FRONTS

=10 21 api2bak desmog a bunch i'd never heard of=

RESEARCH SOURCES

PEOPLE FOR THE AMERICAN WAY:

<h1>After Citizens United: A Look into the Pro-Corporate Players in American Politics</h1>

<a href="http://www.pfaw.org/media-center/publications/after-citizens-united-look-into-the-pro-corporate-players-american-politic">http://www.pfaw.org/media-center/publications/after-citizens-united-look-into-the-pro-corporate-players-american-politic</a>

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searchable <a href="http://www.fightcleanenergysmears.org/behind_the_smears.cfm">http://www.fightcleanenergysmears.org/behind_the_smears.cfm</a>

Who’s Behind the Smears

Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth

American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity

American Council for Capital Formation

American Energy Alliance

American Enterprise Institute

Americans for Prosperity

American Legislative Exchange Council

American Solutions for Winning the Future

Atlas Economic Research Foundation

Capital Research Center

The Cato Institute

Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change

CO2isGreen

Coalition for Affordable American Energy

Competitive Enterprise Institute

Congress of Racial Equality

Energy Citizen

Fraser Institutes

FreedomWorks

Foundation for Research on Energy and Environment

Frontiers of Freedom

George C. Marshall Institute

The Heartland Institute

The Heritage Foundation

Independent Women's Forum

Institute for Energy Research

Koch Industries

Mackina Center for Public Policy

The Manhattan Institute

National Black Chamber of Commerce

National Center for Policy Analysis

National Center for Public Policy Research

Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy

Property and Environment Research Center

The Reason Foundation

The Tax Foundation

Texas Public Policy Foundation

U.S. Chamber of Commerce

Washington Legal Foundation

Young America's Foundation

<a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/alliance-for-energy-and-economic-growth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth</a> (AEEG) was created by the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=U.S.Chamber_of_Commerce" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">U. S. Chamber Of Commerce</a> and is led by a VIP list of companies that oppose clean energy and climate legislation. AEEG has organized numerous climate change "<a class="gray" href="http://www.yourenergyfuture.org/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">dialogues</a>" with state-level Chambers of Commerce, which typically include industry-sponsored economic impact studies which paint doom-and-gloom scenarios of massive job losses and higher energy costs (<a class="gray" href="http://www.accf.org/pdf/NAM/NorthCarolina.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">example here</a>), presentations that raise doubts about the science, and presentations on the difficulty of doing anything about global warming. <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/healthy_economic_growth_under.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Even these slanted studies actually show healthy economic growth under federal climate policy</a>, but these results are not presented to the public. For the real story on clean energy jobs check out NRDC economist Laurie Johnson’s <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ljohnson/acela_vs_comprehensive_climate.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">blog</a>.

<a id="ACCF" name="ACCF" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/american-council-for-capital-formation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">American Council For Capital Formation</a> (ACCF) has partnered twice with the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Manufacturers" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">National Association Of Manufacturers</a> to produce<a class="gray" href="http://www.accf.org/publications/126/accf-nam-study" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">and disseminate distorted economic analyses that overstate the costs of climate legislation</a> and which have been prominently featured at the <a class="gray" href="http://www.yourenergyfuture.org/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">US Chamber of Commerce-organized "forums"</a> on climate over the past year. The ACCF/NAM studies have been credibly <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ljohnson/namaccf_distorting_their_own_d.html" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">debunked more than once</a>. ACCF has been supported by a number of major corporate interests, including <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=77" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a>,<a class="gray" href="http://archive.corporateeurope.org/docs/ICCFsupporters.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Southern Co. and the American Petroleum Institute</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/4349" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">American Coalition For Clean Coal Electricity</a> (ACCCE) is the number one group representing Big Coal. Created through the renaming and merger of two former front groups, <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Americans_for_Balanced_Energy_Choices" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Americans For Balanced Energy Choices</a> (ABEC) and <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Energy_and_Economic_Development" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Center For Energy And Economic Development</a> (CEED), <a class="gray" href="http://www.cleancoalusa.org/docs/members/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ACCCE members and funders</a> include a number of companies directly and indirectly reliant upon coal as a major source of revenue. According to ACCCE’s <a class="gray" href="http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2008/521/799/2008-521799853-0595d582-9O.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">2008 tax return</a>, the group brought in $47 million in revenues, nearly 7 times what it reported the previous year. Coal companies and the nation's biggest railroad association accounted for <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/how_to_melt_glaciers_and_influ.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">fifty percent</a>of ACCCE’s budget in 2008.  ACCCE opposed the Waxman-Markey climate bill, and recently <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/duke_departs_coal_coalition_al.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Duke Energy left the group</a> because of its entrenched opposition to meaningful climate legislation. The organization's lobbying expenses in 2009 have been left murky by a revision of their disclosure report which removed more than $10 million from their reported expenditures on federal lobbying (see ACCCE's 2nd quarter 2009 reports <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/media/ACCCE%20original.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">before</a> and <a class="gray" href="http://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=dbad9acd-d8ed-476e-bda8-203326f56616" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">after</a>).

Already infamous for its campaign featuring animated <a class="gray" href="http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/JustOneThing/story?id=6444773&page=1" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">lumps of coal singing Christmas carols revised to tout coal's virtues</a>,ACCCE's most recent embarrassment has blown into a full-fledged scandal: <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/bonner-and-associates-long-and-undemocratic-history-astroturfing" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Bonner & Associates</a>, Washington DC's most famous 'astroturf' consulting firms, was forced to admit that it had produced and sent <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/accce-coal-lobby-drops-bonner-associates-over-forged-letters" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">forged letters</a> to members of Congress opposing clean energy and climate legislation, on behalf of ACCCE. The scandal has resulted in Rep. Edward Markey's House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming to <a class="gray" href="http://globalwarming.house.gov/mediacenter/pressreleases_2008?id=0146" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">investigate</a> ACCCE's campaign.

<a id="api" name="api" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a id="aee" name="aee" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a id="ier" name="ier" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a id="naom" name="naom" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a id="AEA" name="AEA" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Energy_Alliance" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">American Energy Alliance</a> (AEA) is a 501(c)4 political action group the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?search=national+association+of+manufacturers&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&fulltext=Search&fulltext=Search" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">National Association Of Manufacturers</a> and the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=11" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">American Petroleum Institute</a> <a class="gray" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978735-2,00.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">formed to fight the Clinton administration's</a> BTU tax proposal in 1993, and in recent years funded by<a class="gray" href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/secretmoney/2008/09/udall_radio_ad.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil and Koch Industries</a>. Now coupled with the 501(c) (3) <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Institute_for_Energy_Research" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Institute For Energy Research</a> and run by <a class="gray" href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/secretmoney/2008/09/udall_radio_ad.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Thomas Pyle</a>, (former aide to Republican Tom DeLay and former lobbyist for Koch Industries and the National Petrochemical and Refiners Association) veteran oil lobbyist. AEA has been active in the climate debate, from <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/who_are_these_guys_yet_more_po.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">running ads repeating false claims about the costs of climate legislation</a> to <a class="gray" href="http://wonkroom.thinkprogress.org/2009/08/22/dirty-energy-town-hall/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">trashing clean energy at town halls</a> around the US - this time <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/us_govt_debunks_spanish_study.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">using false claims about the dangers of clean energy jobs</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=AEI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">American Enterprise Institute</a> (AEI) has a <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=9" title="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">long track record</a> of distorting the science and solutions of climate change. Its<a class="gray" href="http://www.aei.org/ra/5" title="http://www.aei.org/ra/5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">arguments</a> tend to de-emphasize the environmental and economic risks of climate change, exaggerate the costs of addressing the problem and question the value of putting a policy in place at all, as this recent <a class="gray" href="http://www.aei.org/article/101050" title="http://www.aei.org/article/101050" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Wall Street Journal op-ed</a> by AEI fellow Steven Hayward. In 2007, the British newspaper <a class="gray" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/feb/02/frontpagenews.climatechange" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">The Guardian</a> reported that AEI was offering to pay scientists $10,000 to debunk global warming. AEI has received substantial funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a> and has received tobacco funding from <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=cuo83c00&fmt=gif&ref=results&title=PUBLIC%20POLICY%20GROUPS&bates=2065244019" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Philip Morris</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Legislative_Exchange_Council" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">American Legislative Exchange Council</a> (ALEC)  is <a class="gray" href="http://www.alec.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Energy_Publication" title="http://www.alec.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Energy_Publication" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">one-stop shopping</a> for elected officials interested in perusing the wares of an array of Koch-funded opposition organizations including <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Institute_for_Energy_Research" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Institute for Energy Research </a>, <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/american-council-for-capital-formation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">American Council For Capital Formation</a>,the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mercatus_Center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Mercatus Center</a> and other sources. ALEC publishes its own materials as well, including a <a class="gray" href="http://www.alec.org/am/pdf/energy/CCOverview.pdf" title="http://www.alec.org/am/pdf/energy/CCOverview.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">“Climate Change Overview for State Legislators”</a> which downplays the science and risks of global warming and exaggerates the costs of addressing it. The Overview was written by <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=1211" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Daniel Simmons</a>, who moved from ALEC to become the <a class="gray" href="http://wonkroom.thinkprogress.org/2009/08/22/dirty-energy-town-hall" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">American Energy Alliance’s </a> Director of State Affairs. ALEC<a id="aei" name="aei" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a id="pe" name="pe" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a id="aswf" name="aswf" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a> has received <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=10" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">funding</a> from ExxonMobil and has been associated with the <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu:8080/r/t/j/rtj27a00/Srtj27a00.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco industry</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://wonkroom.thinkprogress.org/2008/07/29/newt-aswf-billionaires" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">American Solutions for Winning the Future</a>, a 527 political organization chaired by <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Newt_Gingrich" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Newt Gingrich</a>, has been fighting clean energy for several years. <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Peabody_Energy" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Peabody Energy</a>, the world's largest coal company and one of the groups biggest backers, has <a class="gray" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/527s/527cmtedetail_contribs.php?ein=205457079&cycle=2008" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">contributed $250,000</a> in the most recent 2010 election cycle to support American Solutions' activities. The oil and gas company Devon Energy also contributed <a class="gray" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/527s/527cmtedetail_contribs.php?cycle=2010&ein=205457079" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">$250,000</a>, while Arch Coal, the utility American Electric Power and oil services company Plains Exploration and Production <a class="gray" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/527s/527cmtedetail_contribs.php?cycle=2010&ein=205457079" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">gave $100,000</a> each. Recently, <a class="gray" href="http://mediamattersaction.org/blog/201004290004" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Media Matters</a> reported the group tried to downplay the impact of the Gulf oil disaster oil by claiming natural oil leaks in the Gulf are greater than the blown oil well in the Gulf. But as the oil spews into the ocean at a rate many times higher than first estimated, no oil-whether man made or natural-is good for the ocean environment. The Gingrich group also has been attacking the American Power Act as a gas tax that would hurt the economy, a specious claim <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ljohnson/new_study_predicts_increased_e.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">debunked</a> by the recent economic report by the Peterson Institute. In 2009, American Solutions ran a <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/behind_the_wingnut_attacks_on.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">misleading TV advertisement</a> against the<a class="gray" href="http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-h2454/show" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">American Clean Energy and Security Act</a> shortly before it was passed by the US House in June, <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/behind_the_wingnut_attacks_on.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">organized an email-drive</a> targeting members of Congress and <a class="gray" href="http://www.americansolutions.com/take-action/2009/06/complete-the-5-for-5-stop-the-energy-tax-challenge.php" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">continues to collect signatures and mobilize</a> its followers to oppose clean energy and climate legislation.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Americans_for_Prosperity" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Americans for Prosperity</a> (AFP) is a <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/americans_for_prosperity_astro_1.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">front-group</a> founded and funded by members of the family that owns <a class="gray" href="http://www.polluterwatch.com/2010/02/polluters-charles-and-david-koch-admit-it-they-fund-front-groups-to-deny-climate-science" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Koch Industries</a>, one of the largest privately-held companies in the world, with $100 billion in sales and 70,000 employees. According to an extensive<a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">investigative report</a> by Greenpeace, AFP received more than $5 million from Koch family foundations from 2005-2008. In 2008, Koch Industries executive vp and board member the <a href="http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2008/521/527/2008-521527294-0551517d-9.pdf" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">David H. Koch</a> was listed as chairman of the <a href="http://www2.guidestar.org/organizations/52-1527294/americans-prosperity-foundation.aspx" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Americans for Prosperity Foundation</a>. Various members of the Koch family make up of the most consistent sources of <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-funding-anti-climate-agenda-and-now-democratic-senators" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">funding</a> of opposition to clean energy, including <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/americans-prosperity-history-research-background-funding" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">$1,000,000 to AFP in recent years</a>. Beginning in 2008, AFP organized Astroturf <a href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/2008_summer_of_no_love.html" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">"hot air balloon"</a> events to highlight their opposition to clean energy and climate legislation, a tactic they resumed in the <a href="http://www.americansforprosperity.org/082409-afp-takes-its-hot-air-balloon-tour-out-west-expose-hidden-energy-tax-hike-cap-and-trade-legis" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">summer</a> of 2009. They are continuing to fund <a href="http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/index.php/csw/details/americans_for_prosperity_distorting_climate_change" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">anti-climate change events</a> in 2010. This Astroturf campaign has been repeatedly exposed, including this item in the Wall Street Journal's <a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2009/08/17/astroturfing-the-climate-bill/" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">blog</a> Environmental Capital.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Americans_for_Tax_Reform" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Americans for Tax Reform</a> (ATR) <a class="gray" href="http://www.atr.org/index.php?search_term=global+warming&search_submit=1&button=" title="http://www.atr.org/index.php?search_term=global+warming&search_submit=1&button=" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">denies the science of global warming and opposes federal policies to address it.</a> ATR focused on costs and denial in their 2008 “<a class="gray" href="http://www.atr.org/pdf/2008/071508ot-cogdreport.pdf" title="http://www.atr.org/pdf/2008/071508ot-cogdreport.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Cost of Government</a>” report. <a id="caae" name="caae" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a>ATR is run by conservative Washington insider <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Grover_Norquist" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Grover Norquist</a>, who once wrote a <a class="gray" href="http://cei.org/gencon/027,03051.cfm" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">letter</a> along with the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/wiki/index.php/Deniers:Competitive_Enterprise_Institute(CEI)" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a> demanding that the Bush Administration withdraw its Climate Action Report 2002 posted on the EPA website because it was based on “junk science.” ATR has received funding from<a class="gray" href="http://exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=90" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a> and the <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu:8080/x/k/l/xkl95c00/Sxkl95c00.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco industry</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">APCO Asssociates, </a> now APCO Worldwide, was a PR agency that partnered with <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu:8080/w/q/q/wqq02a00/Swqq02a00.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Philip Morris</a> to develop grassroots and science front groups such as <a class="gray" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2045930493-0504.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition</a> (TASSC). It supported <a class="gray" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2045930493-0504.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco industry views</a> on regulation and other anti-regulatory efforts on topics such as <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/astroturf-the-only-grass-that-withstands-toxic-friends-of-science" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">global warming. </a> TASSC was headed by junk science king and climate science denier <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Steven_J._Milloy" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Steve Milloy</a>, who still is hosted on <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/will-fox-news-stop-peddling-junk-science" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Fox News</a> shows as a science expert on global warming.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/atlas-shrugs-exxon-launches-new-blitz-false-prophets" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Atlas Economic Research Foundation</a> has cosponsored <a class="gray" href="http://atlasnetwork.org/networknews/2009/01/15/atlas-cosponsors-heartland-ecent-on-climate-change/" title="http://atlasnetwork.org/networknews/2009/01/15/atlas-cosponsors-heartland-ecent-on-climate-change/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Heartland  Institute events</a> dedicated to the proposition that climate change is not a crisis and has <a class="gray" href="http://projects.newsobserver.com/tags/atlas_economic_research_foundation" title="http://projects.newsobserver.com/tags/atlas_economic_research_foundation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">supported organizations such as the John Locke Foundation</a>,  a group that has attacked efforts by state elected officials working on climate solutions with the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=104" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Alliance  for Climate Strategies</a>. Atlas has helped spawn dozens of conservative libertarian think tanks such as the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Manhattan Institute</a>. Atlas has received money from <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Atlas_Economic_Research_Foundation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Philip Morris</a> and <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=17" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Exxon</a>.

The <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_the_Study_of_Carbon_Dioxide_and_Global_Change" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change</a> is run by <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=14" title="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=14" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Sherwood Idso</a> and his sons <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=15" title="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=15" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Craig</a> and <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=16" title="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=16" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Keith</a>, long-time climate science deniers. The Center runs the science denial site <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=24" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">CO2 Science</a>. The group has worked with the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=88" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Greening Earth Society</a>, founded by the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Western_Fuels_Association" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Western Fuels Association</a>. It also has received funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=24" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a>.

Per its unapologetically Orwellian name, <a class="gray" href="http://www.co2isgreen.org/default.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">CO2isGreen</a> runs anti-climate/clean energy advertisements reflecting the strident climate science denial sentiments of the oil and coal executives who run it. H. Leighton Steward is chairman of CO2IsGreen.org and the related front group <a class="gray" href="http://www.plantsneedco2.org/default.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">PlantsNeedCO2.org</a>. Steward has worked at <a class="gray" href="http://www.samoversandshakers.com/guests/dr-h-leghton-steward/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Shell and Burlington Resources. He has chaired the U.S. Oil and Gas Association, the Natural Gas Supply Association, and the Louisiana Mid Continent Oil and Gas Association</a>. Steward currently serves on the board of <a class="gray" href="http://www.eogresources.com/about/board_off.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">the oil and gas company EOG Resources</a>. In 2001, Steward was <a class="gray" href="http://www.api.org/Newsroom/2007-goldmedal.cfm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">awarded</a> the American Petroleum Institute's Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement. <a class="gray" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/24/AR2009092404797.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">The Washington Post reports:</a> "Steward has joined forces with Corbin J. Robertson Jr., chief executive of and leading shareholder in Natural Resource Partners, a Houston-based owner of coal resources that lets other companies mine in return for royalties." <a class="gray" href="http://www.astrotruth.org/big-oil/co2-is-green/" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">According to Astrotruth.org:</a> "[Robertson] is the CEO of Natural Resources Partners L.P., which belongs to the <a class="gray" href="http://www.fightcleanenergysmears.org/behind_the_smears.cfm#ACCCE" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity</a>. ACCCE is a 'pro coal group' that is linked to at least thirteen fraudulent letters mailed to members of Congress purporting to be from seniors, veterans, African American, Latino and Women's organizations expressing opposition to ACES. In 2008, ACCCE spent at least $45 million on a clean coal advertising campaign, and during the first two quarters of 2009, ACCCE has spent over a million dollars in direct federal lobbying."

<a class="gray" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A46598-2000Jan28" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Coalition for Affordable American Energy</a> (CAAE) is a coalition of more than 180 trade associations sponsored by the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chamber_of_Commerce" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">U. S. Chamber of Commerce</a> and the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Manufacturers" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">National Association of Manufacturers</a>. CAAE is chiefly responsible for a <a class="gray" href="http://www.uschamber.com/publications/reports/090428_climateprovision.htm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">misleading study</a>projecting <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/industry-funded-study-predicts-economic-doom-obama-climate-proposal" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">job losses and increased energy costs</a>, under an Obama energy plan, and they won <a class="gray" href="http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2008/2008-08-12-092.asp" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">praise from President George W. Bush</a> for their support of offshore domestic oil drilling. CAAE was formed in 2008 to push for a <a class="gray" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/14/AR2008071402259.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">pro-oil drilling agenda</a> with industry heavyweights.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=20" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Capital Research Center</a> (CRC) runs the <a class="gray" href="http://www.capitalresearch.org/gw/index2.html" title="http://www.capitalresearch.org/gw/index2.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">GreenWatch.org</a> website collects information on non-profit environmental advocates, and is heavily biased against climate science.<a id="exxon" name="exxon" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a id="core" name="core" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a> CRC has taken funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=20" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Exxon</a> and <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Capital_Research_Center_and_the_tobacco_industry" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Philip Morris</a>.

The <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=21" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Cato Institute</a> tends to focus on <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/cato-institute-and-patrick-michaels-its-small-world-after-all" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">disputing the science</a> behind global warming and questioning the rationale for taking action. The organization’s 2009 <a class="gray" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb111/hb111-45.pdf" title="http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb111/hb111-45.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">“Handbook for Policymakers”</a> on global warming begins with the suggestions that Congress should “pass no legislation restricting emissions of carbon dioxide” and “inform the public about how little climate change would be prevented by proposed legislation.” <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/robert-l-bradley-jr" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Robert Bradley</a>, an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute, is also a founder and the CEO of the<a class="gray" href="http://www.fightcleanenergysmears.org/behind_the_smears.cfm#IER#IER" title="blocked::#IER" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Institute for Energy Research</a>. In 2007 the Cato Foundation gave <a class="gray" href="http://dynamodata.fdncenter.org/990_pdf_archive/237/237432162/237432162_200803_990.pdf" title="http://dynamodata.fdncenter.org/990_pdf_archive/237/237432162/237432162_200803_990.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">$120,000</a> to <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=New_Hope_Environmental_Services" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">New Hope Environmental Services</a>, a "an advocacy science consulting firm" founded and run by long-time climate science denier <a id="PatrickMichaels" name="PatrickMichaels" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=4" title="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=4" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Patrick J. Michaels</a>, who uses New Hope to public his World Climate Report, a sort of ongoing journal of denial of climate science. Michaels is also a senior fellow at the Cato Institute, which paid him <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels" title="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">$98,000</a> to write a book “The Satanic Gases” with fellow skeptic Robert Balling. Over the years, Michaels’ work has been <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels" title="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">financed by a number of coal and polluter interests</a>, including the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Western_Fuels_Association" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Western Fuels Association</a> and the<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Intermountain_Rural_Electric_Association" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Intermountain Rural Electric Association</a>. According to an <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">investigative report</a> by Greenpeace, Cato received family foundation grants from oil services giant <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Koch_Industries" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Koch Industries</a> worth $3,358,000 between 1997 and 2008.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=25" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">The Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow</a> (CFACT) is a major critic of climate science and helped organize a <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Copenhagen_Climate_Challenge" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">conference</a>during the UN climate negotiations in Copenhagen to dispute ongoing efforts to combat global warming. CFACT advisors include<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=4" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Patrick Michaels</a>, <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=12" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Michael Fumento</a> and <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/dennis-avery" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Dennis Avery</a>, major critical voices of climate change science. CFACT has been <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Committee_for_a_Constructive_Tomorrow" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">funded</a> by conservative foundations and <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=25" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Exxon</a>, among others.

The <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a> is one of the oldest conservative think tanks dating back to the Reagan years of the 1980s. It has also been closely involved in putting out misinformation about global warming, and stated a front group called the <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/myron-ebell" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Cooler Heads Coalition</a> in 1997, a group of conservative and fossil fuel funded organizations opposed to efforts to implement clean energy regulations and cut global CO2 emissions. CEI has been a major recipient of funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Exxon</a> and other oil companies. Last year, CEI was behind the <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/the_competitive_enterprise_ins.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">specious claim</a> that the government was hiding evidence that fighting global warming would cost more than it was saying publicly. CEI has also jumped on the hackergate bandwagon making <a class="gray" href="http://mediamatters.org/research/201003310031" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">outrageous claims</a> that the stolen emails were proof that global warming was a fraud. CEI was also a close ally of Philip Morris and has received <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">hundreds of thousands of dollars</a> in grants from Big Tobacco. <a class="gray" href="http://www.fightcleanenergysmears.org/pdfs/cei.pdf" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Read more</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Congress_of_Racial_Equality" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE) was founded in 1942 to champion civil rights. Its chairman and CEO is <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/roy-innis" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Roy Innis</a>, also on the board of the conservative <a class="gray" href="http://www.spinprofiles.org/index.php/Hudson_Institute" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Hudson Institute</a> which receives funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-inc" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Koch Industries</a>. Between 2003 and 2006, <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=111" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a>donated more than $275,000 to CORE, including for projects described as "Global Climate Change Environmental Outreach."CORE has focused on opposing clean energy and climate legislation by claiming it would <a class="gray" href="http://www.eenews.net/tv/transcript/838" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">raise energy prices disproportionately for minorities</a>. CORE's original founders have <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/congress-on-racial-equality-core" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">criticized the organization for "renting out" its reputation</a> to companies like ExxonMobil.<a id="free" name="free" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a id="ec" name="ec" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a>

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=93" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">The Cooler Heads Coalition</a> is a loose association of more than a dozen conservative climate skeptic groups and publishes the website <a class="gray" href="http://www.globalwarming.org/about" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">globalwarming.org.</a>  It was hosted and financed by the anti-regulatory group <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=93" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Consumer Alert</a> and is chaired by <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/myron-ebell" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Myron Ebell</a>, who directs the global warming and energy policy program at the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Energy_Citizens" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Energy Citizens</a> is a "grass roots" campaign against climate and energy legislation which has <a class="gray" href="http://www.grist.org/article/2009-08-21-energy-citizens-rallies-organized-by-industry-lobbyists" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">organized rallies</a> in the Midwest and South during the August Congressional recess. The <a class="gray" href="http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2009/08/12/2" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Energy Citizens coalition</a> includes business and industry groups and conservative advocacy organizations like <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=FreedomWorks" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Freedomworks</a>. Greenpeace USA recently exposed Energy Citizens' <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/GP%20API%20letter%20August%202009-1.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">funding ties to the oil industry</a>, including the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=11" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">American Petroleum Institute</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/fraser-institute-ipcc-london-report" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Fraser Institute</a>, a Canadian based anti-regulatory think tank, publishes in-depth critiques of climate science, including a <a class="gray" href="http://www.realclimate.org/FraserAnnotated.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">110-page report</a> attacking the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment <a class="gray" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">report</a>. The Institute also offers<a class="gray" href="http://www.fraserinstitute.org/researchandpublications/publications/6819.aspx" title="http://www.fraserinstitute.org/researchandpublications/publications/6819.aspx" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">lesson plans</a> and <a class="gray" href="http://www.fraserinstitute.org/newsandevents/news/5184.aspx" title="http://www.fraserinstitute.org/newsandevents/news/5184.aspx" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">educational materials</a> designed to encourage children to be skeptical of mainstream climate science<a id="da" name="da" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a>. TheFraser Institute has sought funding from the <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lbc53a99" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco industry</a> and has received funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=107" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freedomworks" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">FreedomWorks</a> is an Astroturf campaign organization run by <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Dick_Armey" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Dick Armey</a>, former Republican House Majority Leader and noted corporate lobbyist. In 2004 FreedomWorks merged with <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a>, a major advocacy group founded by oil services giant <a class="gray" href="http://www.polluterwatch.com/?s=koch" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Koch Industries</a> executive David Koch. Freedomworks has been a driving force behind the anti-healthcare, anti-tax,<a class="gray" href="http://thinkprogress.org/2009/04/14/lobbying-clients-teaparties/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">anti-clean energy opposition groups</a> showing up at town halls and rallies across the states, and it has asked its "grass roots activists" to send a <a class="gray" href="http://www.freedomworks.org/press-releases/help-us-stop-the-national-energy-tax" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">letter</a> to members of Congress. In 2009 Freedomworks joined the <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/4451" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Energy Citizens</a> coalition, which is funded in part by the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=11" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">American Petroleum Institute</a> and other organizations. <a class="gray" href="http://www.fightcleanenergysmears.org/pdfs/freedomworks.pdf" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Read More</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=35" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Frontiers of Freedom Foundation </a>(FF) was formed in 1996 by former Wyoming Senator Malcolm Wallop as an anti-regulatory <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frontiers_of_Freedom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">think tank</a>. It has hosted some 55 articles on its website focusing on <a class="gray" href="http://www.ff.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=13&Itemid=68" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">climate science denial</a> and high estimates of the cost of climate policy. Frontiers of Freedom reinforced the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tax_Foundation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Tax Foundation’s</a> characterization of cap-and-trade as a <a class="gray" href="http://www.ff.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=464" title="http://www.ff.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=464" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tax on the poor and middle class</a>. FF also <a class="gray" href="http://www.ff.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=451&Itemid=76" title="http://www.ff.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=451&Itemid=76" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">smears</a> climate science and spreads <a class="gray" href="http://www.ff.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=440&Itemid=76" title="http://www.ff.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=440&Itemid=76" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">climate disinformation</a>. FF has worked closely with and has been funded by the <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tjj68c00/pdf?search=%22frontiers%20of%20freedom%22" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco industry</a> and <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=35" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=FREE" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Foundation for Research on Energy and the Environment</a> (FREE) sponsors controversial seminars for federal judges that promote “free market environmentalism,” events that have been criticized for creating judicial conflicts of interest. FREE states it does not accept direct corporate support for its judicial seminars and only takes money from foundations whose founder is deceased (called dead-men foundations). A Koch <a class="gray" href="http://www.communityrights.org/TaintedJustice/Chap3.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">report</a> on its FREE funding raised questions about the accuracy of the disclosure.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=36" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">George C. Marshall Institute</a> produced a <a class="gray" href="http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=729" title="http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=729" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">“Cocktail Conversation Guide”</a> on with suggestions for denying the dangers of global warming in any “social setting.” The <a class="gray" href="http://www.spinprofiles.org/index.php/George_C_Marshall_Institute" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Marshall Institute</a> was originally established in the 1980s to promote President Reagan’s Star wars program but in recent years it has increasingly turned its attention to climate change. It has promoted climate skeptic<a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Patrick Michaels</a> books on its website and has received substantial funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=36" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a>. Its former chairman was <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/frederick-seitz-dead" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Frederick Seitz</a>, a climate skeptic and former tobacco consultant.

The <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=42" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Heritage Foundation</a> is a mainstay of misinformation and exaggeration when it comes to <a class="gray" href="http://www.heritage.org/Research/EnergyandEnvironment/cda0904.cfm" title="http://www.heritage.org/Research/EnergyandEnvironment/cda0904.cfm" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">climate</a> and <a class="gray" href="http://www.heritage.org/Research/tradeandeconomicfreedom/wm2408.cfm" title="http://www.heritage.org/Research/tradeandeconomicfreedom/wm2408.cfm" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">policy</a> issues. In the last couple of years, Heritage has <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/heritage_foundation_torturing.html" title="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/heritage_foundation_torturing.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">misinterpreted of the impacts of global warming on the US economy</a>, twisted news reports to justify scary claims about <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/heritage_foundation_fools_itse.html" title="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/heritage_foundation_fools_itse.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">‘climate taxes’</a>, <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ljohnson/a_heritage_of_shame.html" title="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ljohnson/a_heritage_of_shame.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">issued bad economic analyses and deceptive presentations</a>, and <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/astevenson/the_heritage_foundations_clima.html" title="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/astevenson/the_heritage_foundations_clima.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">released exaggerated claims about economic ruin</a> and impacts in the <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/slyutse/beyond_offsets_benefits_to_us.html" title="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/slyutse/beyond_offsets_benefits_to_us.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">agricultural sector</a> should Congress pass climate legislation. This is only a representative sample. The Heritage Foundation also teamed up with the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=115" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Institute for Energy Research</a> to promote the <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/credit_for_trying_spanish_stud.html" title="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/credit_for_trying_spanish_stud.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">widely debunked “Spanish” study.</a> Heritage has been funded by <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=42" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a> and <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Heritage_Foundation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco companies</a>. According to an <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">investigative report</a>by Greenpeace, oil services giant <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Koch_Industries" target="_blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Koch Industries</a> and its family foundations gave the Heritage Foundation grants worth $3,358,000 between 1997 and 2008

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Independent_Women%27s_Forum" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Independent Women’s Forum</a> (IWF) spread misinformation on climate science and touts the work of <a class="gray" href="http://www.iwf.org/news/show/20230.html" title="http://www.iwf.org/news/show/20230.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">climate deniers</a>. IWF is run by <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Nancy_Pfotenhauer" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Nancy Pfotenhauer</a> (formerly Nancy Mitchell), Koch Industries’ <a class="gray" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientlbs.php?year=2000&lname=Koch+Industries&id=" title="http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientlbs.php?year=2000&lname=Koch+Industries&id=" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">chief in-house lobbyist</a> from 1996 to 2001 when she left Koch to become the director of the IWF. In 2003, <a class="gray" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031119043957/http:/iwf.org/news/031028a.shtml" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20031119043957/http:/iwf.org/news/031028a.shtml" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">IWF affiliated itself </a> with <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Americans_For_Prosperity" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Americans for Prosperity</a>, which replaced <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=27" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a>. IWF is <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Independent_Women%27s_Forum" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">funded</a> primarily by conservative foundations.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=115" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Institute for Energy Research</a> is a partner organization to <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Energy_Alliance" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">American Energy Alliance</a> that employs the <a class="gray" href="http://www.americanenergyalliance.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=171&Itemid=144" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">same staff</a> and supports misinformation trashing clean energy. It supported and promoted the “<a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/credit_for_trying_spanish_stud.html" title="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/credit_for_trying_spanish_stud.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Spanish</a>” and “<a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/another_response_to_the_danish.html" title="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/another_response_to_the_danish.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Danish</a>” studies critical of clean energy jobs, both of which have been debunked by credible sources. IER also argues that efforts to curb global warming would <a class="gray" href="http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/global-warming/" title="http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/global-warming/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">accomplish little at too great a cost</a>, promotes <a class="gray" href="http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/cost-of-climate-change-policies/" title="http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/cost-of-climate-change-policies/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ACCF/NAM and Heritage Foundation studies</a> that exaggerate the costs of climate policy, and<a class="gray" href="http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2009/07/28/lost-in-translation/" title="http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2009/07/28/lost-in-translation/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">discourages U.S. leadership</a> on the international stage.  <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/robert-l-bradley-jr" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Robert Bradley</a>, a former Enron executive, is the CEO of IER and one of its founders. <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/who_are_these_guys_yet_more_po.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Thomas Pyle</a>, a former Koch and oil-industry lobbyist, is the President of IER and the American Energy Alliance, the 501c4 counterpart to IER.<a id="ifer" name="ifer" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a> One of IER's directors, Steven Hayward of the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">American Enterprise Institute</a>, was exposed in 2007 for attempting to <a class="gray" href="http://thinkprogress.org/2007/02/03/aei-letter/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">pay IPCC scientists</a> to criticize the IPCC's findings on climate science.IER has received funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=115" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Koch_Industries" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Koch Industries</a> the giant privately owned oil services company, is a major funder of climate change denial groups, funneling money to organizations opposed to climate change legislation through its foundations, the <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries/claude-r-lambe-foundation" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Claude R. Lambe Foundation</a>; the<a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries/charles-g-koch-foundation" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Charles G. Koch Foundation</a>; and the <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries/david-h-koch-foundation" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">David H. Koch Foundation</a>. According to a thorough <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">investigative report</a> released by Greenpeace, Koch foundations have doled out more than $48 million to group to promote its pro-oil agenda. These include the<a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries/mercatus-center" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Mercatus Center</a> (1997-2008: $9,874,500), <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries/americans-for-prosperity-found" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Americans for Prosperity Foundation (AFP)</a> ($5,176,500 from 2005-2008), <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries/the-heritage-foundation" target="blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">The Heritage Foundation</a> (grants worth $3,358,000 between 1997 and 2008), and the <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries/cato-institute" target="_blank" a="" class="gray" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Cato Institute</a> (foundation grants of $5,278,400 between 1997 and 2008).

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=50" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Mackinac Center For Public Policy</a> is a large conservative think tank in Michigan that spreads climate change <a class="gray" href="http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx?ID=8512" title="http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx?ID=8512" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">denials</a> and<a class="gray" href="http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx?ID=9472" title="http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx?ID=9472" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">smears</a> prominent climate policy consultants. It has received funding from <a class="gray" href="http://exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=50" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil.</a>

<a id="MI" name="MI" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a>The <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=51" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Manhattan Institute</a>, founded by former CIA Chief William Casey,  publishes <a class="gray" href="http://www.manhattan-institute.org/energymyths/myth10.htm" title="http://www.manhattan-institute.org/energymyths/myth10.htm" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">climate science denials</a> and has hosted <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/disingenuous-environmentalist-offers-solution-no-funding-model" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Bjorn Lomborg</a>, a favorite of climate deniers, in the last several years. The Manhattan Institute has received funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=51" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a> and from <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hsx14d00/pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco companies</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=55" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">National Center For Policy Analysis</a> (NCPA) disseminates <a class="gray" href="http://www.nationalcenter.org/Kyoto.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">climate science denials</a> and exaggerates the economic costs of mitigation. NCPA is an <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Policy_Analysis" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">anti-regulatory think tank</a> that has attacked efforts to combat global warming. It was caught up in the web around convicted Washington lobbyist <a class="gray" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/24/AR2006062401080.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Jack Abramoff</a>, who used the organization as part of a scheme to defraud Indian tribes. The Center also has received <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu:8080/z/o/o/zoo67c00/Szoo67c00.pdf" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco funding </a> from Philip Morris, as well oil companies such as <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=59" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil.</a>

<a id="NCPP" name="NCPP" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a>The <a class="gray" href="http://www.nationalcenter.org/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">National Center For Public Policy Research</a> is an anti-regulatory think tank that has attacked efforts to <a class="gray" href="http://www.nationalcenter.org/Kyoto.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">combat global warming</a>. It was caught up in the web around convicted Washington lobbyist <a class="gray" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/24/AR2006062401080.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Jack Abramoff</a>, who used the organization as part of a scheme to defraud Indian tribes. The Center also has received <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu:8080/z/o/o/zoo67c00/Szoo67c00.pdf" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco funding </a> from Philip Morris, as well oil companies such as<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=59" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Exxon.</a>

<a id="PRIPP" name="PRIPP" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </a><a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Pacific_Research_Institute_for_Public_Policy" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy</a> (PRIPP), based in San Francisco, supported and funded <a class="gray" href="http://www.aconvenientfiction.com/" title="http://www.aconvenientfiction.com/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">An Inconvenient Truth…or Convenient Fiction</a>, a film attacking the science of global warming and intended as a rebuttal to former Vice-President Al Gore’s documentary. The film was produced by PRIPP Senior Fellow <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=46" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Steven Hayward</a> and <a class="gray" href="http://www.heritage.org/press/events/ev041807a.cfm" title="http://www.heritage.org/press/events/ev041807a.cfm" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">promoted</a> by the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=42" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Heritage Foundation</a>. PRIPPhas received funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=61" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a> and from the <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cee34e00/pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco industry</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=62" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Property And Environment Research Center</a> (PERC) is a private property rights think tank based in Bozeman, MT. It touts the<a class="gray" href="http://www.perc.org/articles/article906.php" title="http://www.perc.org/articles/article906.php" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">economic benefits</a> to American farmers as a reason not to act against climate change. PERC has been a part of the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cooler_Heads_Coalition" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Cooler Heads Coalition</a> and has taken funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=62" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobi</a>l.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=113" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">National Black Chamber Of Commerce</a> (NBCC) and its president <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=1094" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Harry C. Alford</a> have vigorously opposed  H.R. 2454, participating in <a class="gray" href="http://www.nationalbcc.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=814:houston-chronicle-3500-people-rally-against-the-climate-change-bill-in-downtown-houston&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=7" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">rallies</a> and <a class="gray" href="http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=3f34f593-8c87-46f2-bba7-f622481ecfb2" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">testifying before Congress</a>. In a recent Senate hearing, Alford recently called Environment and Public Works Committee Chairwoman Barbara Boxer a <a class="gray" href="http://climateprogress.org/2009/07/17/black-chamber-of-commerce-ceo-alford-calls-barbara-boxer-a-racist-stop-future-hurricane-katrinas/" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">racist</a> for her comments about NAACP's support of the climate change legislation. NBCC has received funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=113" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a> and the <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu:8080/f/i/r/fir86d00/Sfir86d00.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco industry.</a>

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=65" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Science And Environmental Policy Project</a> (SEPP) was founded by <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=S._Fred_Singer" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Fred Singer</a>, a leading climate science skeptic, and was originally associated with the Unification Church. Singer, who also worked with the <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/no-apology-is-owed-dr-s-fred-singer-and-none-will-be-forthcoming" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco industry</a>, worked closely with a variety of climate skeptic groups, including the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=21" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Cato Institute</a>, <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a> and the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=42" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Heritage Foundation</a>. SEPPreceived funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=65" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.spinprofiles.org/index.php/Reason_Foundation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">The Reason Foundation</a>, publisher of Reason Magazine, promotes the tenets of <a class="gray" href="http://reason.org/news/show/1003118.html" title="http://reason.org/news/show/1003118.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">“Free Market Environmentalism (FME)”</a> to argue that those who suffer from the effects of global warming have little legal or moral claim for compensation from GHG emitters. TheReason Foundation received funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=63" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a> and the <a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tsa90b00/pdf?search=%22reason%20foundation%20pm%20funding%22" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco industry.</a>

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tax_Foundation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">The Tax Foundation </a> <a class="gray" href="http://www.taxfoundation.org/news/show/25104.html" title="http://www.taxfoundation.org/news/show/25104.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">opposed ACESA</a> and issued a <a class="gray" href="http://www.taxfoundation.org/publications/show/24472.html" title="http://www.taxfoundation.org/publications/show/24472.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">study</a> on the costs of cap and trade legislation. <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wayne_Gable" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Wayne Gable</a>, a former Managing Director of Federal Affairs at Koch Industries, served as president of the Tax Foundation from 1989-1991.  He is now on the <a class="gray" href="http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/board/feed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">board</a> of the <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=115" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Institute For Energy Research</a>. The Tax Foundation has received funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/files/gcr_contributions_public_policy08.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Texas Public Policy Foundation</a> (TPPF) fellows recently wrote on <a class="gray" href="http://www.texaspolicy.com/commentaries_single.php?report_id=2771" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">why reducing global warming pollution won't work</a> and the<a class="gray" href="http://www.texaspolicy.com/commentaries_single.php?report_id=2768" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">devastating impact the American Clean Energy and Security Act would have</a> on all aspects of American life. It has received <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">funding</a>from conservative foundations and <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=68" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Exxon.</a>

The <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=U.S.Chamber_of_Commerce" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">US Chamber Of Commerce</a> (The Chamber) wouldn't ordinarily make a list of front groups since in general it is what it claims: a representative of business interests. However, in the case of the climate debate, The Chamber presents the positions of three of America's biggest coal producers as representative of the entire body, a misrepresentation that some members have<a class="gray" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0509/22101.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">complained</a> about. In fact, <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/the_us_chambers_fringe_climate_1.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">nineteen of The Chamber's board members</a> support federal policy on climate, while only four—including those three coal companies—oppose it. <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/climate_scopes_trial_the_chamb.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">The Chamber's calls to hold a “Scopes Monkey” trial on global warming science</a> evidence that the body has chosen to present the views of a few coal companies as representing US business in general. This <a class="gray" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/are_chamber_of_commerce_presid.html" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">analysis</a> connects the dots between Union Pacific Railroad and its support for UP Director and Chamber President Tom Donohue, dirty coal and The Chamber's anti-climate legislation stance. The Chamber spent <a class="gray" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/08/nation/la-na-chamber9-2010mar09" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">$144 million</a> on lobbying in 2009, a 60% increase from 2008.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=69" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">The Washington Legal Foundation</a> (WLF) publishes articles on the business threats posed by regulation of global warming pollution, such as vulnerability to tort claims. WLF is <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Washington_Legal_Foundation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">funded</a> by conservative foundations and has received funding from the<a class="gray" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu:8080/g/b/u/gbu94b00/Sgbu94b00.pdf" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">tobacco industry</a> and has received money from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=69" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Exxon</a>.

<a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Young_America%27s_Foundation" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Young America’s Foundation</a> (YAF)  publishes climate-denial creeds and <a class="gray" href="http://www.yaf.org/SpeakerDetails.aspx?id=279&terms=climate" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">promotes</a> prominent climate-denier <a class="gray" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/chris-horner" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Chris Horner</a>, a senior fellow at the <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: capitalize;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a> which has received funding from <a class="gray" href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">ExxonMobil.</a>  Horner is author of “The Politically Incorrect Guide to Global Warming and Environmentalism,” and “A Field Guide to Climate Criminals.” YAF President<a class="gray" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,686064,00.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Ron Robinson </a> is a director of <a class="gray" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_United" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Citizens United</a> and of the <a class="gray" href="http://exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=133" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">American Conservative Union</a>, which have been skeptical of climate change.

=<div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">=</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">wow api a whole bunch:</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">
</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">food & ww</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/insight/who-supports-fracking">
</a></div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/insight/who-supports-fracking">http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/insight/who-supports-fracking</a></div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">
</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"><div class="u-smallText" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">11.21.14</div><div class="u-smallText" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="authors" style="box-sizing: border-box;">By Alison Grass</div></div>The science is in: climate change is a threat, and fracking worsens climate change. Fracking also brings many other well-documented problems, including water contamination, air pollution and adverse health effects. Clean, safe energy solutions are available, such as wind and solar power, energy efficiency technologies and conservation policies. To harness these solutions, we must remake the U.S. energy system -- but the oil and gas industry stands in the way.The oil and gas industry has captured U.S. energy policy. To see that U.S. energy policy continues to serve the industry’s bottom line, it has erected a huge money machine to push a pro-fracking agenda at all levels of government. Whether it’s lobbying the halls of Congress or spreading misinformation in the media, the following groups are helping the oil and gas industry manipulate public opinion so it can continue drilling and fracking for fossil fuels. Here is our list of some of the main players helping to push fracking on the American public.<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 52px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Trade Associations</h2><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">America's Natural Gas Alliance (ANGA)</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">ANGA was formed in 2009 by a group of 27 independent natural gas companies to lobby for an industry-friendly climate bill.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">ANGA “… <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://anga.us/about-us#.VAdb4GRdX7E" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">works</a> with industry, government and customer stakeholders to promote increased demand for and continued availability of our nation’s abundant natural gas resource … ”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">ANGA lobbies for natural gas interests and spends millions of dollars on advertising and public relations aimed at convincing people to carry out its agenda.<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">ANGA spent <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2009/07/30/30climatewire-stream-of-new-lobbying-money-helped-climate-61474.html?pagewanted=all" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">$300,000</a> on lobbying in the early stages of the failed climate bill in 2009, to push for natural gas incentives.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In 2012, ANGA gave $50,000 to a group called Longmont Taxpayers for Common Sense, the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2012/10/24/big-oil-weighs-in-big-in-longmont.html?page=all" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">largest donation</a> to help keep a local fracking ban off of the ballot in Longmont, Colorado.</li></ul></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In one of its most egregious public relations stunts, which can be seen in its 2012 IRS 990 form, ANGA gave $1 million to help fund “<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://blog.littlesis.org/2012/06/13/fracking-industrys-answer-to-gasland-devised-by-astroturf-lobbying-group-and-political-ad-agency/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Truthland</a>,” a short film devised by the oil and gas industry to respond to the 2010 documentary “Gasland.”</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">American Gas Association (AGA)</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">AGA is a natural gas utility trade association that advocates for the use of natural gas and “represents companies delivering natural gas to consumers …”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">AGA’s president and CEO, Dave McCurdy, is a former Democratic congressman from Oklahoma. Among McCurdy’s <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.pipelineandgasjournal.com/dave-mccurdy-brings-strong-credentials-aga" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">priorities</a> at AGA is to expand the use of natural gas for transportation, so as to serve the AGA membership’s interests in increasing demand for natural gas.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">AGA is credited with positioning natural gas as a “<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/01/24/407765/natural-gas-is-a-bridge-to-nowhere-price-for-global-warming-pollution/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">bridge fuel</a>” decades ago. This positioning has allowed natural gas to be viewed as part of the solution to climate change, but climate pollution stemming from natural gas dependence is a major threat.</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px;">American Petroleum Institute (API)</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">API is “the only national trade association that represents all aspects of America’s oil and gas industry.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">API uses its financial power to back <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.thenation.com/blog/171529/saudi-led-oil-lobby-group-financed-2012-dark-money-attack-ads" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">several</a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.republicreport.org/2012/coalition-for-american-jobs/" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">dark money groups</a>, including the Coalition for American Jobs, a 501(c)(6) group, which was set up by API lobbyists and is also supported by the chemical industry to air political ads for supportive candidates.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">Since 2008, API has been led by its president, oil <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.opensecrets.org/revolving/rev_summary.php?id=12412" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">lobbyist</a> Jack Gerard. Under Gerard’s leadership, API has invested heavily in public relations campaigns, like its <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.energyandpolicy.org/american_petroleum_institute_s_vote_4_energy_campaign" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Vote4Energy </a>advertisements that inundated televisions during the 2012 presidential election.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">According to the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/01/15/16596/who-needs-lobbyists-see-what-big-business-spends-win-american-minds" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Center for Public Integrity</a>, in 2012 API spent $85.5 million to four PR and advertising firms including $51.9 million to just one firm—Edelman, which calls itself “the world’s largest public relations firm.” The API is Edelman’s biggest client.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">A bulk of API’s <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/jack-gerard-the-force-majeure-behind-big-oil/2012/04/06/gIQA1hjC0S_story.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">advertising</a> and lobbying is done under names of its front groups: Energy Nation, Energy Citizens, EnergyTomorrow and America’s Energy Forum.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">API’s front groups aggressively employ <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/GP%20API%20letter%20August%202009-1.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">astroturf campaigns</a> to give the appearance of grassroots support by organizing rallies and spreading misinformation to promote its agenda.</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Independent Petroleum Association of America (IPAA)</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">IPAA is a national trade association that represents companies focused on exploration and production of oil and natural gas.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">IPAA is responsible for creating Energy In Depth (EID), an industry-biased media outlet designed to respond to hydraulic fracturing criticism.<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In 2011, DeSmogBlog revealed an IPAA <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/HFUnderFire.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">leaked memo</a> from 2009 that stated: “For months, IPAA’s government relations and communications teams have been working around-the-clock on a new industry-wide campaign — known as “Energy In Depth (<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.energyindepth.org/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">energyindepth.org</a>) — to combat new environmental regulations, especially with regard to hydraulic fracturing.”</li></ul></li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Marcellus Shale Coalition (MSC)</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The MSC is a trade association working to promote drilling and fracking for shale gas from the Marcellus and Utica shale formations.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The MSC comprises a large number of companies and law firms with stakes in expanded drilling and fracking for natural gas in the region, and across the country.<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">One of the MSC’s associate members, Aqua America, the second largest U.S. investor-owned water company, sells water to shale drillers.</li></ul></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The MSC’s <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://marcelluscoalition.org/about/executive-committee/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Executive Board</a> is run by industry employees from Range Resources, Williams, XTO Energy, CONSOL Energy, EOG Resources and numerous other companies profiting from fracking.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The group spends big money on public relations initiatives, has funded <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://blog.littlesis.org/2012/06/13/frackademics-timothy-considine-analyst-or-advocate/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">industry-biased</a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20140512/NEWS04/405120303" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">fracking studies</a> and has given money to colleges.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Many of Pennsylvania’s elected officials, regulators, lobbying groups and law firms have direct ties to the natural gas industry and the MSC.<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">For example, in 2010, the MSC brought on former <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.prwatch.org/news/2010/08/9321/tom-ridge-joins-marcellus-shale-coalitions-natural-gas-gold-rush" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Department of Homeland Security Secretary</a> and <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://marcelluscoalition.org/2011/07/update-on-the-msc-gov-ridge-partnership/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Pennsylvania Governor </a>Tom Ridge for a year as a strategic adviser under a $900,000 contract, shared by his two consulting firms.</li></ul></li></ul><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 52px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Astroturf Campaigns and Front Groups</h2><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">American Clean Skies Foundation (ACSF)</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">While ACSF benignly describes itself as “an independent nonprofit working for cleaner energy in the U.S. transportation and power sectors,” it is, at best, an astroturf group that works to advance the natural gas industry.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">ACSF was co-founded in <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.cleanskies.org/about/" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">2007</a> by Aubrey McClendon, the former Chesapeake Energy CEO who was <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/09/us-eig-chesapeake-mcclendon-idUSBRE8471H020120509" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">stripped of his chairmanship</a> in 2012 after it was revealed that major financial backers of Chesapeake issued personal loans to McClendon in order for him to take personal stakes in the company’s wells.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">Although McClendon stepped down from the ACSF board in 2013, its <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.cleanskies.org/about/board-bios/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">leadership</a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=145507916&ticker=TEXC" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">still</a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.phillipsmurrah.com/attorneys/jim-roth" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">has</a> ties to oil and gas industry interests.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">One way that ACSF exerts its influence is through its financial backing of academic studies — funding so-called “<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://public-accountability.org/wp-content/uploads/industry_partner_or_industry_puppet.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">frackademia</a>” — such as the high-profile 2011 MIT study, The Future of Natural Gas, led by Ernest Moniz, now U.S. Secretary of Energy.<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In 2011, before the report was released, Moniz was appointed to a profitable position on the Board of Directors of ICF International, a consulting firm with strong ties to the oil and gas industry.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Moniz also served on the NGP Energy Technology Partners advisory board for several years (although it is unclear whether or not he was compensated), in addition to his many other professional <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.propublica.org/article/wealth-of-business-connections-ernest-moniz" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">ties</a> to the energy sector.</li></ul></li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">America's Energy Forum</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">America’s Energy Forum, launched in 2008 by the American Petroleum Institute (API), is a lobbying group.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In a presentation by API, the target audience of America’s Energy Forum is described as: “Politically influential third parties — 'grasstops' — including ‘political family’ members of local, state, federal lawmakers and federal candidates.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">API says that the mission of America’s Energy Forum is to: “Orchestrate new public policy outcomes for the industry by surrounding lawmakers with the most politically persuasive grass-top constituents supporting energy issues.”<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">For <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20140127/ARTICLES/140129695?tc=ar" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">an example</a> of how the group operates, in early 2014 America’s Energy Forum managed to write, and have a North Carolina mayor sign, a letter of support for oil exploration off the state’s coast.</li></ul></li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Big Green Radicals</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">On March 6, 2014, Big Green Radicals, an industry front group, launched an attack on Food & Water Watch, and two other activist groups, with a <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.biggreenradicals.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/BGR-WSJ-Ad.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">full-page ad</a> in The Wall Street Journal, a <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRzVnPuZT8Q&feature=youtu.be" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">90-second commercial</a> online and a website calling us a “big green radical.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Big Green Radicals is led by PR flack/lobbyist <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://bermanexposed.org/" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Rick Berman</a>, a man nicknamed “ <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://bermanexposed.org/broadcast-clips" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Dr. Evil</a>.” He has been the force behind many industry front groups pushing the interests of tobacco companies, payday lenders and casinos, and is often hired by companies to attack consumer and public interest groups.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">Berman runs an advertising firm, Berman and Company, which shares office space with many of his industry-driven nonprofits, devised to appear like <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2009/09/hidden-interests-dr-evils-payday" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">grassroots</a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.architectmagazine.com/architecture/astroturf-organization-turns-to-green-building-leed-exposed_o.aspx" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">advocacy</a> groups or independent research institutions.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">Big Green Radicals is a project of Berman’s Environmental Policy Alliance.</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Center for Sustainable Shale Development (CSSD)</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Center for Sustainable Shale Development (CSSD) greenwashes the public with the delusion that widespread drilling and fracking can be done safely and sustainably, as long as the industry follows the CSSD’s drafted voluntary guidelines and <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://037186e.netsolhost.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/CSSD-Performance-Standards-3-13R.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">performance standards</a>.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">These “standards” are the basis for the CSSD’s <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/https://www.sustainableshale.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Master_News_Release.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">certification scheme</a>, which it <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://blogs.edf.org/energyexchange/2014/01/21/what-leed-did-for-buildings-this-could-do-for-shale-gas-production/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">shamelessly</a> likens to the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program for recognizing green building design. For $30,000, applicants that meet certain standards are rubberstamped and the company can flaunt that it has met certain “sustainability” criteria.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Launched in March 2013, the CSSD was formed by a group of 11 companies, foundations and nonprofits: Chevron, CONSOL Energy, EQT, Shell, PennFuture, Group Against Smog and Pollution, Pennsylvania Environmental Council, Clean Air Task Force, Environmental Defense Fund, The Heinz Endowments and William Penn Foundation.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In reality, the CSSD is a portal for the oil and gas industry to exert its influence and help “<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://public-accountability.org/2014/08/anatomy-of-an-industry-front-group/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">scrub the image</a>” of drilling and fracking.</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Consumer Energy Alliance (CEA)</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">CEA poses itself as a grassroots organization, claiming that it works as “<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://consumerenergyalliance.org/about-consumer-energy-alliance/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">the voice of the energy consumer</a>” and that it “provide[s] consumers with sound, unbiased information on U.S. and global energy issues.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">However, HBW Resources — an oil and gas lobbying firm — formed CEA in the late 2000s, and an IRS 990 form shows that CEA is run out of <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2012/261/658/2012-261658339-096be961-9O.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">HBW Resources’ Houston office</a>; many of the listed CEA staff are also employed at HBW Resources.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">CEA has been a staunch advocate of the Keystone XL Pipeline, of drilling offshore from Florida to Maine and of fracking.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">In 2011, CEA funded a public relations <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.celdf.org/community-organizing-pennsylvania-organizing-campaigns-peters-township" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">campaign</a> that helped defeat a fracking ban ordinance in Peters Township, Pennsylvania.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">More than once, CEA president David Holt, also a managing partner at HBW Resources, has written articles attacking Food & Water Watch, alleging without support that we are misrepresenting the risks and harms from fracking. Science makes clear the significant risks and harms.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">However, CEA is misleading the public by claiming that it is a grassroots group. Its <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://consumerenergyalliance.org/about-consumer-energy-alliance/members/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">members</a> consist of industry trade associations and oil and gas companies, while it receives funding from oil and gas industry groups, including the American Petroleum Institute.</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Energy Citizens</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Energy Citizens is one of the American Petroleum Institute’s (API’s) front groups and has a presence in every congressional district in the United States.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">Energy Citizen’s mission is to “identify, recruit, educate, engage, and mobilize citizens to voice support, participate in the energy-policy debate, and affect change at all levels of government” in order to fulfill oil and gas industry interests.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">API describes its Energy Citizen membership base as mostly males with “nationalistic tendencies,” who consider themselves “eternal pragmatists,” “very religious” and “right of center,” and who “Love Sports — in particular Motorsports.”</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">According to a 2012 presentation by API’s Director of External Mobilization, the target audience for Energy Citizens is “Voters without a direct connection to the oil and natural gas industry.”<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">A leaked memo, however, exposed that in 2009, Energy Citizens planned <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/5922:energy-in-depth-counterinsurgency-tactics-and-astroturf-energy-citizens" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">astroturf rallies</a> against climate change legislation that year, rallies that were fully organized from the top down and paid for by API, other industry lobbyists and API member companies, so that employees of those companies would participate.</li></ul></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">The <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/GP%20API%20letter%20August%202009-1.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">memo</a> noted: “API will provide the up-front resources to ensure logistical issues do not become a problem. This includes contracting with a highly experienced events management company that has produced successful rallies for presidential campaigns, corporations and interest groups. It also includes coordination with the other interests who share our views on the issues, providing a field coordinator in each state, conducting a comprehensive communications and advocacy activation plan for each state, and serving as central manager for all events.”</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">Energy Citizens propagates its agenda by using the web to “educate, activate, and organize,” while also attending Vote4Energy rallies, holding roundtables and participating in hearings.</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Energy In Depth (EID)</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">EID acts as a PR arm for the oil and gas industry.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">EID uses <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/5922:energy-in-depth-counterinsurgency-tactics-and-astroturf-energy-citizens" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">pseudo-grassroots</a> tactics to build opposition against fracking activists, and it aggressively attacks any group, person or media outlet that displays concerns about or objections to fracking, in order to discredit them.<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Among its tactics, in 2011 <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/10/gas-lobby-bribery-public-meeting_n_874903.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">EID bribed citizens</a> into testifying at public hearings in Pennsylvania on the industry’s behalf by offering free Pittsburgh Pirates tickets, paid airfare or bus transportation, and meals, in an effort to fill the space with pro-industry members of the public.</li></ul></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">In response to “Gasland,” IPAA and EID spearheaded the pro-fracking short documentary “<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://blog.littlesis.org/2012/06/13/fracking-industrys-answer-to-gasland-devised-by-astroturf-lobbying-group-and-political-ad-agency/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Truthland</a>.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">EID’s “Contact Us” page on its website <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.desmogblog.com/%E2%80%98energy-depth%E2%80%99-was-created-major-oil-and-gas-companies-according-industry-memo" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">used to</a> describe itself as, “… a project of America’s small, independent oil and natural gas producers…” Conversely, major fracking companies have <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.prwatch.org/news/2012/12/11921/%E2%80%9Cenergy-depth%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%93-reporters%E2%80%99-guide-its-founding-funding-and-flacks" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">heavily funded EID</a>.<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">As an IPAA memo noted: “The ‘Energy In Depth’ project would not be possible without the early financial commitments of: El Paso Corporation, XTO Energy, Occidental Petroleum, BP, Anadarko, Marathon, EnCana, Chevron, Talisman, Shell, API, IPAA, Halliburton, Schlumberger and the Ohio Oil and Gas Association.”</li></ul></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">EID’s influence is extensive. For example, former EID spokesperson John Krohn is now employed with the U.S. Energy Information Administration.</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Energy Nation</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Energy Nation, one of the American Petroleum Institute’s front groups, is a fleet of fracking advocates made up of current and former oil and gas industry employees, vendorsand their families.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">Although backed by major oil and gas interests, Energy Nation attempts to rally itself like a grassroots organization. As illustrated in this <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/API%20on%20Empowering%20Employee%20Advocates.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">presentation,</a> the group strongly fosters employee mobilization to get current and former employees to be active “brand ambassadors.”</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px;">Energy Tomorrow</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Energy Tomorrow is <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/jack-gerard-the-force-majeure-behind-big-oil/2012/04/06/gIQA1hjC0S_story.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">central </a>to the American Petroleum Institute’s misinformation projects.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">A key method of disseminating its propaganda is through TV advertisements, in which Energy Tomorrow spokesperson Brooke Alexander — a former soap opera actress — hypes the “benefits” of natural gas jobs.</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Environmental Policy Alliance</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Environmental Policy Alliance — “EPA”! — is a project of the Center for Organizational Research & Education, formerly known as the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://big.assets.huffingtonpost.com/BermanCORECCF.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Center for Consumer Freedom</a>, and has the same registered address as Rick Berman’s PR firm Berman and Company.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Environmental Policy Alliance says it is “ … devoted to uncovering the funding and hidden agendas behind environmental activist groups and exploring the intersection between activists and government agencies.” In reality, the group is operating on its own financial interests, not the public interest:<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In July 2014, the Environmental Policy Alliance launched a snarky and misleading advertisement in Colorado to counter fracking activists who have been campaigning to get anti-fracking ballot measures on the November ballot.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wuKMID3Gq4" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">ad spot </a>mocks, insults and ridicules fracking activists, claiming that activists’ opposition to fracking is rooted in asinine assumptions, ignorant of science — even though science makes clear the significant risks and harms.</li></ul></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In June 2014, <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://bermanexposed.org/node/482" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Anastasia Swearingen</a>, who works for Rick Berman and the Environmental Policy Alliance, published two pro-fracking <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/58061863-82/lands-blm-energy-federal.html.csp" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">newspaper</a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.reviewjournal.com/opinion/nevada-being-denied-right-join-energy-boom" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">op-eds</a> attacking the Bureau of Land Management for not yet opening up federal lands to fracking and drilling.<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Swearingen’s op-eds are based on findings from a University of Wyoming study authored by Timothy Considine, a notorious figure in the world of frackademia, who has led industry-skewed studies funded by the Marcellus Shale Coalition and American Petroleum Institute.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In March 2014, five days after Swearingen published an op-ed attacking LEED certification in USA Today, the paper added <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/03/09/environment-carbon-climate-change-pollution-column/6027923/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">an editorial update</a> stating that it found out that she was “… employed by public relations firm Berman and Co., not the Environmental Policy Alliance.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The editorial update went on to say: “The Environmental Policy Alliance, a tax-exempt group, has no employees and is housed at the same address as Berman, which controls the recently created group, according to Berman spokeswoman Sarah Longwell.”</li></ul></li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">United Shale Advocates (USA)</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">On March 20, 2014, the Marcellus Shale Coalition launched a new initiative in Pennsylvania, United Shale Advocates, “focused on ensuring that [they] advance common sense, predictable policies that encourage investment and job growth across the Commonwealth.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">This group, with its noticeably patriotic abbreviation (USA) is billed by the MSC as “a movement to tie together those interested in Pennsylvania energy and it’s a platform for them to engage further.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">As previously mentioned, the MSC is a consortium of major oil and gas industry players and their special brand of “grassroots” organizing, which should really be called “gasroots” organizing.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">On May 6, 2014, “USA” hosted a rally in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to oppose any efforts to impose taxes on the oil and gas industry in the state, and in support of fracking jobs and further development of the Marcellus Shale in Harrisburg.</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vote4Energy</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Launched on January 1, 2012, Vote4Energy is another American Petroleum Institute astroturf campaign, which staged fake citizen support with commercials that highlight “real Americans” who are “energy voters.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Activists <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/campaign-blog/upcoming-american-petroleum-institute-vote-4-/blog/38291/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">revealed</a>, after responding to the Vote4Energy casting call sent out on behalf of API, that the campaign initiative was an election-related advertising package with CNN, tied to the network’s political coverage for maximum political influence.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://checksandbalancesproject.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/apicommercialcasting.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">casting call</a>, sent on December 1, 2011, stated:<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">“We are writing to you because we need all ages and races to express their views in a Commercial Spot on American Made Energy!”</li></ul></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The call listed five qualifications that they were seeking, including:<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">“You are willing to go on camera and state your beliefs” and;</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">“You are comfortable portraying YOURSELF! They want REAL PEOPLE not Actors!”</li></ul></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Yet several people were kicked out if they didn’t agree to read API’s script verbatim.</li></ul><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 52px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Astroturf Propaganda</h2><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"Truthland"</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">“Truthland” is a short film conceived by the oil and gas industry as a rebuttal to “Gasland.” Its name, however, is an oxymoron, as the film is rather misleading.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The film, released in 2012, initially had its web domain registered to Chesapeake Energy Corporation.<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">It was eventually changed so that it was registered to MFL Holdings, ATTN TRUTHLANDMOVIE.COM, care of Network Solutions, but LittleSis (a project of Public Accountability Initiative) was able to save a <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://blog.littlesis.org/2012/06/13/fracking-industrys-answer-to-gasland-devised-by-astroturf-lobbying-group-and-political-ad-agency/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">cached screen shot</a> of its domain when it was registered to Chesapeake.</li></ul></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">According to the movie’s website, it is a project of Energy In Depth and IPAA, and according to an EID document acquired by LittleSis, Fred Davis, a Republican media strategist, produced “Truthland.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Biased appearances were also made by: Marcellus Shale Advisory Commission member and fracking advocate, Terry Engelder; former Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) Secretary, John Hanger; and former Pennsylvania DEP Deputy Secretary for Mineral Resources Management, J. Scott Roberts.</li></ul><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“FrackNation”</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">“FrackNation,” a pro-fracking documentary, was released in 2013 in response to “Gasland 2” — with its public debut at the same time as Matt Damon’s “Promised Land.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The people behind “FrackNation” claim that it is an independent, grassroots-funded film, free from financial backing from the industry. But that doesn’t mean it is <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.desmogblog.com/2013/06/03/exposed-fracknation-deploys-tobacco-playbook-response-gasland-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">without its biases</a>.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Once described as “stars of the Republican Party,” the producers/directors of “FrackNation” are climate change-denying couple Phelim McAleer and Ann McElhinney, who have significant ties to powerful right-wing entities.<ul style="box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">McAleer and McElhinney’s first two films received money from <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.desmogblog.com/2013/05/28/fracknation-part-two-koch-industries-ties-bind" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Donors Trust/Donors Capital</a>, a nonprofit that siphons money into the climate change denial agenda and has financial ties to the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exclusive-billionaires-secretly-fund-attacks-on-climate-science-8466312.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Koch Brothers</a>.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">In a 2012 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article, McAleer referred to environmentalism as “outsiders coming in and treating people like children.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">McAleer and McElhinney are reportedly “proud” that film critics compared one of their early films, “Mine Your Own Business,” to “pornography” and “Nazi propaganda.”</li></ul></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">“FrackNation,” endorsed by countless oil and gas groups, also spotlights several industry persons, a former Big Tobacco champion, and climate change deniers, dubbed as “independent experts.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">DeSmogBlog has described how “FrackNation” <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160220093132/http://www.desmogblog.com/2013/06/03/exposed-fracknation-deploys-tobacco-playbook-response-gasland-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.2s ease 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">takes a page from the Big Tobacco playbook</a> and tries to turn clear scientific concerns into a matter of opinion, or into a “he-said, she-said” debate.</li></ul></div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">=</div>=<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">NOTE CORP  CNP ALEC KOCH BASTARDS USE HYDROXY IN CYNICAL? FURY?  MOVE TO RE-OPEN ECONOMY</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">9/20 </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://washingtonspectator.org/anatomy-of-deceit/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://washingtonspectator.org/anatomy-of-deceit/</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">On July 27, a dozen physicians posed in front of the Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., dressed in white lab coats with “America’s Frontline Doctors” stitched over the pocket. The group’s chief spokesperson was Dr. Simone Gold, an emergency physician from Los Angeles. They were introduced by Jenny Beth Martin, the founding CEO of Tea Party Patriots, as participants in the “White Coat Summit.” The doctors made spirited arguments for the use of hydroxychloroquine as a “cure” for Covid-19 and against wearing masks and imposing lockdowns—all running counter to the recommendations of Dr. Anthony Fauci and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<a href="https://washingtonspectator.org/anatomy-of-deceit/#ftn1" name="ftnref1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">[1]</a><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">Although the event was billed as a “press conference,” few journalists attended. A video posted by a bystander showed only a handful of attendees, most of them dressed in tourists’ shorts and T-shirts. But the event was livestreamed by Breitbart News and quickly went (so to speak) viral.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">There was a rapid backlash. Much of the media attention focused on Dr. Stella Immanuel, one of Gold’s cohort. Following the press conference, the Daily Beast posted a video of Immanuel, who is also a Pentecostal preacher, delivering a sermon claiming that various female ailments were caused by sexual visitations from “demons.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">Immanuel has since disappeared from the America’s Frontline Doctors online roster, but the group has continued to get traction. On August 10, Pat Robertson’s show on the Christian Broadcasting Network carried an interview with Simone Gold and an endorsement of her hydroxychloroquine cure. On August 21, Alex Jones’s NewsWars carried an interview with another member of America’s Frontline Doctors, Mark McDonald. McDonald—a child psychiatrist—<a href="https://www.newswars.com/frontline-doctor-silenced-by-youtube-and-facebook-speaks-out-about-hydroxychloroquine/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">maintained</a>, “If all Americans had access to hydroxychloroquine, the pandemic would essentially end in about 30 days.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">Science has shown otherwise. Despite early hopes last spring, there is mounting evidence that hydroxychloroquine is a problematic—and even dangerous—treatment for Covid-19. One expert with firsthand knowledge is Nick Sawyer, an academic emergency physician in Sacramento, Calif. In July he <a href="https://cdn.ymaws.com/californiaacep.org/resource/resmgr/docs/lifeline/2020/lifeline_magazine_summer2020.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">wrote</a> an article for Lifeline, the publication of the California chapter of the American College of Emergency Physicians, describing his harrowing two weeks of service in the Covid wards of Elmhurst Hospital in Queens. Sawyer was part of a team of California doctors dispatched by Governor Gavin Newsome to offer emergency assistance at the epicenter of the epidemic, at the height of the New York City outbreak.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">Sawyer is now dealing with the spike in cases in California, this time with the benefit of four months of additional Covid research. “The science on the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in treating Covid-19 is settled—multiple high-quality studies have shown that it shows no benefit,” he notes. Far more concerning, Sawyer says, is its potential harm: “Hydroxychloroquine can cause unstable cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death.” Over recent months, the Food and Drug Administration, the American Medical Association, and other organizations have issued <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/joint-statement-of-the-american-medical-association-american-pharmacists-association-and-american-society-of-health-system-pharmacists-on-new-fda-action-to-remove-emergency-use-authorization-of-medications-to-treat-covid-19-301082292.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">warnings</a> that the drug should be withdrawn as a Covid-19 treatment. “It’s irresponsible for America’s Frontline Doctors to continue to push this medication on the unwitting American population,” Sawyer states.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">Why, then, would Gold’s band of physicians continue its campaign to pitch the treatment to the public? Simone Gold has repeatedly described her group as a “grassroots organization” acting in the service of its patients.<a href="https://washingtonspectator.org/anatomy-of-deceit/#ftn2" name="ftnref2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">[2]</a> In fact, it has been a highly orchestrated effort, months in the making, assembled by conservative Washington insiders in direct consultation with the White House, with the goal of reopening the economy in time to benefit Trump’s reelection prospects—regardless of the toll in human lives.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">The first public mention of the initiative may have been a Washington Post story on April 13, as the virus raged across New York City and Covid-19 deaths passed the 20,000 mark.<a href="https://washingtonspectator.org/anatomy-of-deceit/#ftn3" name="ftnref3" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">[3]</a> The Post reported the creation of a new conservative coalition “pushing for the White House and GOP lawmakers to push back against health professionals who have urged more caution.” The leadership was listed as Stephen Moore of the Heritage Foundation, Adam Brandon of FreedomWorks, and Lisa Nelson of the American Legislative Exchange Council. A fourth individual, Jenny Beth Martin, is the founding director of the Tea Party Patriots. She would play a key role in organizing the events to come, including the doctors’ Washington “summit” in July.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">Brandon, Nelson, and Martin are all prominent members of a secretive organization called the Council for National Policy, a shadowy coalition that coordinates initiatives among conservative megadonors, political operatives, and media owners, many of them Christian fundamentalists (see “<a href="https://washingtonspectator.org/nelson-shadow-network/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">Holding Democracy Hostage</a>”).<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">The Post story quoted an interview with Richard Viguerie, a co-founder of the CNP, on the mission of the initiative: “The sooner we get the economy going and back up, the better it’s going to be for conservatives and Republicans in this election year. . . . Conservatives feel the government has overreacted, and it’s got to end.”<a href="https://washingtonspectator.org/anatomy-of-deceit/#ftn4" name="ftnref4" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">[4]</a><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">The new coalition, called Save Our Country, officially debuted on April 27, as U.S. Covid deaths approached 55,000.<a href="https://washingtonspectator.org/anatomy-of-deceit/#ftn5" name="ftnref5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">[5]</a> Headed by economist Art Laffer, its maiden press release featured quotes from Brandon, Nelson, and Martin. “The long-term consequences of a prolonged societal shutdown outweigh the damage done by the virus itself,” Martin stated. “We must immediately reopen the economy.”<a href="https://washingtonspectator.org/anatomy-of-deceit/#ftn6" name="ftnref6" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">[6]</a> Earlier that week, The New York Times reported that the Save Our Country coalition’s members were mobilizing their networks for state-level rallies, filing lawsuits, and commissioning polls, all to counter the lockdowns: “Nonprofit groups including FreedomWorks and Tea Party Patriots have used their social media accounts and text and email lists to spread the word about protests across the country.”<a href="https://washingtonspectator.org/anatomy-of-deceit/#ftn7" name="ftnref7" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">[7]</a><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">But the state-level protests turned out to be of limited utility, and the group began to look for new avenues. In April, CNP Action, the lobbying arm of the CNP, began a series of weekly conference calls to discuss Covid strategy. On May 11—as U.S. Covid deaths reached 74,270<a href="https://washingtonspectator.org/anatomy-of-deceit/#ftn8" name="ftnref8" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">[8]</a>—one of the calls was intercepted and <a href="https://www.prwatch.org/news/2020/05/19582/coalition-pro-trump-doctors-forming-defend-president%E2%80%99s-covid-19-blunders" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">published</a> by the Center for Media and Democracy and the Associated Press.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">Among the participants were CNP President William Walton, CNP member Nancy Schulze,<a href="https://washingtonspectator.org/anatomy-of-deceit/#ftn9" name="ftnref9" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: color 300ms ease 0ms;">[9]</a> and Mercedes Schlapp, a senior adviser to the Trump campaign. Schulze, the wife of former nine-term Pennsylvania Republican Congressman Dick Schulze, opened the call with a warning that two-thirds of the American people were wary of reopening the economy. But, she added, “Doctors are seen by the American people—they have a 92 percent trust rate with the American people according to polling. . . . There is a coalition of doctors, doctors’ coalition, who are extremely pro-Trump, that have been preparing and coming together for the war ahead in the campaign on health care, and these doctors could be activated for this conversation now for reopening. NOTE RWI NICHE SLEEPER CELLS]<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">“The one thing the left does give credence to, in that they tend to be motivated by a secular worldview, the one thing that they do appreciate and listen to is science, and we have doctors that have the facts, that lived this themselves, that are in the trenches, that are saying it’s time to reopen,” Schulze continued. “I’ve been working with them for three years. There’s a coalition of doctors . . . including the most respected doctors in this country, that are ready to speak if somebody will just call on them.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">Walton told her, “We need to not just make the economic argument, we need to make the health argument, and we need doctors to make that argument, not us. THIRD PARTY TOBACCO PR BS And so that would be great if you, if we could tee that up.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">Schulze said she’d be happy to put him in touch “with any and all of these doctors, and I have submitted 27 of these doctors’ names to the campaign for the doctors’ coalition that they’re in the process of building.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.6em; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.7rem; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; letter-spacing: 0.16px;">Mercedes Schlapp asked Schulze if she had spoken with Hannah Castillo, director of coalitions for the Trump campaign. “I know they’ve been working on building that coalition. I know they’re going through the vetting process right now. As long as you have the names, that would be helpful. . . . Those are the type of guys we want to get out on TV and radio to help push out the message.”...</div>===

AFP in WI:  <a href="http://www.prwatch.org/node/10299">http://www.prwatch.org/node/10299</a>

AFP certainly fits the bill. By now, it's been widely reported, both <a href="http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/117223613.html?page=2" title="reference on within Wisconsin" target="blank">within Wisconsin</a> and in prominent publications <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer" title="reference on elsewhere" target="blank">elsewhere</a>, that AFP was largely inspired by the man who serves as its chairman, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=David_Koch" title="reference on David Koch" target="self">David Koch</a>, one of the billionaire brothers who co-own <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Koch_Industries" title="reference on Koch Industries" target="self">Koch Industries</a>, one of the largest privately-held corporations in the world. AFP also possesses many characteristics indicative of a <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=front_group" title="reference on front group" target="_self">front group</a>. It avoids mentioning its main sources of funding, engages in actions that benefit a third party, like a company, industry or political candidate. Its members are not its primary financial supporters, though it touts its membership while not revealing its biggest funders. And, last but not least, AFP can afford to send a custom-painted luxury coach on a highly-publicized road trip, even as the price of gas goes through the roof. The "star" of the road show was Ohioan Samuel "Joe the Plumber" Wurzelbacher who gained some degree of notoriety during the 2008 presidential campaign.

---

A front group is an organization that purports to represent one agenda while in reality it serves some other party or interest whose sponsorship is hidden or rarely mentioned. The front group is perhaps the most easily recognized use of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Third_party_technique" title="Third party technique">third party technique</a>. For example, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Rick_Berman" title="Rick Berman">Rick Berman</a>'s <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Consumer_Freedom" title="Center for Consumer Freedom">Center for Consumer Freedom</a> (CCF) claims that its mission is to defend the rights of consumers to choose to eat, drink and smoke as they please. In reality, CCF is a front group for the tobacco, restaurant and alcoholic beverage industries, which provide all or most of its funding.

Of course, not all organizations engaged in manipulative efforts to shape public opinion can be classified as "front groups." For example, the now-defunct <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tobacco_Institute" title="Tobacco Institute">Tobacco Institute</a> was highly deceptive, but it didn't hide the fact that it represented the tobacco industry. There are also degrees of concealment. The <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Climate_Coalition" title="Global Climate Coalition">Global Climate Coalition</a>, for example, didn't hide the fact that its funding came from oil and coal companies, but nevertheless its name alone is sufficiently misleading that it can reasonably be considered a front group.

The shadowy way front groups operate makes it difficult to know whether a seemingly independent grassroots is actually representing some other entity. Thus, citizen smokers' rights groups and organizations of bartenders or restaurant workers working against smoking bans are sometimes characterized as front groups for the tobacco industry, but it is possible that some of these groups are self-initiated (although the tobacco industry has been known to use restaurant groups as fronts for its own interests).

<h2>Contents</h2>

[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups#Characteristics">1 Characteristics</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups#History">2 History</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups#Examples">3 Examples</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups#International_examples">4 International examples</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups#US_examples">5 US examples</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups#Canadian_Examples">6 Canadian Examples</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups#European_.26_UK_Examples">7 European & UK Examples</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups#Australian_Examples">8 Australian Examples</a></li>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups#External_links">9.1 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>Characteristics</h2>

A front group typically has some (but not necessarily all) of the following characteristics:

<ul>

<li>Avoids mentioning its main sources of funding. Note that this does not necessarily mean absolute concealment of sponsorship. Some front groups do indeed go to great lengths to conceal their origins, funders and personnel links to sponsors. However, the likelihood that these will be exposed anyway, with embarrassing consequences for a group's credibility, has led many companies and their sponsored organizations to opt for a strategy of selective disclosure, in which funders are mentioned in an annual report or other obscure publication, but are not mentioned in the organization's most common communications that reach the largest audience.</li>

<li>Is set up by and/or operated by another organization, (particularly a <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Astroturf" title="Astroturf">grassroots campaigning</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Opinion_polling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opinion polling (page does not exist)">polling</a> or surveying firm or consultancy)</li>

<li>Engages in actions that consistently and conspicuously benefit a third party, such as a company, industry or political candidate;</li>

<li>Effectively shields a third party from liability/responsibility/culpability</li>

<li>Re-focuses debate about an issue onto a new or suspiciously unrelated topic, (e.g., <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Secondhand_smoke" title="Secondhand smoke">secondhand smoke</a> as a property rights issue)</li>

<li>Has a misleading name that disguises its real agenda, such as the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Wetlands_Coalition" title="National Wetlands Coalition">National Wetlands Coalition</a>, which opposed policies to protect U.S. wetlands, or <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait" title="Citizens for a Free Kuwait">Citizens for a Free Kuwait</a>, which purported to represent U.S. citizens but was actually funded almost entirely by the royal family of Kuwait. Sometimes a front group's name might seem to suggest academic or political neutrality ("<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumers%27_Research" title="Consumers' Research">Consumers' Research</a>," "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Policy_Center" title="American Policy Center">American Policy Center</a>"), while in fact it consistently turns out opinions, research, surveys, reports, polls and other declarations that benefit the interests of a company, industry or political candidate.</li>

<li>Has the same address or phone number as a sponsoring corporation, or a similar group that has since disbanded, or been forced out of business by exposure, lawsuits, etc.</li>

<li>Consists of a group of vocal, "esteemed" academic "experts" who go on national tours, put on media events, give press conferences, seminars, workshops, and give editorial board meetings around the country, etc., who ordinarily would not seem to have the budget or financial means to carry out such events</li>

<li>Touts repeatedly in communications that it is "independent," "esteemed," "credible" etc.</li>

<li>Has a custom-painted, luxury bus that goes on highly-publicized, national tours</li>

</ul>

An organization that only has a few of these characteristics may not be a true front group. For example, the tobacco industry has given funding to youth organizations such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaycees" class="extiw" title="w:Jaycees">Jaycees</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H" class="extiw" title="w:4-H">w:4-H</a> clubs, which serves a public relations goal by helping the industry cultivate an image of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Corporate_Social_Responsibility" title="Corporate Social Responsibility">corporate responsibility</a>. This PR tactic is an example of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Third_party_technique" title="Third party technique">third party technique</a>, and organizations that trade their reputations for corporate funding may be naive, gullible or opportunistic, but this in itself would not make them a front group.

<h2>History</h2>

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a>, who is generally regarded as the "father of public relations," liked to tell people, "What I do is propaganda, and I just hope it's not impropaganda." In his later years, he became a vocal critic of some of the deceptive techniques used within the PR industry. And yet it is Bernays himself who invented the quintessential tool of deceptive propaganda -- the "front group."

Bernays stumbled on this strategy almost by accident. In 1913, while working as editor of the Medical Review of Reviews, a monthly magazine owned by a college acquaintance, he discovered that the then-famous actor Richard Bennett was interested in producing a play titled "Damaged Goods," which Bernays described as "a propaganda play that fought for sex education." It discussed sexual topics, such as prostitution, that were considered unusually frank for their day. Bennett was afraid that the play would be raided by police, and he hired Bernays to prevent this from happening. Rather than arguing for the play on its merits, Bernays cleverly organized a group that he called the "Medical Review of Reviews Sociological Fund," inviting prominent doctors and members of the social elite to join. The organization's avowed mission was to fight venereal disease through education. Its real purpose was to endorse "Damaged Goods," and apparently the plan worked. The show went on as scheduled, with no interference from police.

"This was a pioneering move that is common today in the promotion of public causes--a prestigious sponsoring committee," notes PR industry historian <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Scott_Cutlip" title="Scott Cutlip">Scott Cutlip</a>. "In retrospect, given the history of public relations, it might be termed the first effort to use the front or third party technique." It was a technique that Bernays would return to time and again, calling it "the most useful method in a multiple society like ours to indicate the support of an idea of the many varied elements that make up our society. Opinion leaders and group leaders have an effect in a democracy and stand as symbols to their constituency." Bernays helped jump-start sales of bacon, a breakfast rarity until the 1920s, by enlisting a prominent doctor to solicit fellow doctors' opinions on the salutary benefits of a hearty breakfast and by arranging to have famous figures photographed eating breakfasts of bacon and eggs. To sell bananas on behalf of the United Fruit Company, he launched the "celiac project," republishing and disseminating a 20-year-old medical paper which found that eating bananas cured children with celiac disease, a disorder of the digestive system.

"Mr. Bernays has . . . created more institutes, funds, institutions, and foundations than Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Filene together," observed the Institute for Propaganda Analysis, a nonprofit educational organization that flourished in the years following World War I. "Typical of them was the Temperature Research Foundation. Its stated purpose was 'to disseminate impartial, scientific information concerning the latest developments in temperature control as they affect the health, leisure, happiness, and economy of the American people.' A minor purpose--so minor that rarely did Mr. Bernays remember even to mention it--was to boost the sales of Kelvinator refrigerators, air-condition units, and electric stoves."

<h2>Examples</h2>

For simplicity's sake, the list below includes some organizations (like the Tobacco Institute) that are not front groups per se but that engage in other deceptive activities.

(Some groups that have yet to be investigated are listed at <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Possible_industry_funded_groups_requiring_investigation" title="Possible industry funded groups requiring investigation">Possible industry funded groups requiring investigation</a>. If you would like to help document whether some of these groups belong in the list below, please feel free to start a profile on them.)

<h2>International examples</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Life_Sciences_Institute" title="International Life Sciences Institute">International Life Sciences Institute</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>US examples</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=60_Plus_Association" title="60 Plus Association">60 Plus Association</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">Accuracy in Media</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=ActivistCash" title="ActivistCash" class="mw-redirect">ActivistCash.com</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Advancement_of_Sound_Science_Coalition" title="The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition">The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Africa_Fighting_Malaria" title="Africa Fighting Malaria">Africa Fighting Malaria</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=African_American_Republican_Leadership_Council" title="African American Republican Leadership Council">African American Republican Leadership Council</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=AIDS_Responsibility_Project" title="AIDS Responsibility Project">AIDS Responsibility Project</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Air_Hygiene_Foundation" title="Air Hygiene Foundation">Air Hygiene Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Air_Quality_Standards_Coalition" title="Air Quality Standards Coalition">Air Quality Standards Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alaska%27s_Future" title="Alaska's Future">Alaska's Future</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">Alexis de Tocqueville Institution</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alliance_for_Abundant_Food_and_Energy" title="Alliance for Abundant Food and Energy">Alliance for Abundant Food and Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alliance_for_Better_Foods" title="Alliance for Better Foods">Alliance for Better Foods</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alliance_for_Quality_Nursing_Home_Care" title="Alliance for Quality Nursing Home Care">Alliance for Quality Nursing Home Care</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alliance_for_Responsible_CFC_Policy" title="Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy">Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Beverage_Institute" title="American Beverage Institute">American Beverage Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Council_on_Science_and_Health" title="American Council on Science and Health">American Council on Science and Health</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Industrial_Health_Council" title="American Industrial Health Council">American Industrial Health Council</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Policy_Center" title="American Policy Center">American Policy Center</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Tort_Reform_Association" title="American Tort Reform Association">American Tort Reform Association</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Americans_for_Balanced_Energy_Choices" title="Americans for Balanced Energy Choices" class="mw-redirect">Americans for Balanced Energy Choices</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Americans_for_Medical_Progress" title="Americans for Medical Progress">Americans for Medical Progress</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">Americans for Tax Reform</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=America%27s_Power_Army" title="America's Power Army">America's Power Army</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=America%27s_Wetland_Foundation" title="America's Wetland Foundation">America's Wetland Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Animal_Welfare_Council" title="Animal Welfare Council">Animal Welfare Council</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Association_for_Competitive_Technology" title="Association for Competitive Technology">Association for Competitive Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills_Restaurant_Association" title="Beverly Hills Restaurant Association">Beverly Hills Restaurant Association</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Black_America%27s_PAC" title="Black America's PAC">Black America's PAC</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Business_Tobacco_Alliance" title="Business Tobacco Alliance">Business Tobacco Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=California_Civil_Rights_Initiative" title="California Civil Rights Initiative">California Civil Rights Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=California_Political_Empowerment_Committee" title="California Political Empowerment Committee">California Political Empowerment Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Californians_for_Statewide_Smoking_Restrictions" title="Californians for Statewide Smoking Restrictions">Californians for Statewide Smoking Restrictions</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Campaign_for_Working_Families" title="Campaign for Working Families">Campaign for Working Families</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Capital_Research_Center" title="Capital Research Center">Capital Research Center</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Competitive_Politics" title="Center for Competitive Politics">Center for Competitive Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Consumer_Freedom" title="Center for Consumer Freedom">Center for Consumer Freedom</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Economic_and_Entrepreneurial_Literacy" title="Center for Economic and Entrepreneurial Literacy">Center for Economic and Entrepreneurial Literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Union_Facts" title="Center for Union Facts">Center for Union Facts</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_the_Defense_of_Free_Enterprise" title="Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise">Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Christian_Coalition" title="Christian Coalition" class="mw-redirect">Christian Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Choose_Black_America" title="Choose Black America">Choose Black America</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_Against_Lawsuit_Abuse" title="Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse">Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_Against_Unfair_Health_Care_Taxes" title="Citizens Against Unfair Health Care Taxes">Citizens Against Unfair Health Care Taxes</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens%27_Alliance_for_Responsible_Energy" title="Citizens' Alliance for Responsible Energy">Citizens' Alliance for Responsible Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait" title="Citizens for a Free Kuwait">Citizens for a Free Kuwait</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_for_Better_Medicare" title="Citizens for Better Medicare">Citizens for Better Medicare</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_for_Sensible_Control_of_Acid_Rain" title="Citizens for Sensible Control of Acid Rain">Citizens for Sensible Control of Acid Rain</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_for_Sensible_Energy_Choices" title="Citizens for Sensible Energy Choices">Citizens for Sensible Energy Choices</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Clean_and_Safe_Energy_Coalition" title="Clean and Safe Energy Coalition">Clean and Safe Energy Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Clean_Sites" title="Clean Sites">Clean Sites</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_a_Fair_Judiciary" title="Coalition for a Fair Judiciary">Coalition for a Fair Judiciary</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Asbestos_Resolution" title="Coalition for Asbestos Resolution">Coalition for Asbestos Resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Equal_Rights" title="Coalition for Equal Rights">Coalition for Equal Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Health_Insurance_Choices" title="Coalition for Health Insurance Choices">Coalition for Health Insurance Choices</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Responsible_Healthcare_Reform" title="Coalition for Responsible Healthcare Reform">Coalition for Responsible Healthcare Reform</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Responsible_Regulation" title="Coalition for Responsible Regulation">Coalition for Responsible Regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Southern_Africa" title="Coalition for Southern Africa">Coalition for Southern Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Vehicle_Choice" title="Coalition for Vehicle Choice">Coalition for Vehicle Choice</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Committee_on_Taxation_and_Economic_Growth" title="Committee on Taxation and Economic Growth">Committee on Taxation and Economic Growth</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Community_Financial_Services_Association_of_America" title="Community Financial Services Association of America">Community Financial Services Association of America</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumer_Alert" title="Consumer Alert">Consumer Alert</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumer_Alliance_for_Energy_Security" title="Consumer Alliance for Energy Security">Consumer Alliance for Energy Security</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumer_Credit_Research_Foundation" title="Consumer Credit Research Foundation">Consumer Credit Research Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumer_Data_Industry_Association" title="Consumer Data Industry Association">Consumer Data Industry Association</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumer_Distorts" title="Consumer Distorts">Consumer Distorts</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumer_Federation_of_America" title="Consumer Federation of America">Consumer Federation of America</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumer_Rights_Coalition" title="Consumer Rights Coalition">Consumer Rights Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumers_Alliance_for_Affordable_Natural_Gas" title="Consumers Alliance for Affordable Natural Gas">Consumers Alliance for Affordable Natural Gas</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumers_for_World_Trade" title="Consumers for World Trade">Consumers for World Trade</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumers_Organized_for_Reliable_Electricity" title="Consumers Organized for Reliable Electricity">Consumers Organized for Reliable Electricity</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumers%27_Research" title="Consumers' Research">Consumers' Research</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Contributions_Watch" title="Contributions Watch">Contributions Watch</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Council_for_Affordable_Health_Insurance" title="Council for Affordable Health Insurance">Council for Affordable Health Insurance</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Council_for_Energy_Independence" title="Council for Energy Independence">Council for Energy Independence</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Council_for_Solid_Waste_Solutions" title="Council for Solid Waste Solutions">Council for Solid Waste Solutions</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Council_of_American_Muslims_for_Understanding" title="Council of American Muslims for Understanding">Council of American Muslims for Understanding</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Democracy_Watch" title="Democracy Watch">Democracy Watch</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Employment_Policies_Institute" title="Employment Policies Institute">Employment Policies Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Employment_Roundtable" title="Employment Roundtable">Employment Roundtable</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Energy_Citizens" title="Energy Citizens">Energy Citizens</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Energy_Stewardship_Alliance" title="Energy Stewardship Alliance">Energy Stewardship Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Issues_Council" title="Environmental Issues Council">Environmental Issues Council</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=EPA_Watch" title="EPA Watch">EPA Watch</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=FACES_of_Coal" title="FACES of Coal">FACES of Coal</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Farmers_for_Clean_Air_and_Water" title="Farmers for Clean Air and Water">Farmers for Clean Air and Water</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Families_Organized_to_Represent_the_Coal_Economy" title="Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy">Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy</a> FORCE</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Foundation_for_Clean_Air_Progress" title="Foundation for Clean Air Progress">Foundation for Clean Air Progress</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Foundation_for_Research_on_Economics_and_the_Environment" title="Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment">Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Free_Enterprise_Coalition" title="Free Enterprise Coalition">Free Enterprise Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall_Institute" title="George C. Marshall Institute">George C. Marshall Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Climate_Coalition" title="Global Climate Coalition">Global Climate Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Climate_Information_Project" title="Global Climate Information Project">Global Climate Information Project</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Warming_Cost_website" title="Global Warming Cost website">Global Warming Cost website</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=GreenFacts_Foundation" title="GreenFacts Foundation">GreenFacts Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Greening_Earth_Society" title="Greening Earth Society">Greening Earth Society</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Guest_Choice_Network" title="Guest Choice Network" class="mw-redirect">Guest Choice Network</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Hands_Off_the_Internet" title="Hands Off the Internet">Hands Off the Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Heidelberg_Appeal" title="Heidelberg Appeal">Heidelberg Appeal</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Health_Benefits_Coalition" title="Health Benefits Coalition">Health Benefits Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Health_Care_America" title="Health Care America">Health Care America</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Healthcare_Leadership_Council" title="Healthcare Leadership Council">Healthcare Leadership Council</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Healthy_Buildings_International" title="Healthy Buildings International">Healthy Buildings International</a>, major <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect">Philip Morris</a> contractor</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Hepatitis_C_Coalition" title="Hepatitis C Coalition">Hepatitis C Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">Independent Women's Forum</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Freedom_Foundation" title="International Freedom Foundation">International Freedom Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Food_Information_Council" title="International Food Information Council">International Food Information Council</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=JunkScience" title="JunkScience" class="mw-redirect">JunkScience.com</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Keep_America_Beautiful" title="Keep America Beautiful">Keep America Beautiful</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Landmark_Legal_Foundation" title="Landmark Legal Foundation">Landmark Legal Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Leipzig_Declaration_on_Global_Climate_Change" title="Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change">Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute for Policy Research</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Morton_Blackwell_Leadership_Institute" title="Morton Blackwell Leadership Institute" class="mw-redirect">Morton Blackwell Leadership Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mountain_States_Legal_Foundation" title="Mountain States Legal Foundation">Mountain States Legal Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mywireless.org" title="Mywireless.org">Mywireless.org</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=NAIA_Trust" title="NAIA Trust">NAIA Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Animal_Interest_Alliance" title="National Animal Interest Alliance">National Animal Interest Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Anxiety_Center" title="National Anxiety Center">National Anxiety Center</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Genome_Resources" title="National Center for Genome Resources">National Center for Genome Resources</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Policy_Analysis" title="National Center for Policy Analysis">National Center for Policy Analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="National Center for Public Policy Research">National Center for Public Policy Research</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Consumer_Coalition" title="National Consumer Coalition">National Consumer Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Empowerment_Television" title="National Empowerment Television">National Empowerment Television</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Endangered_Species_Act_Reform_Coalition" title="National Endangered Species Act Reform Coalition">National Endangered Species Act Reform Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">National Journalism Center</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Legal_and_Policy_Center" title="National Legal and Policy Center">National Legal and Policy Center</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Legal_Center_for_the_Public_Interest" title="National Legal Center for the Public Interest">National Legal Center for the Public Interest</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Wetlands_Coalition" title="National Wetlands Coalition">National Wetlands Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Wilderness_Institute" title="National Wilderness Institute">National Wilderness Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Non-Smoker_Protection_Committee" title="Non-Smoker Protection Committee">Non-Smoker Protection Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=North_American_Coalition_on_Green_Building" title="North American Coalition on Green Building">North American Coalition on Green Building</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Oregon_Institute_of_Science_and_Medicine" title="Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine">Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Oregonians_Against_the_Blank_Check" title="Oregonians Against the Blank Check">Oregonians Against the Blank Check</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Parents_for_Priorities" title="Parents for Priorities">Parents for Priorities</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Political_Economy_Research_Center" title="Political Economy Research Center" class="mw-redirect">Political Economy Research Center</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Progress_%26_Freedom_Foundation" title="Progress & Freedom Foundation" class="mw-redirect">Progress & Freedom Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Project_Learning_Tree" title="Project Learning Tree">Project Learning Tree</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Project_Protect" title="Project Protect">Project Protect</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Public_Interest_Watch" title="Public Interest Watch">Public Interest Watch</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Regular_Folks_United" title="Regular Folks United">Regular Folks United</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Republicans_for_Clean_Air" title="Republicans for Clean Air">Republicans for Clean Air</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Responsible_Industry_for_a_Sound_Environment" title="Responsible Industry for a Sound Environment">Responsible Industry for a Sound Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Save_Our_Species_Alliance" title="Save Our Species Alliance">Save Our Species Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Shape_the_Debate" title="Shape the Debate">Shape the Debate</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Smart_Growth_Madison" title="Smart Growth Madison">Smart Growth Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Social_Issues_Research_Centre" title="Social Issues Research Centre">Social Issues Research Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Speaking_of_Research" title="Speaking of Research">Speaking of Research</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Statistical_Assessment_Service" title="Statistical Assessment Service">Statistical Assessment Service</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Susan_B._Anthony_List" title="Susan B. Anthony List">Susan B. Anthony List</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Teacher_Choice" title="Teacher Choice">Teacher Choice</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Energy_Initiative" title="The Energy Initiative">The Energy Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=United_Seniors_Association" title="United Seniors Association" class="mw-redirect">United Seniors Association</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Washington_Legal_Foundation" title="Washington Legal Foundation">Washington Legal Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Water_Environment_Federation" title="Water Environment Federation">Water Environment Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wise_Use_Movement" title="Wise Use Movement">Wise Use Movement</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Canadian Examples</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Canadian_Coalition_for_Responsible_Environmental_Solutions" title="Canadian Coalition for Responsible Environmental Solutions">Canadian Coalition for Responsible Environmental Solutions</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wise_Use_Movement" title="Wise Use Movement">Wise Use Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Center_for_Human_Rights_and_Democratic_Development" title="International Center for Human Rights and Democratic Development">International Center for Human Rights and Democratic Development</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>European & UK Examples</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Agricultural_Biotechnology_Council" title="Agricultural Biotechnology Council">Agricultural Biotechnology Council</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Associates_for_Research_into_the_Science_of_Enjoyment" title="Associates for Research into the Science of Enjoyment" class="mw-redirect">Associates for Research into the Science of Enjoyment</a> (ARISE)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=CropGen" title="CropGen">CropGen</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=European_Science_and_Environment_Forum" title="European Science and Environment Forum">European Science and Environment Forum</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=European_Security_Advocacy_Group" title="European Security Advocacy Group">European Security Advocacy Group</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Warming_Policy_Foundation" title="Global Warming Policy Foundation">Global Warming Policy Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=IWMC_World_Conservation_Trust" title="IWMC World Conservation Trust">IWMC World Conservation Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sense_About_Science" title="Sense About Science" class="mw-redirect">Sense About Science</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Scientific_Alliance" title="Scientific Alliance">Scientific Alliance</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Australian Examples</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Australian_Environment_Foundation" title="Australian Environment Foundation">Australian Environment Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Bennelong_Society" title="Bennelong Society">Bennelong Society</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=HR_Nicholls_Society" title="HR Nicholls Society">HR Nicholls Society</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Independent_Contractors_of_Australia" title="Independent Contractors of Australia">Independent Contractors of Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lavoisier_Group" title="Lavoisier Group">Lavoisier Group</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Samuel_Griffith_Society" title="Samuel Griffith Society">Samuel Griffith Society</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Timber_Communities_Australia" title="Timber Communities Australia">Timber Communities Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Uranium_Information_Centre" title="Uranium Information Centre">Uranium Information Centre</a></li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Astroturf" title="Astroturf">Astroturf</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Industry-funded_organizations" title="Industry-funded organizations">Industry-funded organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Journalists_who_have_been_taken_in_by_astroturfing" title="Journalists who have been taken in by astroturfing">Journalists who have been taken in by astroturfing</a></li>

</ul>

<h3>External links</h3>

<ul>

<li>Mark Megalli and Andy Friedman, "<a href="http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/mm0392.html#eco" class="external text" title="http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/mm0392.html#eco" rel="nofollow">Fronting for Business</a>", Multinational Monitor, March 1992.</li>

<li>"<a href="http://www.ncrp.org/reports/moving.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ncrp.org/reports/moving.htm" rel="nofollow">Moving A Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations</a>," National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, July 1997.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reportsitem.aspx?id=100453" class="external text" title="http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reportsitem.aspx?id=100453" rel="nofollow">Joe Conason and Murray Waas,</a> <a href="http://www.observer.com/1998/gingrich-money-man-peter-smith-helped-david-brock-sock-clinton" class="external text" title="http://www.observer.com/1998/gingrich-money-man-peter-smith-helped-david-brock-sock-clinton" rel="nofollow">"Gingrich Money Man Helped Brock Sock Clinton,"</a> <a href="http://www.observer.com/author/murray-waas/" class="external text" title="http://www.observer.com/author/murray-waas/" rel="nofollow">New York Observer,</a> March 28, 1998.</li>

<li>Robert N. Mayer, "<a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/jacc/2007/00000030/00000001/art00008?crawler=true" class="external text" title="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/jacc/2007/00000030/00000001/art00008?crawler=true" rel="nofollow">Winning the War of Words: The 'Front Group' Label in Contemporary Consumer Politics</a>", Journal of American & Comparative Cultures, Blackwell Publishing, Volume 30, Number 1, March 2007 , pp. 96-109 (14). (This article is for sale at a cost of US$43.36 plus tax).</li>

<li>Ryan Chuttum, <a href="http://www.cjr.org/the_audit/reuters_is_excellent_in_diggin.php" class="external text" title="http://www.cjr.org/the_audit/reuters_is_excellent_in_diggin.php" rel="nofollow">"Reuters is Excellent in Digging Up Insurer's Tactics,"</a> Columbia Journalism Review, March 17, 2010</li>

</ul>

<div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_groups</a>"</div>

<div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Front_groups_portal" title="Category:Front groups portal">Front groups portal</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Tobaccowiki" title="Category:Tobaccowiki">Tobaccowiki</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Coal_Issues" title="Category:Coal Issues">Coal Issues</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Energy" title="Category:Energy">Energy</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Front_groups" title="Category:Front groups">Front groups</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Public_relations_case_studies" title="Category:Public relations case studies">Public relations case studies</a></div>

</div>

--------

H&K tobacco Inst

In December, 1953, H&K designed the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">tobacco industry</a>'s strategy for counteracting scientific evidence which linked cigarette smoking to lung cancer. The campaign began with the publication of a full-page newspaper ad called <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Frank_Statement" title="The Frank Statement">The Frank Statement</a> <a href="http://www.tobacco.org/news/106237.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.tobacco.org/news/106237.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> which was printed in hundreds of newspapers throughout the USA in January, 1954. H&K also helped organize the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Council_for_Tobacco_Research" title="Council for Tobacco Research">Council for Tobacco Research</a> <a href="http://www.ctr-usa.org/ctr/index.wmt?tab=home" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.ctr-usa.org/ctr/index.wmt?tab=home" rel="nofollow">[3]</a>. As a result, H&K was named a co-defendant of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Morris">Philip Morris</a> in numerous tobacco lawsuits.

A H & K employee was also responsible for producing and distributing a 1954 booklet titled <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Smoke_Without_Fear" title="Smoke Without Fear">Smoke Without Fear</a>, which sought to blunt public fears about the dangers of smoking. A copy of the booklet is available <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xbc95d00/pdf" class="external text" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xbc95d00/pdf" rel="nofollow">here</a>.

A 23-page paper titled Health and Morality -- Tobacco's Counter Campaign, is a historical account written in 1992 describing the key part that Hill and Knowlton played on behalf of the tobacco industry in obfuscating the link between tobacco use and disease for decades to come.

The 23-page document details the history of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=John_W._Hill" title="John W. Hill">John W. Hill</a>, founder of Hill and Knowlton, who helped a panicked tobacco industry stave off a wave of public fear over the allegations that smoking caused lung cancer in the 1950's. With John Hill's deft coaching, the industry published its 1954 "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Frank_Statement" title="The Frank Statement">Frank Statement to the Public</a>" and formed the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tobacco_Industry_Research_Committee" title="Tobacco Industry Research Committee">Tobacco Industry Research Committee</a> (forerunner of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tobacco_Institute" title="Tobacco Institute">Tobacco Institute</a>).

----

Cato, Manhattan, Lehrman, Hudson, Shavano, Pacific, Sequoia, Freedom, Competitive Enterprise, Present Danger, Survival of a Free Congress, For the Free World, Foreign Policy Analysis, Contemporary Studies, Humane Studies, Study of Public Choice, Study of American Business, Public Policy, Judicial Studies, Political Economy Research Center; Reason Foundation; Washington, American, Capital, and Mountain States legal foundation; Ethics and Public policy Center; the National Center for Policy Analysis; the National Institute for Public Policy; and the Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy....

As Gregg Easterbrook wrote more than a decade ago in his piece - "Ideas Move Nations"; for The Atlantic Monthly:

"The regularity with which the same thinkers' names appear on think-tank rosters is as remarkable as the regularity with which Scaife and Olin are listed as donors. Kristol, the editor of The Public Interest is also the publisher of the new neo-conservative journal The National Interest, a member of the board of editors for Regulation, an AEI fellow, a Hudson fellow, and an adviser to the Lehrman and Manhattan institutes. Midge Decter is a Heritage trustee, an Ethics and Public Policy Center director, a member of the Committee on the Present Danger (CPD), a Hudson fellow, and an advisors-board member for The National Interest. Martin Anderson, of Hoover, is also a Hudson fellow, a Reason adviser, and a member of the board of the CPD. Michael Novak has affiliations with AEI, the CPD, the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, and Hudson; Ernest Lefever with the Ethics and Public Policy Center, the CPD, and Heritage; Thomas Gale Moore, of Hoover and recently named to the Council of Economic Advisers, with AEI, Cato, and Reason. James Buchanan, of the Center for Study of Public choice, is also an adjunct scholar at AEI and Cato, and an adviser to Hoover, Reason, and the Political Economy Research Center. The leaders of the three major conservative think tanks -- William Baroody, of AEI, Edwin Feulner, of Heritage, and David Abshire, of CSIS -- once served together as aides to Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird."

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