APCO

=see also tagtempting to primary, as sort pioneer, sorta evil==1996 aus see aux<center times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2><div style="text-align: left;">JUNK SCIENCE AND THE ART OF SPIN-DOCTORING</div><div style="text-align: left;">(Part 3a)</div></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;">by Stewart Fist</h3></center><h2 times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Junkman and the Web of Deceit;
How the Spin-Doctors Cross-Fertilise</h2>If you want to see how carefully crafted such a web of deceit can be, check out <a href="http://www.junkscience.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">JunkScience.com</a>, run by a pseudo-science debunker with the name of Steven Milloy. He promotes this site as having "All the Junk that's fit to Debunk", and a lot of the material in these pages are just what it purports to be -- a good, and sometimes humourous attack on bad science and activist crap.Milloy promotes himself as a private crusader. He regularly leads the attack on activist groups involved in questions of public health, environmental destruction and pollution, and he proudly calls himself "The Junkman".He loaths the EPA, the FDA and the Democrats; in particular Al Gore.Milloy gives you some personal details at the site. Here's what he says:<ul times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="font-size: small;">Steven J. Milloy is the publisher of the Junk Science Home Page and an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute.Milloy's work on the Junk Science Home Page has garnered numerous awards, including: being named "One of the 50 Best Web Sites of 1998" by Popular Science; and designation as a "Hot Pick" by Science. The site has also been recommended by the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, Financial Times, Forbes and MSNBC.Milloy holds a B.A. in Natural Sciences from the Johns Hopkins University, a Master of Health Sciences in Biostatistics from the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, a Juris Doctorate from the University of Baltimore, and a Master of Laws from the Georgetown University Law Center.In addition to the Junk Science Home Page, Milloy: appears frequently on radio and television; has testified on risk assessment and Superfund before the U.S. Congress; and has lectured before numerous organizations.Milloy's publications include:<ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li>Silencing Science, with co-author Michael Gough (Cato Institute, 1998)</li><li>Science Without Sense: The Risky Business of Public Health Research (Cato Institute, 1995)</li><li>Science-Based Risk Assessment: A Piece of the Superfund Puzzle (National Environmental Policy Institute, 1995)</li></ul>A lobbyist with a law degree is a valuable commodity in corporate America because it invokes lawyer/client-privilege if dubious deals ever get into the courts. The Biostatistics tag just tells you that he can do maths.Before Milloy moved into his present role as "JunkMan", he was employed by a number of professional PR and lobbying companies, including Multinational Business Services which was Phillip Morris's main lobbyist on the environmental tobacco issue in late 1992 (when Milloy worked there). This organisation was run by a Reagan Republican appointee who ran the OSHA for a while, Thorne Auchter. Like many top people from the Reagan administration, Auchter became a major lobbyist in Washington in the 1980s, and went into business on behalf of the tobacco industry, along with his partners Jim Tozzi (in MBE and Federal Focus) and (in HES) Dr George Carlo.Phillip Morris later funded the organisation known as TASSC (The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition) through the public-relations/lobby organisation, APCO Associates, and Milloy took over as its director. [See below]. This organisation was funding by tobacco, chemical, energy and other polluting industries in the USA as a way to attack epidemiologists, toxicologists and environmentalists who claimed to have evidential science showing these companies were doing harm. In Milloy's terms, these claims are all junk-science, and he is the arbiter of such labels.Milloy is currently listed as an "adjunct fellow" at the Cato Institute, which leaves the impression that he is an independent, highly educated, science commentator funded by an independent foundation. This boost's his impied claim to be carrying on a personal crusade to clean up the science shonks -- while, in fact, he is a lacky who specialises in a subtle form of lobbying, and runs misinformation campaigns for business.He writes books for the Cato Institute sarcastically attacking the scientific expertise and ethics of any scientist who's results threaten American corporate business interests -- provided they fund him.The Cato Institute is a well-known independent "free-enterprise" think-tank run by members of the Republican Right in Washington DC. [" ....22 years of promoting public policy based on individual liberty, limited government, free markets, and peace."]It also runs what it calls the "Cato University", which offers expensive summer courses to those with a "commitment to liberty and an interest in the world of ideas".The Cato Institute also employs the writer-humourist PJ. O'Rourke, and funds him to travel, speak, and to write his very humourous books attacking anything remotely resembling concern for the environment, consumerism, or political liberalism. That's fair enough, I guess; most humourists take a leftish line and their attack on the Republican Right are far more vicious.Behind the scenes the Cato Institute is, itself, funded by many major corporations and industry associations with vested interests, including the American Farm Bureau Federation, Amoco, ARCO, Chase Manhattan Bank, Coca-Cola, CSX Corp., Exxon, Ford Motor Co., Koch Industries, Monsanto Co., National Ammonia Co., Philip Morris, Proctor and Gamble, and Toyota Motor Sales USA....</ul><div><ul times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="font-size: small;">Milloy is now better known in non-Internet circles as the executive director of TASSC (The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition), which is run by APCO Associates, an international PR and lobbying company which specialises in "grassroots lobbying" for corporate clients.APCO is a very large global PR and "communications strategy" organisation that keeps its head down and prefers not to be noticed. It was founded in 1984 by Arnold & Porter (the 'AP' in the APCO name) who were then the main legal council to Philip Morris, and who's representative, Murray Bring, still sits on the PM board.APCO is now a subsidiary of Grey Advertising. Their biggest client is Philip Morris, but they also service special-interest groups like National Rural Health Association and the Coalition For Fairness In Medicare (anti Medicare).APCO also has "alliances" with organisations like the International Management and Development Institute, they say: "APCO is available to IMDI Members to provide separate public relations, government affairs and related services," they boast.TASSC was founded and funded by APCO, for Philip Morris. Then later when the tobacco industry joined in with the National Association of Manufacturers, it spread its interests wider. It managed to get a few hundred scientists to sign up to motherhood statement that says they support "sound science" and presumably reject junk-science. That's usually the last the legitimate scientist get to hear of the organisation, although their names and membership details are freely available, and used to support corporate lobbying.TASSC has both Associate Members (legitimate scientists) and Advisory Members (mainly from the funding corporations, from public relations and lobby organisations, and a few science-for-sale practitioners).The real aim of the organisation, of course, is to generally discredit epidemiological and toxiocology studies that reveal evidence contrary to the funders interests.APCO Associates keeps a low profile, but it shares a Washington DC office with a number of registered lobbyist organisations and some trade and industry associations, including the Business Roundtable and Business Executives for National Security, Inc. It seems to run these organisations, and has a finger in some more long-term and legitimate organsiations like the Washington Legal Foundation.According to an article published by Professor Stanton Glantz and Elisa Ong in the famous UK medical journal The Lancet (April 8, 2000) entitled "Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer's second-hand smoke study." TASSC began as nothing more than a very clever, very subtle tobacco industry front.It's aim was to redefine the rules of proof and standards of Epidemiology and Toxicology, to a level that made it impossible for regulators like the EPA, FDA and OSHA to ever regulate in a way that was based on the precautionary principle. Under these rules, tobacco would still be considered an 'unproven' health hazard, and escape regulatory controls on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) etc.Milloy and APCO have subsequenty extended the boundaries of the fake organisations activities beyond that of just supporting the tobacco industry. Papers in the <a href="http://www.pmdocs.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Philip Morris on-line archives</a> show that this was a deliberate project of the tobacco interests to utilise multiple attacks from different industry sectors -- all with similar regulatory problems. That's why Milloy is so obviously against any hint of a precautionary approach in regulations.In the Lancet article the authors point out that TASSC was originally created by the Philip Morris tobacco company in order to sow seeds of scientific doubt about health risks associated with environmental tobacco smoke. And, owing to the extreme (and well-deserved) stigma associated with tobacco industry-funded science, they scrupulously disguised TASSC's links to Philip Morris.The idea was that TASSC would spend most of its time and money talking about other so-called "junk science" issues such as Alar, global warming, radon, asbestos etc., Then Milloy could sneak in mentions of tobacco (or rather "anti-tobacco science" = junk-science) whenever he thought he could get away with it. Later he obviously found other clients who also needed the same service.The Lancet article is available online at <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">http://www.thelancet.com</a> (Free guest registration) and you can also find the internal Philip Morris documents at <a href="http://www.pmdocs.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Phillip Morris</a> (and ask for TASSC).In these archives of Phillip Morris (opened to the public following the tobacco settlement) you will find 199 references (some duplicates) to the tobacco industry's funding and control of TASSC. Milloy is now trying desperately to distance himself from TASSC.<hr style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />  <a href="http://www.electric-words.com/junk/qandaindex.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">SEE THIS SECTION</a> FOR DOCUMENTED PROOF OF TASSC'S LINKS.<hr style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />On the side, Milloy also ran another right-wing business-funded 'think-tank' called EPAN (Environmental Policy Analysis Network...</ul></div>==creditor corinthan with CoV, aei ...
<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/50000-owed-money-by-corin_b_7212134.html">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/50000-owed-money-by-corin_b_7212134.html</a>

<a href="http://commonsensej.blogspot.com/2007/06/lobbying-flack-or-is-that-flak.html">http://commonsensej.blogspot.com/2007/06/lobbying-flack-or-is-that-flak.html</a>

artl: <a href="http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/07/0081591">http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/07/0081591</a>

President Bush’s words, the non-negotiable demands of human dignity.”

Flipping through the report, however, one cannot help but notice how many of the countries that flout “the non-negotiable demands of human dignity” seem to have negotiated themselves significant support from the U.S. government, whether military assistance (Egypt, Colombia), development aid (Azerbaijan, Nigeria), expanded trade opportunities (Angola, Cameroon), or official Washington visits for their leaders (Equatorial Guinea, Kazakhstan).

...

American lobbyists have worked for dictators since at least the 1930s, when the Nazi government used a proxy firm called the German Dye Trust to retain the public-relations specialist Ivy Lee. Exposure of Lee’s deal led Congress to pass the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (FARA), which required foreign lobbyists to register their contracts with the Justice Department. The idea seemed to be that with disclosure, lobbyists would be too embarrassed to take on immoral or corrupt clients, but this assumption predictably proved to be naive. Edward J. von Kloberg III, now deceased, for years made quite a comfortable living by representing men such as Saddam Hussein of Iraq (whose government’s gassing of its Kurdish population he sought to justify) and Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire (for whose notoriously crooked regime he helped win American foreign aid). Two other von Kloberg contracts—for Nicolae Ceaus¸escu of Romania and Samuel Doe of Liberia—were terminated, quite literally, when each was murdered by his own citizens. In the 1990s, after Burma’s military government arrested the future Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi and cracked down on the pro-democracy movement she led, the firm of Jefferson Waterman International signed on to freshen up the Burmese image.

...

At around three on a pleasantly warm February afternoon, Barry Schumacher, a senior vice president at APCO Associates, ushered me into a conference room at the firm’s downtown Washington office, near the intersection of 12th and H Streets N.W. Accompanying me was “Ricardo,” a Spanish-born Maldon Group consultant (in actuality, a friend I had recruited to come along, since it seemed unlikely that a firm like mine would send a single associate to meet with potential lobbying firms). APCO was the first firm I had contacted, because it was such a natural candidate to represent Turkmenistan: it has experience working not just on behalf of authoritarian regimes in general—the dictatorship of General Sani Abacha in Nigeria, for example, which employed the firm in 1995, the same year it hanged nine democracy activists—but for Caspian regimes in particular, having done P.R. work for the oil-rich kleptocracy of Azerbaijan.

APCO, Schumacher had written eagerly to me by email, had “worked on image, policy, foreign investment and reputation issues for a host of governments.” He touted the firm’s “key professionals,” among them former members of Congress and former administration officials. In a follow-up note, he did ask if I might provide a bit more information about The Maldon Group, since, for obvious reasons, he hadn’t been able to discover anything about it. “We prefer to be discreet due to the sensitivity of our business,” I replied. Schumacher understood; he even volunteered that APCO would be “more than willing to sign a confidentiality agreement.” I assured him that if we were to proceed to the stage of contract negotiations, The Maldon Group would “certainly be able to satisfy any reasonable concerns” about our ability to pay, but until then, I wrote, “we’re not prepared to share much more than what I’ve already told you at the level of preliminary conversations.” To which Schumacher promptly replied, “I understand, and this is not unusual for us.”

Now, as Ricardo and I entered the meeting room, three of Schumacher’s colleagues rose from their seats around a conference table to greet us. There was Elizabeth Jones, a former assistant secretary of state for Europe and Eurasia until 2005 and an ex-ambassador to Kazakhstan; Robert Downen, a professorial type in a shirt and tie who had previously served as a senior aide to Senator Robert Dole and was a fellow at the Center for Strategic & International Studies; and, in a pinstriped suit, Jennifer Millerwise Dyck, a former spokeswoman for the CIA (where, I later read in her biography I received that day, she “initiated the agency’s first coordinated corporate branding and advertising strategy”) and for Vice President Dick Cheney.

The conference room, located just past the reception desk, was bland and sparsely decorated. A coffeepot and a black plastic tray of cookies lay on a countertop just across from where I sat. After offering us refreshments, Schumacher commenced with a PowerPoint slide show, which he projected onto a wall. One of the first slides was called “Soft Soundings,” and it ran through what Schumacher described as a “vox populi of policymakers” on the subject of Turkmenistan, gleaned from interviews conducted by him and his colleagues in preparing for the meeting with The Maldon Group. Now is “Turkmenistan’s most important moment since independence,” read one quote, attributed to an unnamed foundation fellow. “No one is looking for perfection on democracy and human rights reforms,” read a second sounding, this one from an administration official. I wagged my head, encouraged by this welcome news.

“This really is an opportunity to define the new government of Turkmenistan,” Schumacher said, and at this point Jones took over. After speaking with her former colleagues at the State Department, she said, she had concluded that the Bush Administration was hoping to improve relations with the Berdymukhamedov government. Her contacts at State weren’t expecting “miracles” in terms of political reform; even a few small steps, like the new Internet cafés, would provide some “good hooks” APCO could use to promote the regime.

“People like Beth can call up these policymakers,” Schumacher said with a shake of the head, as if he himself were in awe of Jones’s access. “Getting information like that with a couple of phone calls is priceless.” Schumacher said he had made calls of his own and had learned from a staff director at “a key committee” that hearings on the topic of energy security were coming up. “Turkmenistan has a role to play here and [that] helps us talk about it in a positive way,” he said. “It’s another hook.”

In addition to the core team around the table, Schumacher stressed, APCO had on hand a number of other heavies who could be called upon to assist the Turkmenistan campaign. These included former Senator Don Riegle, who, Schumacher said, was tight with Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid; and former Congressman Don Bonker, who had close ties with Tom Lantos, the new Democratic chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. But what about the Republican side? I asked with concern. Schumacher assured me that the firm had access to people in both parties, “not because we’ve contributed money” (though APCO employees, I subsequently discovered, had contributed more than $100,000 during the last three election cycles) but because of the high esteem in which the firm’s stable of former officials was generally held. And, he added with a grin, Dyck had such strong ties to the G.O.P. that she alone was “worth six” of APCO’s Democratic lobbyists.

“What can I say?” Dyck crowed, throwing her arms out.

Turning to media strategy, Schumacher presented APCO’s broad review of the coverage. The bad news: almost all mentions of Turkmenistan were negative. On the upside, there wasn’t very much coverage to speak of. Now was the time to strike. Wasn’t he worried, I asked, that the Turkmen regime would be held to impossibly high human-rights standards? Schumacher sought to put my mind at ease. With any P.R. campaign there were bound to be “isolated incidents that look bad, and it’s up to the communications company to figure out a way to be honest about them, to react and to put them in proper perspective, to make sure they don’t derail the campaign.” On the other hand, he allowed that something “really terrible”—the words dangled in the air—would be hard to overcome.

There was also the nagging question of public disclosure. Yes, Schumacher said, APCO would have to register and The Maldon Group would need to provide some additional information at that time, but there was no need to lose sleep about that. “We live up to the spirit and letter of the law, but we would provide minimal information,” he said. “[We’d] say we’re working for The Maldon Group on behalf of the government and would file semiannual reports. And that’s it.”

But what if we get calls from journalists? I asked.

“If they call you,” Jones said with a big smile, “refer them to us.”

Later in the presentation, a slide revealed the proposed budget for APCO’s Turkmenistan operation: $40,000 per month, plus expenses (estimated at about 10 percent of fees), and more for any travel outside of Washington. Paid advertising and special events would cost extra, and Schumacher proposed that we set up a new website for the Turkmen Embassy in Washington, which would cost The Maldon Group another $35,000.44. This, admittedly, would be money well spent. The “Latest News” on the embassy’s current website dates to September 18, 2000, and includes one item about a phone conversation between the Turkmenbashi and the president of Uzbekistan and another that reads, “On virgin lands cotton is harvested with machines.” In total, getting out our message about a new and improved Turkmenistan would require about $600,000 over the first year.

...

How could we use think tanks and academics? I wondered. “I’m glad you asked,” Schumacher said with a chuckle. He flipped to the next slide, which discussed the fourth element of the campaign: “events.” One possibility, Downen said, would be to hold a forum on U.S.-Turkmen relations, preferably built around a visit to the United States by a Turkmen official. Possible hosts would include The Heritage Foundation, the Center for Strategic & International Studies, and the Council on Foreign Relations. “Last week I contacted a number of colleagues at think tanks,” Downen went on. “Some real experts could easily be engaged to sponsor or host a public forum or panel that would bring in congressional staff and journalists.” The only cost would be refreshments and room rental—Schumacher joked that APCO would bake the cookies to save The Maldon Group a little money—and could yield a tremendous payoff. “If we can get a paper published or a speech at a conference, we can get a friendly member of Congress to insert that in the Congressional Record and get that printed and send it out,” Schumacher said. “So you take one event and get it multiplied.”

===

<div class="h1">Lobbyists Offer Dictators a Door to D.C.</div>

Published: June 19, 2007

Foreign governments with poor records on human rights, democracy, and freedom of press still manage to find friends in high places in Washington. Ken Silverstein, Washington editor of Harper's Magazine, went undercover to find out just how far some lobbyists go to promote the interests of dictators.

Ken Silverstein, Washington editor, Harper's Magazine

<h3>TRANSCRIPT:</h3>

NEAL CONAN, host:

This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm Neal Conan in Washington.

</div>

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<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide</a> TASSC tobacco  Dole dow raytheon thames water

Apart from Philip Morris, APCO also received funding from Chevron, ExxonMobil (at least <a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=6">$30,000</a>), Dow Chemical, the National Pest Control Association, 3M, and numerous tobacco and oil companies. desmog

#4 in revenue

<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">APCO Worldwide</h1>

<h3 id="siteSub">From SourceWatch</h3>

This article is part of the <a title="Portal:Tobacco" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Portal:Tobacco">Tobacco portal</a> on Sourcewatch funded from 2006 - 2009 by the <a title="American Legacy Foundation" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Legacy_Foundation">American Legacy Foundation</a>. Help expose the truth about the <a title="Tobacco industry" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tobacco_industry">tobacco industry</a>.

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<table style=" width: 238px; margin: 1px; border: 3px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 254, 243);" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 45px; text-align: center; background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll rgb(255, 254, 243);"> </td><td style="padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; text-align: left;">This article is part of the Center for Media & Democracy's spotlight on <a title="Portal:Front groups" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Portal:Front_groups">front groups</a> and corporate spin.</td></tr></tbody></table>

</div>

APCO Worldwide was founded by the law firm of <a title="Arnold & Porter" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Arnold_%26_Porter">Arnold & Porter</a>, one of Washington D.C.'s largest law firms, also well known as a <a title="Tobacco industry" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tobacco_industry">tobacco industry</a> law firm. It was founded in 1984 by <a title="Margery Kraus" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Margery_Kraus">Margery Kraus</a> who served as its first president and chief executive officer. <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.apcoworldwide.com/content/bios/Kraus.cfm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.apcoworldwide.com/content/bios/Kraus.cfm">[1]</a>. APCO has offices and is headquartered in Washington D.C. and has offices in 24 locations in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa and employs 470 people. <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.odwyerspr.com/members/pr_firms_database/prda11a.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.odwyerspr.com/members/pr_firms_database/prda11a.htm">[2]</a>

"Core services include corporate, investor and internal communication, <a title="Crisis management" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Crisis_management">crisis management</a>, <a class="new" title="Issue management (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Issue_management&action=edit&redlink=1">issue management</a>, government relations, litigation communication, media relations, coalition building, opinion research, market entry, <a title="Corporate Social Responsibility" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Corporate_Social_Responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a> and online communication," it states on its website. The website calls the firm a "global communication consultancy" specializing in "influencing decisionmakers and shaping public opinion by crafting compelling messages and recruiting effective allies."<a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.apcoworldwide.com/content/services/index.cfm?id=8#coalition" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.apcoworldwide.com/content/services/index.cfm?id=8#coalition">[3]</a>

<h2>Contents</h2>

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<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#Helping_Kazakhstan_buy_academic_reports">1 Helping Kazakhstan buy academic reports</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#APCO_and_the_tobacco_industry">2 APCO and the tobacco industry</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#APCO_and_Tort_Reform">3 APCO and Tort Reform</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#Ownership">4 Ownership</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#History">5 History</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#Government_Interference_and_Manipulation">6 Government Interference and Manipulation</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#Honors">7 Honors</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#U.S._Government_PR_Contracts">8 U.S. Government PR Contracts</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#International_Clients">9 International Clients</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#Insight">10 Insight</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#Personnel">11 Personnel</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#Income_and_Employee_Totals">12 Income and Employee Totals</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#Clients">13 Clients</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#Contact_Information">14 Contact Information</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#References">15 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#SourceWatch_Resources">16 SourceWatch Resources</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#External_links">17 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>Helping Kazakhstan buy academic reports</h2>

In September 2008, it was revealed that the <a title="Kazakhstan" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> government had paid <a class="new" title="John Hopkins University (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=John_Hopkins_University&action=edit&redlink=1">John Hopkins University</a>'s <a class="new" title="Central Asia-Caucasus Institute (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Central_Asia-Caucasus_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1">Central Asia-Caucasus Institute</a> to author three reports about the country. The arrangement was brokered through APCO Worldwide, Kazakhstan's Washington DC lobbying firm. The Kazakh government paid $52,300 for reports titled "Kazakhstan's New Middle Class" and "Parliament and Political Parties in Kazakhstan." A third report, "Kazakhstan in its Neighborhood," was "also underwritten by the government," but lobbying reports that would disclose the amount paid for it are not yet available. The reports, issued by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute at Johns Hopkins, do not disclose the Kazakhstan funding. Institute director <a title="S. Frederick Starr" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=S._Frederick_Starr">S. Frederick Starr</a> said their "relationship was only with the lobbying firm and not directly with the government." He added that "the entire editorial process was 100 percent in our hands." The author of the third report, <a title="Hudson Institute" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Hudson_Institute">Hudson Institute</a> fellow <a class="new" title="Richard Weitz (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_Weitz&action=edit&redlink=1">Richard Weitz</a>, said, "It's an important topic so I would have written about it anyway." The Kazakhstan funding also required the Johns Hopkins Institute to sponsor "<a class="mw-redirect" title="Think tank" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Think_tank">think tank</a> discussions" on each report, "sponsored by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute." <a title="" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#cite_note-0">[1]</a>

<h2>APCO and the tobacco industry</h2>

<a class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Morris" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris">Philip Morris</a> hired APCO to organize the front group TASSC (<a title="The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Advancement_of_Sound_Science_Coalition">The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition</a>) in October, 1993 to help fight public health efforts to control <a title="Environmental Tobacco Smoke" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Tobacco_Smoke">Environmental Tobacco Smoke</a> that occurred in the wake of the <a title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a>'s ruling that <a title="Secondhand smoke" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Secondhand_smoke">secondhand tobacco smoke</a> was a Group A human carcinogen. APCO recommended that Philip Morris form a European TASSC group to: "Preempt unilateral action against the industry." <a class="external autonumber" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pqa35e00" rel="nofollow" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pqa35e00">[4]</a>

A 1993 memo written by <a title="Tom Hockaday" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tom_Hockaday">Tom Hockaday</a> of APCO Associates lists individuals that could be approached on behalf of Philip Morris to lend their names to pre-written, favorable-to-tobacco opinion-editorial pieces on the subject of <a title="Environmental Tobacco Smoke" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Tobacco_Smoke">Environmental Tobacco Smoke</a>. One of the people APCO considered approaching was <a class="new" title="Peter Samuel (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Peter_Samuel&action=edit&redlink=1">Peter Samuel</a>, whose qualifications included the fact that he had "developed a book proposal to address unsubstantiated scares including <a title="Alar and apples" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alar_and_apples">alar</a>, dioxin, DDT, ETS, <a title="Asbestos" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Asbestos">asbestos</a> and others." (Dioxin, the primary toxic component of Agent Orange, was found at Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York and was the basis for evacuations at Times Beach, Missouri. Asbestos, a toxin and known carcinogen, causes the lung disease asbestosis and a cancer of the pleura called mesothelioma. DDT, a dangerous pesticide that can persist in the environment for up to 15 years, was banned in the United states in 1972.)<a class="external autonumber" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bfn24e00" rel="nofollow" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bfn24e00">[5]</a>

<h2>APCO and Tort Reform</h2>

Philip Morris also hired APCO to manage a massive national effort aimed at altering the American judicial system to be more hostile towards product liability suits ("Tort Reform"). <a title="Tort reform" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tort_reform">Tort reform</a> was an internal corporate program of Philip Morris, who led other companies into the plan. According to a 1995 Philip Morris Tort Reform Budget, the industry paid APCO Associates almost $1 million in 1995 to implement behind-the-scenes tort reform efforts. APCO's job was to create chapters of "grassroots" citizens' groups called <a title="Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_Against_Lawsuit_Abuse">Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse</a> (CALAs).(2047648299/8307) The budget shows the tobacco industry alone budgeted $21.8 million to fund the tort reform effort in the single year of 1995.<a class="external autonumber" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/khu28d00" rel="nofollow" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/khu28d00">[6]</a>

<h2>Ownership</h2>

In September 2004 APCO announced that it had completed a management buyout by approximately 40 senior staff from its former owner <a class="new" title="Grey Global (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Grey_Global&action=edit&redlink=1">Grey Global</a>.<a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.prweek.com/news/news_story_free.cfm?ID=223385&site=3" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.prweek.com/news/news_story_free.cfm?ID=223385&site=3">[7]</a>

<h2>History</h2>

In an internal 1993 budget review document for the Philip Morris Group of companies, APCO Associates was penciled in for $500,000 as a "corporate affairs consultant." On behalf of the tobacco industry and other corporate clients, it has created a number of industry <a title="Front groups" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups">front groups</a>, including <a title="The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Advancement_of_Sound_Science_Coalition">The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition</a>, the <a title="American Tort Reform Association" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Tort_Reform_Association">American Tort Reform Association</a>, and many state and local branches of Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse, or CALAs, which are fake grassroots groups that agitate for <a title="Tort reform" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tort_reform">tort reform</a>.

A description accompanying PM's 1993 budget review says "APCO is a tort consultant to PMMC, a consultant on animal rights issues to PMMC (G. Knox) and an ETS consultant to PM USA (E Merlo). <a title="Neal Cohen" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Neal_Cohen">Neal Cohen</a> is the principal account executive on the PM Tort Project and has been in this position since at least 1988. Our tort contract with APCO currently has them assisting the PM family, national and state tort coalitions and other tort reform advocates with political, communications and grassroots strategies and related programs”.<a class="external autonumber" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wqq02a00" rel="nofollow" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wqq02a00">[8]</a>

<h2>Government Interference and Manipulation</h2>

APCO specializes in helping corporations advance their goals by manipulating legislators, and drafting and advancing model legislation and regulations. Key tools A&P uses include the creation of business coalitions and fake, corporate-funded "grassroots" groups tailored to specific issues. A 1995 APCO Associates pamphlet titled "Political Support Services" states,

<blockquote>APCO Associates, Inc. (APCO) specializes in grassroots organizing and coalition building. We use political campaign tactics to create an environment in support of our client's legislative and regulatory goals...We utilize the most effective, up-to-date technology and campaign tactics to help you achieve your legislative and regulatory goals...APCO has built numerous national and state coalitions on a variety of issues including the environment, science, energy, trade, intellectual property, education, tort reform and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Health care" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Health_care">health care</a>....APCO applies tactics usually reserved for political campaigns to target audiences and recruit third-party advocates. Our staff has the political field experience and has written the direct mail, managed the telephones, crafted the television commercials and trained the grassroots volunteers. We apply these hard-learned skills and tactics to mobilize hundreds, even thousands, of constituents. Or,when just the "grasstops" are needed, we recruit just a few of a target's key friends or contributors to join us. No matter the issue, we bring together coalitions that are credible, persuasive and cost-effective.</blockquote>

<h2>Honors</h2>

APCO was named 2003 International Agency of the Year by <a class="new" title="The Holmes Report (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Holmes_Report&action=edit&redlink=1">The Holmes Report</a>, a PR industry newsletter. In 2004, it was listed as one of the top PR firms by The Hill, a Washington, DC newspaper.

<h2>U.S. Government PR Contracts</h2>

According to the U.S. House Committee on Government Reform Minority Office, APCO received the following amounts per year, for federal PR contracts: <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.democrats.reform.house.gov/investigations.asp?Issue=Covert+Propaganda" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.democrats.reform.house.gov/investigations.asp?Issue=Covert+Propaganda">[10]</a>

<ul>

</ul>

<h2>International Clients</h2>

In July 2004, O'Dwyers PR Daily reported that APCO Worldwide had been hired by the Indonesian Ministry of Communication and Information on a six-month contract to promote stronger ties with the U.S. government. The Indonesia account is handled by <a class="new" title="Barry Schumacher (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Barry_Schumacher&action=edit&redlink=1">Barry Schumacher</a>, who told O'Dwyer's that after the Indonesian Presidential election on September 20, APCO would organise a tour of the country's leaders to Washington, D.C. <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.odwyerpr.com/members/0728apco_indonesia.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.odwyerpr.com/members/0728apco_indonesia.htm">[11]</a>

"The group will talk about diplomatic ties, democratic reform and cooperation on the terror front," O'Dwyers reported.

<h2>Insight</h2>

As part of a five-year research project, through its opinion research division, Insight, APCO carried out an extensive survey on <a title="Corporate Social Responsibility" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Corporate_Social_Responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a> (or CSR) in 2004. The survey, which included more than 400 "opinion elites" - members of the top 10 percent of society, with regard to media consumption, civic engagement, and interest in public policy issues - in 10 countries, found that people's consumption patterns are influenced by CSR efforts. "Positive CSR information has led 72% of the respondents to purchase a company's product or services and 61% to recommend the company to others. Conversely, negative CSR news has led 60% to a boycott a company's products and services," reported PR Week. <a class="external autonumber" title="http://prweek.com/news/news_story.cfm?ID=222038&site=3" rel="nofollow" href="http://prweek.com/news/news_story.cfm?ID=222038&site=3">[12]</a>

Based on its survey, APCO Insight Vice-President <a class="new" title="Chrystine Zacherau (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chrystine_Zacherau&action=edit&redlink=1">Chrystine Zacherau</a> suggested that companies "shape the opinion environment" by touting their own CSR efforts, "as opposed to fearing the impact of [negative] information from external organizations. ... Communicating about CSR does have positive effects for corporations," Zacherau stressed. However, the survey also found that "91 percent of respondents found CSR more credible when verified by a third-party such as a non-governmental organization or local government." <a class="external autonumber" title="http://prweek.com/news/news_story.cfm?ID=222038&site=3" rel="nofollow" href="http://prweek.com/news/news_story.cfm?ID=222038&site=3">[13]</a>

<h2>Personnel</h2>

<ul>

<li><a title="Alisa Harrison" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alisa_Harrison">Alisa Harrison</a> Vice President, former director of communications for the <a title="U.S. Department of Agriculture" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=U.S._Department_of_Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Donald Riegle (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Riegle&action=edit&redlink=1">Donald Riegle</a>, a former Democratic senator from Michigan</li>

<li><a class="new" title="Steve Solarz (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Steve_Solarz&action=edit&redlink=1">Steve Solarz</a>, a former Democratic congressman from New York</li>

<li><a class="new" title="Don Bonker (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Don_Bonker&action=edit&redlink=1">Don Bonker</a>, a former Democratic congressman from Washington state</li>

<li><a title="Mickey Edwards" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mickey_Edwards">Mickey Edwards</a>, a former Republican congressman from Oklahoma</li>

<li><a title="Peter Hannaford" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Peter_Hannaford">Peter Hannaford</a>, former public relations/ communications adviser to <a title="Ronald Reagan" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Chrystine Zacherau (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chrystine_Zacherau&action=edit&redlink=1">Chrystine Zacherau</a></li>

<li><a title="Sandra E. Taylor" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sandra_E._Taylor">Sandra E. Taylor</a>, on APCO Worldwide’s International Advisory Council; former senior vice president of corporate social responsibility for <a title="Starbucks" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Starbucks">Starbucks</a> <a title="" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#cite_note-1">[2]</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Income and Employee Totals</h2>

O'Dwyer's PR lists APCO as earning $81,844,117 in net fees in 2006, up 11% on the previous year. It notes the firm has 470 employees. <a title="" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#cite_note-2">[3]</a>

<a class="new" title="PR Week (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=PR_Week&action=edit&redlink=1">PR Week</a> ranked APCO Worldwide as the number four PR agency in the United States in 2008 (after <a class="mw-redirect" title="Edelman" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Edelman">Edelman</a>, <a title="Waggener Edstrom" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Waggener_Edstrom">Waggener Edstrom</a> and <a title="Ruder Finn" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ruder_Finn">Ruder Finn</a>, respectively), with 2007 revenue of $57,386,800, a 16% increase from the previous year's total revenue of $49,454,766. The ranking also notes its staff total of 243 (2006 total: 229), with $236,160 in revenue per employee.<a title="" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide#cite_note-3">[4]</a>

<h2>Clients</h2>

According to APCO its client list includes "clients include governments, corporations, industry associations and non-profit organizations. APCO also includes among its clients six of the top 10 companies on Fortune's Global 500," it states. <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.apcoworldwide.com/content/newsroom/press_releases/12_6_04.cfm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.apcoworldwide.com/content/newsroom/press_releases/12_6_04.cfm">[14]</a>

This client list includes both past and present clients and is compiled from selected clients listed on APCO's website, O'Dwyers PR Daily, Holmes Report and miscellaneous sources.

<ul>

<li><a class="new" title="Alaska Airlines (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alaska_Airlines&action=edit&redlink=1">Alaska Airlines</a></li>

<li><a title="American Tort Reform Association" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Tort_Reform_Association">American Tort Reform Association</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Association of Distributive Environmental Bodies (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Association_of_Distributive_Environmental_Bodies&action=edit&redlink=1">Association of Distributive Environmental Bodies</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Baxter Healthcare" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Baxter_Healthcare">Baxter Healthcare</a> Corporation</li>

<li><a title="British Airways" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=British_Airways">British Airways</a></li>

<li><a title="Business Software Alliance" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Business_Software_Alliance">Business Software Alliance</a> (BSA)</li>

<li><a class="new" title="British Entertainment and Discotheque Association (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=British_Entertainment_and_Discotheque_Association&action=edit&redlink=1">British Entertainment and Discotheque Association</a> (BEDA)</li>

<li><a class="new" title="Cable & Wireless (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cable_%26_Wireless&action=edit&redlink=1">Cable & Wireless</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="California Alliance for Energy & Economic Stability (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=California_Alliance_for_Energy_%26_Economic_Stability&action=edit&redlink=1">California Alliance for Energy & Economic Stability</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="California Building Industry Association (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=California_Building_Industry_Association&action=edit&redlink=1">California Building Industry Association</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="The California Endowment (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_California_Endowment&action=edit&redlink=1">The California Endowment</a></li>

<li><a title="Capital One" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Capital_One">Capital One</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="CGNU Insurance (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=CGNU_Insurance&action=edit&redlink=1">CGNU Insurance</a></li>

<li><a title="Coalition for the Modernization and Protection of America's Social Security" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_the_Modernization_and_Protection_of_America%27s_Social_Security">Coalition for the Modernization and Protection of America's Social Security</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Consumer Discount Campaign (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumer_Discount_Campaign&action=edit&redlink=1">Consumer Discount Campaign</a> in Germany</li>

<li><a title="Dow Corning" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Dow_Corning">Dow Corning</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Employers' Coalition on Medicare (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Employers%27_Coalition_on_Medicare&action=edit&redlink=1">Employers' Coalition on Medicare</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Futures Group Europe (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Futures_Group_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1">Futures Group Europe</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="GlobeXplorer (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=GlobeXplorer&action=edit&redlink=1">GlobeXplorer</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Global Business Leaders Alliance Against Counterfeiting (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Business_Leaders_Alliance_Against_Counterfeiting&action=edit&redlink=1">Global Business Leaders Alliance Against Counterfeiting</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Government of Canada (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1">Government of Canada</a></li>

<li>The government of <a title="Turkey" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Harrah's New Orleans Casino (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harrah%27s_New_Orleans_Casino&action=edit&redlink=1">Harrah's New Orleans Casino</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Immunex Corporation (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Immunex_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1">Immunex Corporation</a> - Novantrone</li>

<li><a class="new" title="International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Associations (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Federation_of_Pharmaceutical_Manufacturers%27_Associations&action=edit&redlink=1">International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Associations</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Indonesia's Ministry of Communication and Information (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Indonesia%27s_Ministry_of_Communication_and_Information&action=edit&redlink=1">Indonesia's Ministry of Communication and Information</a><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.odwyerpr.com/members/0728apco_indonesia.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.odwyerpr.com/members/0728apco_indonesia.htm">[15]</a></li>

<li><a title="Johnson & Johnson" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Johnson_%26_Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a></li>

<li><a title="Kazakhstan" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> - In October 2007, O'Dwyer's reported that APCO "has received a payment of $487,777 to cover work done here through the end of the year for the government of strongman Nursultan Nazarbayev. ... Kazakhstan is embroiled in a fight with western oil companies over the development of a field in the Caspian." <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.odwyerpr.com/members/1016apco_borat.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.odwyerpr.com/members/1016apco_borat.htm">[16]</a></li>

<li><a title="Lufthansa Airlines" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lufthansa_Airlines">Lufthansa Airlines</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Mercedes-Benz (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz&action=edit&redlink=1">Mercedes-Benz</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Merck Sharp & Dohme" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Merck_Sharp_%26_Dohme">Merck Sharp & Dohme</a></li>

<li><a title="Microsoft" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="National Association of Town Watch (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Town_Watch&action=edit&redlink=1">National Association of Town Watch</a> (NATW)</li>

<li><a class="new" title="New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=New_York_City_Department_of_Health_and_Mental_Hygiene&action=edit&redlink=1">New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene</a></li>

<li><a title="Nokia" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Nokia">Nokia</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Norilsk Nickel (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Norilsk_Nickel&action=edit&redlink=1">Norilsk Nickel</a></li>

<li><a title="Novartis" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Novartis">Novartis</a> Pharmaceuticals - Glivec</li>

<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pfizer" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Pfizer">Pfizer</a></li>

<li><a title="Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Pharmaceutical_Research_and_Manufacturers_of_America">Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Morris" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris">Philip Morris</a></li>

<li><a title="Procter & Gamble" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Procter_%26_Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> LLC</li>

<li><a title="Raytheon" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Raytheon">Raytheon</a></li>

<li><a title="Roche" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Roche">Roche</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="STERIS Corporation (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=STERIS_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1">STERIS Corporation</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Quality Brands Protection Committee (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Quality_Brands_Protection_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1">Quality Brands Protection Committee</a> (QBPC)</li>

<li><a class="new" title="The Restaurant Association (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Restaurant_Association&action=edit&redlink=1">The Restaurant Association</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sacramento_Area_Flood_Control_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1">Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency</a></li>

<li><a title="Thames Water" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Thames_Water">Thames Water</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Transport & General Workers Union (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Transport_%26_General_Workers_Union&action=edit&redlink=1">Transport & General Workers Union</a> (T&G)</li>

<li><a class="new" title="The Vaccine Fund (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Vaccine_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1">The Vaccine Fund</a></li>

<li><a title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a> (UKAEA)</li>

<li><a class="new" title="USCS International (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=USCS_International&action=edit&redlink=1">USCS International</a>, Inc.</li>

<li><a class="new" title="Washington Health Care Association (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Washington_Health_Care_Association&action=edit&redlink=1">Washington Health Care Association</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="World Wrestling Entertainment (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=World_Wrestling_Entertainment&action=edit&redlink=1">World Wrestling Entertainment</a>, Inc.</li>

<li><a class="new" title="WorldCom (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=WorldCom&action=edit&redlink=1">WorldCom</a>, Inc. <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.apcoworldwide.com/content/case-studies/index.cfm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.apcoworldwide.com/content/case-studies/index.cfm">[17]</a></li>

<li><a class="new" title="Yukos Oil (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Yukos_Oil&action=edit&redlink=1">Yukos Oil</a><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.odwyerspr.com/members/pr_firms_database/prda11a.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.odwyerspr.com/members/pr_firms_database/prda11a.htm">[18]</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

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temp page

<h2>APCO & Associates</h2>

</center>

This was the grassroots lobbying organisation owned by Arnold & Porter, the boardroom legal advisers to Philip Morris. APCO was converted from what was originally a real-estate company and placed directly under the tobacco company's control to perform surreptitious services in product liabilty projects ('tort reform') and 'junk-science' promotion (TASSC). It specialized in the promotion of grassroots lobbying, but in the late 1990s, it's operations began to be exposed. It it was then partly sold-off to Grey Advertising (GCI), and later still incorporated into the WPP global service conglomerate of advertising, PR, lobbying, and polling organisations.

<hr />

SUMMARY ONLY

Arnold & Porter created APCO (A&P Company) in 1984 initially to handle some of their real-estate deals, but when the real-estate business faded it became little more than a shell company. It was then dragged out of hibernation in 1989 when Philip Morris decided that it wanted some front-organisation to run faux-grassroots lobbying organisations (astroturfs) to attack science.

A coalition of poisoning & polluting industries had joined forces to fight against potential damages claims in product liability suits — especially punative damages — which could be in the multi-million dollar region for companies who had not taken care of their customers's health. They also wanted to limit the ability of plaintiffs to file class action suits since individual damage claims could always be won by litigation exhaustion (the corporation with the most money to pay lawyers always wins).

This corporate-lobbying movement became known as the "tort reform" program, and it was led by the National Manufacturer's Association which ran the American Tort Reform Association (ATRA) . There was also a more political group known as the Product Liability Coordination Committee (PLCC) which was backed by the Business RoundTable. The PLCC later became known as the TPLA (The Product Liability Alliance) and it was run by a Cromwell & Moring lawyer, Victor Schwartz, who worked closely with ATRA.

Also involved in product liability/tort-reform lobbying was the Manhattan Institute , founded by ex-CIA director William Casey, which, in 1986, had created the Project on Civil Justice Reform targeted specifically at journalists. It was funded initially by insurance companies, but the tobacco and other industries gave generously also.

Margery Kraus, a freelance lobbyist/PR who was involved with the CloseUp Foundation and did some work for RJ Reynolds was hired in to front APCO, and the new organisation successfully promoted itself as a genuine Washington public relations company. [Later she was award a Business Woman of the Year medal for 'founding' the company!] Initially, however, APCO was entirely under the control of Philip Morris and run by key US science-corruption executives, Ellen Merlo, Tom Borelli and Steve Parrish.

In 1992, ATRA's tort-reform efforts were suffering from internal disputes between the various corporations and trade-umbrella organisations. So Neal Cohen, a sports-writer, was hired in to take control of the tort-reform project for Phillip Morris, and not long after he took virtual control of ATRA itself. He revitalised the organisation (if a real organisation ever actually existed) by setting up numerous state-based astroturfs (run by local PR companies), which became known by the generic term CALAs ( Citizens Against Legal Abuse ).

These CALAs then lobbied their state governments to reduce product liability (especially punative) penalties, restrict the ability of consumers to utilise class-actions, and, in some States, to exclude tobacco-caused injuries from the State tort laws.

In the 1990s, a number of poisoning & polluting industries were also running 'sound science' projects (some through the Manhattan Institute) to have the courts and regulators limit the range of 'expert advice' available to them in matters of science. As part of this push APCO helped S Fred Singer and Gerhard Stohrer establish the infamous Science & Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) as a service organisation to a wider coalition of companies fighting legislation on climate change. [See Heidelberg Appeal]

Then in 1993 APCO hired Tom Hockaday to establish for Philip Morris, The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC) as its contribution to the P&P's junk-science project. This pseudo-organisation had an advisory board of tobacco lobbyists and science-for-sale entrepreneurs, but it managed to get thousands of gullible scientists to sign up as "members" by promoting its motherhood mantra of "We need 'junk-science' to be rejected, and only 'sound science' accepted in policy-making decisions and regulation." No one disputed this; but only a fool would accept corporate lobbyists and shills as the right people to determine whic science was junk and which was not..

The immedate aim was to have what purported to be a "grasroots society of scientists" to label the scientific findings and analytical techniques used by the EPA and OSHA (and also plaintiffs in product-liability lawsuits) as "junk" while promoting their own anti-regulatory science. This was largely pseudo-scientific research paid-for by the big corporations, and they wanted it labelled as "sound". The corporations had the advantage here; they had hundreds of well-known scientists on their payroll and corporate-approved research reports would automatically be published in their (often secretly-funded) 'peer-reviewed' journals,

This junk-science/sound-science push led eventually to the www.junkscience.com web pages run by (APCO staffer) Steve Milloy, and the www.overlawyered.com web pages run by Walter Olson (Manhattan Institute fellow) ... and many other offshoots run by Milloy and other lobbyists. These web sites also fed into thousands of secondary sites (mostly unconnected) which delighted in publishing urban-myths about ridiculous damages being paid out in American courts over frivolous (or just plain ridiculous) claims of personal damage. These urban myths became a global phemomena and became a staple for speech-making politicians in other countries. [See the Stella Awards on Google]

TASSC was so successful that PR company Burson-Marsteller proposed to Philip Morris that they should establish a European operation of the same kind (generally called 'Euro-TASSC') which would build on the success of the junk-science project and also on the climate-denial Heidelberg Appeal . However the operators of APCO saw this type of operation as their exclusive domain, and a turf war broke out between these two companies which was only settled when Phillip Morris shared the work out and they were forced to cooperate.

In the washout, both failed, and the Euro-TASSC job was passed over to the London-based Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA — run by tobacco lobbyist Lord Harris of High Cross). The IEA (which is linked to the Atlas Group of global think-tanks) then made available one their staffers, Roger Bate, to create and run the European Science & Environment Forum (ESEF) for the tobacco industry. Bate and his associates churned out a few pro-smoking/anti-WHO articles, but they don't seem to have done much else.

APCO also provided services to Philip Morris through Bonner Cohen, a part-time employee (shared between APCO and the EOP Group ) who ran the "EPA Watch" newsletter for Philip Morris (nominally controlled by Tom DeWeese at the American Policy Center ). This fortnightly rag had the job of constantly attacking the Environmental Protection Agency and the Clinton Administration.

Some of the EPA Watch material was written by Steve Milloy, and he and Cohen eventually went into partnership to "privatise' the TASSC operation, removing it from tobacco industry control (it had been passed temporarily to RJ Reynolds). After re-registering the organisation, they set about attracting funding from a wider sphere of poisoning & polluting industries. Later Tom Borelli from Philip Morris joined them.

Philip Morris relinquished full control of APCO in the mid 1990s, and Arnold & Porter sold off a considerable part of their share (but clearly not all) to Grey Advertising, then known as the GCI Group. Later Grey Advertising established the Grey Global Group as the parent company of all of Grey's communications properties (which include GCI Group and APCO). This conglomerate was then swallowed up by global communications giant, WPP , at a time when ex-Phillip Morris Chairman/CEO, Hamish Maxwell was briefly the Chairman of this international super conglomerate.

When Maxwell retired from WPP, APCO performed what they claimed was a "management buy-out" of the company. This separated it from the WPP group and established it once again as an 'independent PR company' with affiliates around the world ... still nominally run by Margery Kraus. It now has many ex-politicians and ex-corporate executive-lobbyists providing services, and is known as APCO Worldwide.

<hr />

NOTE Don't confuse:

<ul>

<li>In the 1950s there was a company with the APCO name which made cigarette vending machines, but it appears to have later become Continental APCO.</li>

<li>Also there is an APCO Petroleum</li>

<li>Another APCO made air valves for turbines.</li>

<li>The Total/APCO chain of stores was 700+ in number (Missouri)</li>

</ul>

[Some of these hot-links should work}

• <a href="http://sciencecorruption.com/ATN165/00472.html" class="side">Arnold & Porter</a>

• <a href="http://sciencecorruption.com/ATN166/00421.html" class="side">Burson Marsteller</a>

• <a href="http://sciencecorruption.com/ATN173/00178.html" class="side">Institute of Economic Affairs</a>

• <a href="http://sciencecorruption.com/ATN187/00109.html" class="side">WPP Group</a>

• <a href="http://sciencecorruption.com/ATN177/00809.html" class="side">Hamish Maxwell</a>

• <a href="http://sciencecorruption.com/ATN183/00747.html" class="side">Martin Sorrell</a>

• <a href="http://www.awpagesociety.com/site/about/margery_kraus">Margery Kraus</a>

<a href="http://sciencecorruption.com/ATN165/00391.html">http://sciencecorruption.com/ATN165/00391.html</a>

=

<h2>David O Zelkowitz    </h2>

</center>

<h3>(also listed as David R)</h3>

</center>

<span class="summary" style="color: rgb(34, 0, 0); text-indent: 3em; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Zelkowitz was a third-level Philip Morris USA executive with the title - Director of Issues Management from 1985. He was closely involved with the tort-reform scam, and became a member of the industry's Ad Hoc Tort-Reform Committee.

<font style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" color="red">PRELIMINARY MATERIAL ONLY<br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" />

Zelkowitz was German born, but spent most of his working life rising up through the ranks of Philip Morris in the USA — although he served a stint in Europe also.

He began working for the company as a Marketing Analyst in 1961, then moved across the International company as Area Research Manager in 1967.

He transferred to Philip Morris Europe (based in Lausanne, Switzerland) as Market Research Manager in 1969, then a few years later became Director, Headquarters/Marketing & Planning for the EEMA (Europe/Middle East/Africa Region),

In 1982, he transferred to the New York office as Director, Business Development for Philip Morris International. Shortly after he became Director of Issues Management for the PM Group, which put him in charge of many of the misinformation projects, etc.

<p class="dater" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">1966 Feb 25: He is conducting 'name tests' for Philip Morris proposed new cigarette line. <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fdf45d00" target="blank"><img src="/a8a4e2ed-2a79-50d9-b469-d7227480dcb0.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fdf45d00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/ef5fd78f-058f-5041-9b1d-5a3ac1993352.jpg"/></a>

1969: Transferred to Philip Morris Europe, based in Lausanne (also known as FTR). He is still involved in product testing and market development as Marketing Research Manager.

1972 Jan 28: He is promoted to Director of Marketing Services. He now reports to Walter Thoma (now VP and Chief Administrative Officer for Philip Morris Europe (PME) at Lausanne). <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mta85e00" target="blank"><img src="/7bd71008-f19a-53db-a7a1-a92ae950aa20.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mta85e00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/2b7f8041-0517-522a-ab48-e6d06d7ba66a.jpg"/></a>

1976 Oct 21: Mary Covington (who ran ICOSI) is ccing him with a memo on the proposal for a World Tobacco Symposium on Smoking & Health. This appears to be a reasonably genuine symposium (unlike many of the later ones). However he has clearly moved into the PM clique which engages in disinformation campaigns. He is probably valued for his psychology and polling background. <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dpl85e00" target="blank"><img src="/b2668fd3-160c-5e5a-8369-d3dcd1653a5a.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dpl85e00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/3b65586c-fb02-53fc-a626-c65e996af284.jpg"/></a>

1980 June 20: He is doing the calculations (with Bill Murray) to buy Rothmans International from Rupert (the owner of the South African Rembrant Group). They were anxious not to appear too keen. <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tuh19e00" target="blank"><img src="/1d6fd6d3-d11f-574c-9278-1cf4a3994f0c.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tuh19e00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/eca97b24-8da9-5337-84e8-fc56fcfc5886.jpg"/></a>

1984 Nov 18: He is obviously a friend and contact for David Henderson. Henderson was a high-ranking Republican Congressman who lobbied for the Tobacco Institute and also served as an aide to the Republican billionaire Richard Mellon Scaife. <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/iup14e00" target="blank"><img src="/6708fadc-84ed-57c1-a206-bbc3ba02d6db.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/iup14e00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/2afb3ac3-c44b-5b60-8d44-96d057f5aacb.jpg"/></a>

1985 Sep 5: He is on Corporate Affairs main memo list and receiving information on the anti-smoking societies. This is an indication that he is a key part of the industry activities trying to attack the credibility, budgets and motivations of these groups. <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rkb68e00" target="blank"><img src="/58e0471f-ac1d-5ddd-ae31-95b8331e309f.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rkb68e00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/16429dcc-fd3a-5dd6-9b77-8bd3234566f0.jpg"/></a>

1986: Director, Issues Management PMMC in New York

1987 June: He is now listed as Director Issues Management PMMC (the USA management group). This is a list of those Philip Morris executives (and a few outside consultants) attending a meeting on Operation Downunder. <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fuk85e00" target="blank"><img src="/2a152235-adbd-51a5-ac61-8045e4d605db.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fuk85e00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/18464a50-6c59-55ed-a4b6-3199b6ed2cca.jpg"/></a>

1987 Oct 6: Memo from Fred Newman and Zelkowitz on "Ohio product liability legislation" (figured in 2002 Geoff Bible deposition)

1988 Mar 8: He is being ccd by lawyer Jim Fyock who served also as Group Public Relations Director for RJ Reynolds.

Fred Seitz, the President Emeritus at Rockefeller University (also a RJ Reynolds Tobacco consultant) was trying to mediate between Walter O Spitzer (McGill University biostatistician) and Alvan Feinstein (Yale University epidemiologist) over a spurious study they were jointly doing for the tobacco industry. All three were long-term tobacco consultants, and they are putting together an international study on passive smoking for the industry to use as propaganda.<a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lwi61c00" target="blank"><img src="/52a336a4-6396-52d9-9406-b45ae3f68f96.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lwi61c00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/bf1b99be-c914-5377-a01d-70fa3492a61f.jpg"/></a>

[This study was separate from the McGill University ETS conference which came shortly after.] <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bcn87e00" target="blank"><img src="/1f529742-0ea4-52b9-9d01-ee98a7ae3ff1.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bcn87e00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/8339e1c1-7860-535c-ac6b-a5e21b3a67e3.jpg"/></a>

1988 Apr 7: In the planning for CEO Hamish Maxwell's speech to be made in Virginia, it is suggested that he should comment about the dangers of value-added taxes. Zelkowitz is clearly in charge of such matters matters for PM since they deal with 'Issues'.

<blockquote class="Q" style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 34, 34); font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">"This is a tax idea that's gaining momentum and one that can hurt PM and other companies; the Virginia forum would be a great place to try our views out Roy has extensive background material. Needs check with Zelkowitz. Could be part of a very useful, forward-looking campaign."</blockquote>

1988 Apr 12: He is on the list of members of the tobacco industry's Ad Hoc Committee on tort reform. <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rtg62b00" target="blank"><img src="/88360abb-3096-5b0b-8cd5-a779e505a1d9.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rtg62b00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/63e4254e-3bae-5fe5-87e8-27589c5d6699.jpg"/></a>

1988 Dec 13: Geoff Bible's Action plan for the Corporate Affairs Conference at Boca Raton. He is in the New York office with Whist, Webb Burrell, Harris, Nelson etc. He is now at the center of the PM conspiracy group. <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gmr80c00" target="blank"><img src="/1f4aceb3-795f-5b81-908d-e14aa3308e92.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gmr80c00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/a8439350-abc9-5e96-9a54-233ac154b802.jpg"/></a>

He is given the primary responsibility for an International Smokers Survey to "help us shape our communications program." Bible poses the question:

<blockquote class="Q" style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 34, 34); font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Do we want basic answers to help us shape our program or do we want "marketable research" ? We want both but one survey cannot achieve this . My sense is to conduct the basic research first for our internal purposes and then decide it we want to go further .

ACTION: To redefine the survey questionnaire to achieve exactly our aims.</blockquote>

1989 Jan 13: He is being copied on the draft legislation for the Texas product liability reform — supposedly prepared by a 'citizens grassroots' organisation named the Texas Civil Justice League — which was actually run by tobacco industry lobbyists Jack Dillard, Ralph Wayne and Karl Rove.

This draft legislation has been written by the C&B lawyers. It greatly weakened the ability of Texas citizens to sue for damages — and virtually removed their ability to pursue class-actions. In the first stage it was fostered by the Texan Lt Governor Bob Bullock, but it was finally pushed through by Governor Bush.

The names listed here are all part of the tobacco industry's Ad Hoc Committee on Tort Reform together with Joseph Bankoff, a tobacco lawyer from King & Spalding in Atlanta. <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zll33f00" target="blank"><img src="/0b2c5330-2e5a-5d94-8965-da6e14f958e5.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zll33f00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/3cee23c4-0817-5b87-ae72-474ffe2b90e8.jpg"/></a>

1989 Aug 4: memo on Texas tort reform efforts from Gullahorn (Aiken Gump Strauss) about the organisation and operation of Texan Civil Justice League (TCJL), where he figures along with Neal Cohen of APCO and Jack Quinn of Arnold & Porters (and the Clinton White House).

1990 Jul 13 - 15: Industry Planning Conference at The Greenbrier is being organised by Zelkowitz at PM (Vice President, Corporate Issues Management)

[His secretary is Tammy Reed - His wife is Suzy] <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ewi33b00" target="blank"><img src="/6dde5155-55ca-5d4c-973b-2dd6eb3287df.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ewi33b00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/9705c443-e1d1-5c6c-a0c7-ae15c5039fbf.jpg"/></a>

1990 Nov 5: In house lawyer Fred Newman has prepared a State tort reform project outline which will cost PM USA $3 million - mostly for lawyers fees. Currently PM USA is contributing 1/3 of the State tort-reform costs associated with Covington & Burling (obviously other companies fund the other 66%) and 100% of Arnold & Porters charges.

Bernie Robinson has taken lead in running the Texas tort-reform project (with Karl Rove and supported by George W Bush) and he is hoping that David Zelkowitz's Issues Division will pay APCO's (PR and grassroots CALA/ATRA) fees. <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/drq32c00" target="blank"><img src="/5259dbf4-acb8-51d3-9ff4-942ba5e48fdb.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/drq32c00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/7dfc4843-5a7b-52f0-bc56-0aef105d4c8a.jpg"/></a>

1996: In the case of the State of Texas vs the combined American tobacco industry he was listed as a "friend of tobacco" by Judge Folsom. <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zle76c00" target="blank"><img src="/16969bc8-a22f-5f87-a7cf-d4a1194d9b9e.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zle76c00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/fca698ee-8549-5a44-8c0a-c15a41bfc4e4.jpg"/></a>

1996: Book "Ashes to Ashes" implicates him in various industry scams (mistakenly listing him as an attorney) Page 688 refers to an Aug 4 1989 memo on Texas tort reform efforts, where he figures along with Neal Cohen of APCO and Jack Quinn of Arnold & Porters (and the Clinton White House). <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tsx56b00" target="blank"><img src="/93ccc049-4139-5d45-b8e9-16dd649fdebd.jpg"/></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tsx56b00/pdf" target="blank"><img src="/8de4de4b-5024-5819-b400-2a392a28e95e.jpg"/></a>