C. Landrith - President. Landrith was a candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's Fifth Congressional District.Jason Wright - Vice President. Challenged Rep. Christopher Cannon for the GOP nomination for Congress in Utah's 3rd District.Kerri Houston - Vice President of PolicyKimberly A. Martin - Director of DevelopmentAmanda E. Telford - Director of OperationsAaron "Al" Lee, Director of Special ProjectsRobert Ferguson, former CSPP head, then head of Science and Public Policy Institute [7]In July 2004 Aaron Lee was added to the 'staff' page and 2 people were no longer listed:
S. Fred Singer, former Adjunct FellowChristopher C. Horner, former Senior Adjunct FellowOther alumni:
Lynn Bouchey, circa Sept 2003Myron Ebell was FoF policy director before joining CEI.(In 1998, Bouchey and Ebell represented FoF on the 1998 Global Climate Science Communications Team, whose leaked memo laid out plans for a climate disinformation campaign.)
Consultants
According to FoF's Form 990s for 2004 and 2006, Willie Soon was paid $60,000 in 2004 and an unknown amount in 2006 as a consultant.
 
Contact Details
12011 Lee Jackson Memorial Highway3rd Floor (Suite 310)Fairfax, Virginia 22033Phone: (703) 246-0110Fax: (703) 246-0129Email: info AT ff.orgWebsites: http://www.ff.org and http://www.opinioneditorials.com/
Earlier in its life, FF hosted other but now defunct websites including http://www.SpinFreeNews.com and http://www.BanzhafWatch.com
 
Articles and Resources
Related SourceWatch Articles
Global warming skepticsThink tanksL. Francis Bouchey 
References
? J. Lee, "Exxon Backs Groups That Question Global Warming", New York Times, May 28, 2003, page 5.? Exxon, "Public Information and Policy Research", Exxon website, 2002, page 3.(Pdf)? Exxon, "Public Information and Policy Research", Exxon website, 2003, page 3.(Pdf)? Exxon, "Public Information and Policy Research", Exxon website, 2004, page 4.(Pdf)? Exxon, "Public Information and Policy Research", Exxon website, 2005, page 3.(Pdf)? Exxon, "Public Information and Policy Research", Exxon website, 2006, page 2.(Pdf)? Exxon, "Public Information and Policy Research", Exxon website, 2006, page 2.(Pdf)? "Frontiers of Freedom Institute", MediaTransparency website, accessed February 2009.? [1] Accessed 2011-04-03? [2] Accessed 2011-04-03? (at least, not available on Guidestar? Info: Foundation, Nonprofit: Frontiers Of Freedom. Retrieved on 2011-04-18. “Organization activities as reported to IRS: Advocacy, Influencing Public Opinion — Government spending; Grantor: Richard Lounsbery Foundation Inc (NEW YORK, New York), 2003 - $ 12,000;Financial data as reported to IRS for tax period ending: Dec 1, 2001 Assets: $31,880; Total Revenue: $340,298; Income: $340,298;”? Staff. Frontiers of Freedom. Retrieved on 2010-01-02.

 
External resources
http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=download&d=2558 List of FoF directors with brief bios, date unknown; from Greenpeace. 
External articles
J. Lee, "Exxon Backs Groups That Question Global Warming", New York Times, May 28, 2003, page 5.This article may include information from Tobacco ====</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">SRcwtch
<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom"> The Frontiers of Freedom Foundation, Inc., operating "simply as" Frontiers of Freedom (FF) was founded in 1996 by ex-Republican Senator </a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Malcolm_Wallop" title="Malcolm Wallop">Malcolm Wallop</a> of Wyoming".

<h2>Contents</h2>

</div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#Mission">1 Mission</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#Funding">2 Funding</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#Exxon_Funding">2.1 Exxon Funding</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#Foundation_Funding">2.2 Foundation Funding</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#Frontiers_of_Freedom_and_Tobacco">3 Frontiers of Freedom and Tobacco</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#Personnel">4 Personnel</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#Contact_Details">5 Contact Details</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#Articles_and_Resources">6 Articles and Resources</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#Related_SourceWatch_Articles">6.1 Related SourceWatch Articles</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#References">6.2 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#External_links">6.3 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>Mission</h2>

According to the organization's <a href="http://www.ff.org/about/index.html" class="external text" title="http://www.ff.org/about/index.html" rel="nofollow">web site</a>, "Frontiers of Freedom is a cutting-edge, forward-looking <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Policy_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Policy group (page does not exist)">policy group</a> advancing center-right principles in today's fast-paced news and information age. We work with grassroots activists throughout the country to protect private property rights, secure our national security, and promote sensible public policies critical to our country's liberty.

"Frontiers oversees the work of six public policy centers and four websites. Each year, we publish thirty Policy Perspectives, brief analyses of issues of public concern, and six Science Reviews, easy-to-understand critiques of the intersection between science and public policy. We regularly brief Members of Congress and the Administration on important policy matters. We also regularly hold press briefings, host conferences, and write strategic op-eds for publication across the country on issues central to our mission.

"Since our founding, Frontiers has grown from a start-up organization with big ideas to a preeminent think tank that is making a real and tangible difference advancing common sense ideas for government. One of our greatest sources of pride has been our position on the front lines in the battle to make a national missile defense system a reality. Our efforts earned us a seat across the table, literally, from President Bush on the day he announced our withdrawal from the ABM Treaty. In addition, we have both provided and received briefings from Vice President <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, Secretary of Defense <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Rumsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>, and his Deputy <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Paul_Dundes_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Dundes Wolfowitz">Paul Dundes Wolfowitz</a>. We are proud to be considered an asset to the national security community during these times of serious global insecurity."

FoF groups its work under the banner of six "policy centers":

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Constitutional_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Constitutional Government (page does not exist)">Center for Constitutional Government</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Economic_Liberty_and_Property_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Economic Liberty and Property Rights (page does not exist)">Center for Economic Liberty and Property Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_National_Security_and_Defense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for National Security and Defense (page does not exist)">Center for National Security and Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Free_Market_Environmentalism_and_Conservation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Free Market Environmentalism and Conservation (page does not exist)">Center for Free Market Environmentalism and Conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Civic,Family,and_Societal_Progress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Civic, Family, and Societal Progress (page does not exist)">Center for Civic, Family, and Societal Progress</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Science_and_Public_Policy_Institute" title="Science and Public Policy Institute">Center for Science and Public Policy</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Funding</h2>

Frontiers of Freedom receives money of tobacco and oil companies, including <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Morris">Philip Morris</a> Cos, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=ExxonMobil" class="mw-redirect" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=R.J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company" title="R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company">RJ Reynolds Tobacco</a>.

<h3>Exxon Funding</h3>

According to a 2003 New York Times report, "Frontiers of Freedom, which has about a $700,000 annual budget, received $230,000 from Exxon in 2002, up from $40,000 in 2001, according to Exxon documents. George Landrith, President of FoF told the New York Times "They've determined that we are effective at what we do" and that Exxon essentially took the attitude, "We like to make it possible to do more of that".<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-0" title="">[1]</a>

Funding from Exxon includes:

<ul>

<li>2002: $100,000 for the "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Science_and_Public_Policy" title="Center for Science and Public Policy">Center for Sound Science and Public Policy</a>" (sic), $97,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach Activities", and a further $35,000 for "Global Climate Change Science Projects";<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-1" title="">[2]</a></li>

<li>2003: $95,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach" and a further $50,000 for "Project Support - Sound Science Center";<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-2" title="">[3]</a></li>

<li>2004: $50,000 for "Climate Change Efforts", $90,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach", $40,000 as "Project Support - Climate Change" and a further $70,000 for "Project Support- Science Center & Climate Change";<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-3" title="">[4]</a></li>

<li>2005: $50,000 for the "Annual Gala and General Operating Support" and a further $90,000 for "General Operating Support"<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-4" title="">[5]</a>;</li>

<li>2006: $90,000 for "General Operating Support" and a further $90,000 for the "Science & Policy Center"<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-5" title="">[6]</a>; and</li>

<li>2007: $90,000 for "energy literacy".<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-6" title="">[7]</a></li>

</ul>

<h3>Foundation Funding</h3>

Media Transparency reports that FoF has also received some $580,450 in 25 grants between 1996 and 2005 from the following five conservative foundations:<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-7" title="">[8]</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Earhart_Foundation" title="Earhart Foundation">Earhart Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a>, Inc.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lynde_and_Harry_Bradley_Foundation" title="Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation">Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sarah_Scaife_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Scaife Foundation">Sarah Scaife Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Samuel_Roberts_Noble_Foundation" title="Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation">Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Carthage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthage Foundation">Carthage Foundation</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Frontiers of Freedom and Tobacco</h2>

In a 1996 memo, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jeff_Taylor" title="Jeff Taylor">Jeff Taylor</a> of Frontiers of Freedom writes to Alexander Spears, of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lorillard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorillard">Lorillard</a> Tobacco Company to solicit funding. Taylor describes the activities in which Frontiers of Freedom engaged to attack the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's efforts to regulate the tobacco industry. The memo also shows how Frontiers managed to generate a clamor among Congressmembers seeking the praise from Fof, a relatively new group. Wallop writes,

<dl>

<dd>One sure gauge of our growth took place recently when we presented 15 members of Congress with our 'Defender of Freedom' award. When we returned to the office, we had calls from a handful of other Members asking why they had not been recognized by Frontiers.<a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rgr23c00" class="external autonumber" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rgr23c00" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></dd>

</dl>

One of the "Achievements" Frontiers lists for 1996 was Wallop's guest-hosting of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Armstrong_Williams" title="Armstrong Williams">Armstrong Williams</a> talk show. Armstrong Williams was recently revealed to have accepted $240,000 in taxpayer funds from the George W. Bush administration to comment positively on his show about Bush's "No Child Left Behind" education act. A USA Today article about the scandal can be seen at <a href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-01-06-williams-whitehouse_x.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-01-06-williams-whitehouse_x.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-01-06-williams-whitehouse_x.htm</a>

Other policy topics on which Frontiers of Freedom was active include privatizing Social Security, privacy and anti-terrorism legislation (and, ironically, this was all back in 1996).

<h2>Personnel</h2>

As of January 2010, the staff were:<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom#cite_note-8" title="">[9]</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Belinda_Rankin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belinda Rankin (page does not exist)">Belinda Rankin</a>, Vice President, External Relations</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Miklos_K._Radvanyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miklos K. Radvanyi (page does not exist)">Miklos K. Radvanyi</a>, Vice President, International Policy</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Christopher_C._Horner" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher C. Horner">Christopher C. Horner</a>, General Counsel and Senior Policy Adviser</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Paul_Georgia" title="Paul Georgia">Paul Georgia</a>, Chief Economist and Executive Director of the Center for Science and Public Policy</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Amrita_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amrita Singh (page does not exist)">Amrita Singh</a>, Director of Publications</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Aaron_Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron Lee (page does not exist)">Aaron Lee</a>, Director of Special Projects</li>

</ul>

Sometime previously (date?), the staff were:

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Malcolm_Wallop" title="Malcolm Wallop">Malcolm Wallop</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_C._Landrith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George C. Landrith (page does not exist)">George C. Landrith</a> - President. Landrith was a candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's Fifth Congressional District.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jason_Wright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jason Wright (page does not exist)">Jason Wright</a> - Vice President. Challenged Rep. Christopher Cannon for the GOP nomination for Congress in Utah's 3rd District.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kerri_Houston" title="Kerri Houston">Kerri Houston</a> - Vice President of Policy</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kimberly_A._Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimberly A. Martin (page does not exist)">Kimberly A. Martin</a> - Director of Development</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Amanda_E._Telford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amanda E. Telford (page does not exist)">Amanda E. Telford</a> - Director of Operations</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_Ferguson_%28Science_and_Public_Policy_Institute%29" title="Robert Ferguson (Science and Public Policy Institute)">Robert Ferguson</a>, head of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Science_and_Public_Policy_Institute" title="Science and Public Policy Institute">Science and Public Policy Institute</a> <a href="http://ff.org/centers/celpr/press/90520061225.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://ff.org/centers/celpr/press/90520061225.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></li>

</ul>

In July 2004 Aaron Lee was added to the 'staff' page and 2 people were no longer listed:

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=S._Fred_Singer" title="S. Fred Singer">S. Fred Singer</a>, former Adjunct Fellow</li>

</ul>

Other alumni:

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=L._Francis_Bouchey" title="L. Francis Bouchey">Lynn Bouchey</a>, circa Sept 2003</li>

</ul>

</li></ul></div>

=

Malcolm Wallop was born in New York City, February 27, 1933. He graduated from Yale University in 1954 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Mr. Wallop was Senator from Wyoming from 1977 to 1995; upon retiring, he founded <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Frontiers_of_Freedom" title="Frontiers of Freedom" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;">Frontiers of Freedom</a>.

</div>

<h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; background: none;">Contents</h2>

</div>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop#Affiliations" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1 Affiliations</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop#Frontiers_of_Freedom" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1.1 Frontiers of Freedom</a>

<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop#Frontiers_of_Freedom_and_tobacco" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1.1.1 Frontiers of Freedom and tobacco</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop#Commercial_.28board_memberships.29" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1.2 Commercial (board memberships)</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop#Other" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1.3 Other</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop#Books" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2 Books</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop#Articles_and_resources" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3 Articles and resources</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.1 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop#Related_SourceWatch_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.2 Related SourceWatch articles</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop#External_resources" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.3 External resources</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Malcolm_Wallop#External_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.4 External articles</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2000007629395px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Affiliations</h2>

<h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Frontiers of Freedom</h3>

Wallop is the chairman of <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Frontiers_of_Freedom" title="Frontiers of Freedom" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Frontiers of Freedom</a> (FOF), a non-profit organization he established in January of 1995 immediately after retiring from the Senate.

<h4 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Frontiers of Freedom and tobacco</h4>

See the "Frontiers of Freedom and Tobacco" section of <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Frontiers_of_Freedom" title="Frontiers of Freedom" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Frontiers of Freedom</a> for more information. (The information below should probably be moved there.)

Frontiers of Freedom is a tobacco industry funded group.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tjj68c00" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rkg44c00" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gtq45c00" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tyl60d00" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">[4]</a> In a 1996 memo, Jeff Taylor of Frontiers of Freedom writes to <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Alexander_White_Spears,_III" title="Alexander White Spears, III" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Alexander White Spears, III</a> of <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lorillard_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorillard Inc. (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Lorillard Inc.</a> to solicit funding. Taylor describes the activities in which FOF had engaged to attack the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's efforts to regulate the tobacco industry. The memo also shows how FOF managed to generate a clamor among Congressmembers for the praise of the relatively new group. The memo says,

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">One sure gauge of our growth took place recently when we presented 15 members of Congress with our 'Defender of Freedom' award. When we returned to the office, we had calls from a handful of other Members asking why they had not been recognized by Frontiers.</dd>

</dl>

<h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Commercial (board memberships)</h3>

Wallop sits on the boards of Hubbell, Inc., El Paso Energy Company, and Sheridan State Bank.

<h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other</h3>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mr. Wallop also served as General Chairman of <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steve_Forbes" title="Steve Forbes" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Steve Forbes</a>' unsuccessful 1996 presidential bid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ff.org/about/mwbio.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">[5]</a></li>

</ul>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Member, <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Task_Force_on_the_United_Nations" title="Task Force on the United Nations" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;">Task Force on the United Nations</a></li>

</ul>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Member, 'Congressional Advisory Board' of the <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_on_Regulation_and_Economic_Growth" title="Center on Regulation and Economic Growth" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Center on Regulation and Economic Growth</a> of the <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Alexis de Tocqueville Institution</a>(AdTI) in 1994 and 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pmdocs.com/PDF/2044313091_3094.PDF" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X/7XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe+cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp/+XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">[6]</a></li>

</ul>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2000007629395px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Books</h2>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Malcolm Wallop, the chapter "The Environment: Air, Water & Public Lands," in:

"A Changing America: Conservatives View the '80s from the United States Senate", edited by <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Paul Laxalt</a> and Richard S. Williamson,<a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Regnery" title="Regnery" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-position: 0% 0%; background-clip: border-box; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto auto;">Regnery</a>/Gateway, 1980, <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:BookSources/0895268922" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">ISBN 0895268922</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Malcolm Wallop and Angelo Codevilla, "The Arms Control Delusion", San Francisco: ICS Press, October 1, 1987, <a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:BookSources/091761691X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">ISBN 091761691X</a></li>

</ul>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2000007629395px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Articles and resources</h2>

<h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">References</h3>

<h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Related SourceWatch articles</h3>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Frontiers_of_Freedom" title="Frontiers of Freedom" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Frontiers of Freedom</a></li>

</ul>

<h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">External resources</h3>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000092" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">WALLOP, Malcolm</a>, Biographical Directory of the American Congress</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ff.org/about/mwbio.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Senator Malcolm Wallop: Biography</a>, Frontiers of Freedom</li>

</ul>

<h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">External articles</h3>

<a href="http://mail.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Wikipedia</a> also has an article on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Wallop" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Malcolm Wallop</a>. This article may use content from the Wikipedia article under the terms of the<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFDL" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">GFDL</a>.

===

some rep

The Frontiers of Freedom Foundation, Inc., operating "simply as" Frontiers of Freedom (FF) was founded in 1996 by Republican ex-Senator <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Malcolm_Wallop" title="Malcolm Wallop">Malcolm Wallop</a> of Wyoming, a <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> graduate.

<h2>Contents</h2>

[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Mission">1 Mission</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Public_policy_centers">1.1 Public policy centers</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Funding">2 Funding</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Exxon_Funding">2.1 Exxon Funding</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Foundation_Funding">2.2 Foundation Funding</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#IRS_nonprofit_status">3 IRS nonprofit status</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Frontiers_of_Freedom_and_Tobacco">4 Frontiers of Freedom and Tobacco</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#FoF_Achievement:_founder_Wallop_guest-hosts_Armstrong_Williams_show">5 FoF Achievement: founder Wallop guest-hosts Armstrong Williams show</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Other_policy_topics">6 Other policy topics</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Personnel">7 Personnel</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Board_of_directors">7.1 Board of directors</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Directors_in_2006">7.1.1 Directors in 2006</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Directors_in_1998">7.1.2 Directors in 1998</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Staff">7.2 Staff</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Staff.2C_2010">7.2.1 Staff, 2010</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Staff.2C_earlier">7.2.2 Staff, earlier</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Consultants">7.3 Consultants</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Contact_Details">8 Contact Details</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Articles_and_Resources">9 Articles and Resources</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#Related_SourceWatch_Articles">9.1 Related SourceWatch Articles</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#References">9.2 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#External_resources">9.3 External resources</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#External_articles">9.4 External articles</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>Mission</h2>

According to the organization's <a href="http://www.ff.org/about/index.html" class="external text" title="http://www.ff.org/about/index.html" rel="nofollow">web site</a>, "Frontiers of Freedom is a cutting-edge, forward-looking <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Policy_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Policy group (page does not exist)">policy group</a> advancing center-right principles in today's fast-paced news and information age. We work with grassroots activists throughout the country to protect private property rights, secure our national security, and promote sensible public policies critical to our country's liberty.

"Frontiers oversees the work of six public policy centers and four websites. Each year, we publish thirty Policy Perspectives, brief analyses of issues of public concern, and six Science Reviews, easy-to-understand critiques of the intersection between science and public policy. We regularly brief Members of Congress and the Administration on important policy matters. We also regularly hold press briefings, host conferences, and write strategic op-eds for publication across the country on issues central to our mission.

"Since our founding, Frontiers has grown from a start-up organization with big ideas to a preeminent think tank that is making a real and tangible difference advancing common sense ideas for government. One of our greatest sources of pride has been our position on the front lines in the battle to make a national missile defense system a reality. Our efforts earned us a seat across the table, literally, from President Bush on the day he announced our withdrawal from the ABM Treaty. In addition, we have both provided and received briefings from Vice President <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, Secretary of Defense <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld" class="mw-redirect">Donald Rumsfeld</a>, and his Deputy <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Paul_Dundes_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Dundes Wolfowitz">Paul Dundes Wolfowitz</a>. We are proud to be considered an asset to the national security community during these times of serious global insecurity."

<h3>Public policy centers</h3>

FoF groups its work under the banner of six "policy centers":

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Economic_Liberty_and_Property_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Economic Liberty and Property Rights (page does not exist)">Center for Economic Liberty and Property Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Free_Market_Environmentalism_and_Conservation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Free Market Environmentalism and Conservation (page does not exist)">Center for Free Market Environmentalism and Conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Science_and_Public_Policy" title="Center for Science and Public Policy">Center for Science and Public Policy</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Funding</h2>

Frontiers of Freedom has received money from tobacco and oil companies, including <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect">Philip Morris</a> Cos, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil" class="mw-redirect">ExxonMobil</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=R.J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company" title="R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company">RJ Reynolds Tobacco</a>.

<h3>Exxon Funding</h3>

According to a 2003 New York Times report, "Frontiers of Freedom, which has about a $700,000 annual budget, received $230,000 from Exxon in 2002, up from $40,000 in 2001, according to Exxon documents. George Landrith, President of FoF told the New York Times "They've determined that we are effective at what we do" and that Exxon essentially took the attitude, "We like to make it possible to do more of that".<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-0" title="">[1]</a>

Funding from Exxon includes:

<ul>

<li>2002: $100,000 for the "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Science_and_Public_Policy" title="Center for Science and Public Policy">Center for Sound Science and Public Policy</a>" (sic), $97,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach Activities", and a further $35,000 for "Global Climate Change Science Projects";<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-1" title="">[2]</a></li>

<li>2003: $95,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach" and a further $50,000 for "Project Support - Sound Science Center";<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-2" title="">[3]</a></li>

<li>2004: $50,000 for "Climate Change Efforts", $90,000 for "Global Climate Change Outreach", $40,000 as "Project Support - Climate Change" and a further $70,000 for "Project Support- Science Center & Climate Change";<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-3" title="">[4]</a></li>

<li>2005: $50,000 for the "Annual Gala and General Operating Support" and a further $90,000 for "General Operating Support"<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-4" title="">[5]</a>;</li>

<li>2006: $90,000 for "General Operating Support" and a further $90,000 for the "Science & Policy Center"<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-5" title="">[6]</a>; and</li>

<li>2007: $90,000 for "energy literacy".<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-6" title="">[7]</a></li>

</ul>

<h3>Foundation Funding</h3>

Media Transparency reports that FoF has also received some $580,450 in 25 grants between 1996 and 2005 from the following five conservative foundations:<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-7" title="">[8]</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Earhart_Foundation" title="Earhart Foundation">Earhart Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a>, Inc.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lynde_and_Harry_Bradley_Foundation" title="Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation">Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sarah_Scaife_Foundation" title="Sarah Scaife Foundation" class="mw-redirect">Sarah Scaife Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Samuel_Roberts_Noble_Foundation" title="Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation">Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Carthage_Foundation" title="Carthage Foundation" class="mw-redirect">Carthage Foundation</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>IRS nonprofit status</h2>

The IRS "Search for Charities" does show "Frontiers of Freedom Institute Inc.".<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-8" title="">[9]</a>

But on Guidestar.org, of the 3 "Frontiers of Freedom" nonprofits that come up in a search<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-9" title="">[10]</a>, none has an IRS Form 990 filing available<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-10" title="">[11]</a> more recently than 2006:

<ul>

<li>Frontiers of Freedom Inc, 12011 Lee Jackson Mem Hwy 3rd Fl, Fairfax, Va; EIN 52-1904528<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-11" title="">[12]</a>; founded in 1995 (No 990s available);</li>

<li>501(c)(4) Frontiers of Freedom Foundation, PO Box 69, Oakton, Va; EIN 54-2050093; founded in 2003; Category (NTEE): International, Foreign Affairs, and National Security / (Alliance/Advocacy Organizations); 990s available for 2004 and 2006;</li>

<li>501(c)(3) Frontiers of Freedom Institute Inc, 4094 Majestic Ln #380, Fairfax, Va; EIN 54-1773197; founded in 1996; Category (NTEE): International, Foreign Affairs, and National Security / (Research Institutes and/or Public Policy Analysis); 990s available for 2003, 2004 and 2006;</li>

</ul>

The accounting firm preparing the FoFI and FoFF 2006 tax returns was <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Hendershot,_Burkhardt_and_Reed" title="Hendershot, Burkhardt and Reed">Hendershot, Burkhardt and Reed</a>, used by many like-minded groups. But oddly, the 2004 and 2003 returns seem to have the tax preparer blacked out.

<h2>Frontiers of Freedom and Tobacco</h2>

In a 1996 memo, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jeff_Taylor" title="Jeff Taylor">Jeff Taylor</a> of Frontiers of Freedom writes to Alexander Spears, of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lorillard" title="Lorillard" class="mw-redirect">Lorillard</a> Tobacco Company to solicit funding. Taylor describes the activities in which Frontiers of Freedom engaged to attack the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's efforts to regulate the tobacco industry. The memo also shows how Frontiers managed to generate a clamor among Congressmembers seeking the praise from Fof, a relatively new group. Wallop writes,

<dl>

<dd>One sure gauge of our growth took place recently when we presented 15 members of Congress with our 'Defender of Freedom' award. When we returned to the office, we had calls from a handful of other Members asking why they had not been recognized by Frontiers.<a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rgr23c00" class="external autonumber" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rgr23c00" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></dd>

</dl>

<h2>FoF Achievement: founder Wallop guest-hosts Armstrong Williams show</h2>

One of the "Achievements" Frontiers lists for 1996 was Wallop's guest-hosting of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Armstrong_Williams" title="Armstrong Williams">Armstrong Williams</a> talk show. Armstrong Williams was recently revealed to have accepted $240,000 in taxpayer funds from the George W. Bush administration to comment positively on his show about Bush's "No Child Left Behind" education act. A USA Today article about the scandal can be seen at <a href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-01-06-williams-whitehouse_x.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-01-06-williams-whitehouse_x.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-01-06-williams-whitehouse_x.htm</a>

<h2>Other policy topics</h2>

Other policy topics on which Frontiers of Freedom was active include privatizing Social Security, privacy and anti-terrorism legislation (and, ironically, this was all back in 1996).

<h2>Personnel</h2>

<h3>Board of directors</h3>

Directors do not appear to be listed on the ff.org website, as of April 2011.

<h4>Directors in 2006</h4>

FoF Inc's 2006 Form 990 reports FoF's directors as:

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Grover_Norquist" title="Grover Norquist">Grover Norquist</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Randall_Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randall Roe (page does not exist)">Randall Roe</a>, lobbyist for <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Burns_and_Roe_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burns and Roe Group (page does not exist)">Burns and Roe Group</a><a href="http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2001/07/10/1016681.php" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2001/07/10/1016681.php" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Diemer_True" title="Diemer True">Diemer True</a>, "Casper WY independent oil baron and former politician", <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Independent_Petroleum_Association_of_America" title="Independent Petroleum Association of America">Independent Petroleum Association of America</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ronald_Docksai" title="Ronald Docksai">Ronald Docksai</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Council_for_Inter-American_Security" title="Council for Inter-American Security">Council for Inter-American Security</a> founder</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=J.A.Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.A. Parker (page does not exist)">J.A. Parker</a>, president of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=J.A.Parker_and_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.A. Parker and Associates (page does not exist)">J.A. Parker and Associates</a> consulting firm, and (as of 1998) president of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lincoln_Institute_for_Research_and_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln Institute for Research and Education (page does not exist)">Lincoln Institute for Research and Education</a>, Inc and of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_Foundation_for_Public_Policy_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Lincoln Foundation for Public Policy Research (page does not exist)">Abraham Lincoln Foundation for Public Policy Research</a><a href="http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=download&d=2558" class="external autonumber" title="http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=download&d=2558" rel="nofollow">[5]</a>]</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Joseph_Schuchert" title="Joseph Schuchert">Joseph Schuchert</a>, was board member of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Salem_Communications" title="Salem Communications" class="mw-redirect">Salem Communications</a> Holding Co.</li>

</ul>

<h4>Directors in 1998</h4>

Available from Greenpeace is a Jan. 1998 FoF document listing directors and brief bios, including Wallop, Parker, Schuchert, True, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lawrence_A.Kudlow" title="Lawrence A. Kudlow">Lawrence A. Kudlow</a>, and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ellen_R.Sauerbrey" title="Ellen R. Sauerbrey" class="mw-redirect">Ellen R. Sauerbrey</a> (former Republican nominee for governor of MD; Columnist, talk show host, commentator; former national chair of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=ALEC" title="ALEC" class="mw-redirect">ALEC</a>).<a href="http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=download&d=2558" class="external autonumber" title="http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=download&d=2558" rel="nofollow">[6]</a>]

<h3>Staff</h3>

<h4>Staff, 2010</h4>

As of January 2010, the staff were:<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_note-12" title="">[13]</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Christopher_C._Horner" title="Christopher C. Horner" class="mw-redirect">Christopher C. Horner</a> of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=CEI" title="CEI" class="mw-redirect">CEI</a>, as General Counsel and Senior Policy Adviser</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Paul_Georgia" title="Paul Georgia">Paul Georgia</a> of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=CEI" title="CEI" class="mw-redirect">CEI</a>, Chief Economist and Executive Director of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Science_and_Public_Policy" title="Center for Science and Public Policy">Center for Science and Public Policy</a></li>

</ul>

<h4>Staff, earlier</h4>

Sometime previously (date?), the staff were:

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Malcolm_Wallop" title="Malcolm Wallop">Malcolm Wallop</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_C._Landrith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George C. Landrith (page does not exist)">George C. Landrith</a> - President. Landrith was a candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's Fifth Congressional District.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kerri_Houston" title="Kerri Houston">Kerri Houston</a> - Vice President of Policy</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_Ferguson_%28Science_and_Public_Policy_Institute%29" title="Robert Ferguson (Science and Public Policy Institute)">Robert Ferguson</a>, former <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=CSPP" title="CSPP" class="mw-redirect">CSPP</a> head, then head of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Science_and_Public_Policy_Institute" title="Science and Public Policy Institute">Science and Public Policy Institute</a> <a href="http://ff.org/centers/celpr/press/90520061225.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://ff.org/centers/celpr/press/90520061225.html" rel="nofollow">[7]</a></li>

</ul>

In July 2004 Aaron Lee was added to the 'staff' page and 2 people were no longer listed:

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=S._Fred_Singer" title="S. Fred Singer">S. Fred Singer</a>, former Adjunct Fellow</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Christopher_C._Horner" title="Christopher C. Horner" class="mw-redirect">Christopher C. Horner</a>, former Senior Adjunct Fellow</li>

</ul>

Other alumni:

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=L._Francis_Bouchey" title="L. Francis Bouchey">Lynn Bouchey</a>, circa Sept 2003</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Myron_Ebell" title="Myron Ebell">Myron Ebell</a> was FoF policy director before joining <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=CEI" title="CEI" class="mw-redirect">CEI</a>.</li>

</ul>

(In 1998, Bouchey and Ebell represented FoF on the 1998 <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Climate_Science_Communications_Team" title="Global Climate Science Communications Team" class="mw-redirect">Global Climate Science Communications Team</a>, whose leaked memo laid out plans for a climate disinformation campaign.)

<h3>Consultants</h3>

According to FoF's Form 990s for 2004 and 2006, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Willie_Soon" title="Willie Soon">Willie Soon</a> was paid $60,000 in 2004 and an unknown amount in 2006 as a consultant.

<h2>Contact Details</h2>

12011 Lee Jackson Memorial Highway

3rd Floor (Suite 310)

Fairfax, Virginia 22033

Phone: (703) 246-0110

Fax: (703) 246-0129

Email: info AT ff.org

Websites: <a href="http://www.ff.org" class="external free" title="http://www.ff.org" rel="nofollow">http://www.ff.org</a> and <a href="http://www.opinioneditorials.com/" class="external free" title="http://www.opinioneditorials.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.opinioneditorials.com/</a>

Earlier in its life, FF hosted other but now defunct websites including <a href="http://www.SpinFreeNews.com" class="external free" title="http://www.SpinFreeNews.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.SpinFreeNews.com</a> and <a href="http://www.BanzhafWatch.com" class="external free" title="http://www.BanzhafWatch.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.BanzhafWatch.com</a>

<h2>Articles and Resources</h2>

<h3>Related SourceWatch Articles</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_warming_skeptics" title="Global warming skeptics">Global warming skeptics</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Think_tanks" title="Think tanks">Think tanks</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=L._Francis_Bouchey" title="L. Francis Bouchey">L. Francis Bouchey</a></li>

</ul>

<h3>References</h3>

<li id="cite_note-0"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-0" title="">↑</a> J. Lee, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E1D91131F93BA15756C0A9659C8B63" class="external text" title="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E1D91131F93BA15756C0A9659C8B63" rel="nofollow">"Exxon Backs Groups That Question Global Warming"</a>, New York Times, May 28, 2003, page 5.</li>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-1" title="">↑</a> Exxon, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/6/6f/Public_policy1_2002.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/6/6f/Public_policy1_2002.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Public Information and Policy Research"</a>, Exxon website, 2002, page 3.(Pdf)</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-2" title="">↑</a> Exxon, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/9/92/Exxon_Public_Policy_Contributions_2003.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/9/92/Exxon_Public_Policy_Contributions_2003.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Public Information and Policy Research"</a>, Exxon website, 2003, page 3.(Pdf)</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-3" title="">↑</a> Exxon, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Image:Exxon_Public_Policy_Contributions_2004.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Image:Exxon_Public_Policy_Contributions_2004.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Public Information and Policy Research"</a>, Exxon website, 2004, page 4.(Pdf)</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-4" title="">↑</a> Exxon, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/0/00/Exxon_Public_Policy_Contributions_2005.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/0/00/Exxon_Public_Policy_Contributions_2005.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Public Information and Policy Research"</a>, Exxon website, 2005, page 3.(Pdf)</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-5" title="">↑</a> Exxon, <a href="http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/Files/Corporate/gcr_contributions_public06.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/Files/Corporate/gcr_contributions_public06.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Public Information and Policy Research"</a>, Exxon website, 2006, page 2.(Pdf)</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-6" title="">↑</a> Exxon, <a href="http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/files/gcr_contributions_public07.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/files/gcr_contributions_public07.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Public Information and Policy Research"</a>, Exxon website, 2006, page 2.(Pdf)</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-7" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=133" class="external text" title="http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?recipientID=133" rel="nofollow">"Frontiers of Freedom Institute"</a>, MediaTransparency website, accessed February 2009.</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-8" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.irs.gov/app/pub-78/" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.irs.gov/app/pub-78/" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> Accessed 2011-04-03</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-9" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www2.guidestar.org/SearchResults.aspx" class="external autonumber" title="http://www2.guidestar.org/SearchResults.aspx" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> Accessed 2011-04-03</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-10" title="">↑</a> (at least, not available on Guidestar</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-11" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://frontiers-of-freedom.idilogic.aidpage.com/frontiers-of-freedom/" class="external text" title="http://frontiers-of-freedom.idilogic.aidpage.com/frontiers-of-freedom/" rel="nofollow">Info: Foundation, Nonprofit: Frontiers Of Freedom</a>. Retrieved on 2011-04-18. “Organization activities as reported to IRS: Advocacy, Influencing Public Opinion — Government spending; Grantor: Richard Lounsbery Foundation Inc (NEW YORK, New York), 2003 - $ 12,000;Financial data as reported to IRS for tax period ending: Dec 1, 2001 Assets: $31,880; Total Revenue: $340,298; Income: $340,298;”</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom_Institute#cite_ref-12" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.ff.org/about/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=38" class="external text" title="http://www.ff.org/about/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=38" rel="nofollow">Staff</a>. Frontiers of Freedom. Retrieved on 2010-01-02.</li>

</ol>

<h3>External resources</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=download&d=2558" class="external free" title="http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=download&d=2558" rel="nofollow">http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=download&d=2558</a> List of FoF directors with brief bios, date unknown; from Greenpeace.</li>

</ul>

<h3>External articles</h3>

<ul>

<li>J. Lee, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E1D91131F93BA15756C0A9659C8B63" class="external text" title="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E1D91131F93BA15756C0A9659C8B63" rel="nofollow">"Exxon Backs Groups That Question Global Warming"</a>, New York Times, May 28, 2003, page 5.</li>

</ul>

This article may include <a href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/people/frontiers_of_freedom.html" class="external text" title="http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/people/frontiers_of_freedom.html" rel="nofollow">information from Tobacco Documents Online</a>.

</div>

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