Wolfowitz

=tom dis 1219
Looking Back on 9/11
It’s in this context that we should all look back on what truly did come down that Tuesday morning in September 2001, an all-American day of the grimmest sort. That was, of course, the day when this country was attacked by 19 suicidal hijackers, most of them Saudi, using American commercial jets as their four-plane air force. They, in turn, were inspired by a man, Osama bin Laden, and his organization, al-Qaeda, part of a crew of radical Islamists that Washington had backed years earlier in an Afghan War against the Soviet Union. In response to the events of that day — though it seems unimaginable now — we could have joined a world already in pain, one that had experienced horrors largely unimaginable in this country until that moment, in a kind of global solidarity.
Instead, responding to the destruction of those towers in Manhattan and part of the Pentagon, the Bush administration essentially launched a war against much of the planet. They soon dubbed it a “Global War on Terror,” or GWOT, and key officials almost instantly claimed it would have more than 60 countries (or terror groups in them) in its sights. Eighteen years later, the U.S. is still at war across a vast swath of the globe, involved in conflict after conflict from the Philippines to Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq to northern Africa and beyond. In the process, that GWOT has produced failed state after failed state and terror group after terror group, enough to make the original al-Qaeda (still going) look like nothing at all. And of course, in all these years, the U.S. military, hailed here as “the finest fighting force that the world has ever known” (and similar formulations), lacks a single decisive (or even modest) victory. Meanwhile, everywhere, yet more towers, real or metaphorical, continue to fall; in fact, whole cities in the Middle East now lie in rubble.
The top officials of President George W. Bush’s administration would, at the time, mistake 9/11 for a kind of upside-down stroke of luck, the perfect excuse for launching military operations, including invasions, geared to the ultimate domination of the planet (and its key oil supplies). Via drones armed with missiles and bombs, they would turn any president into an assassin-in-chief. They would, in the end, help spread terror groups in a fashion beyond imagining on September 12, 2001, while their never-ending wars would displace vast numbers of innocent people, creating a refugee crisis of a kind not seen since the end of World War II when significant parts of the planet stood in ruins. And all of that, in turn, would help spark, on a global scale, what came to be known as the “populist right,” in part thanks to the very refugees created by that GWOT. The response to what came down on 9/11, in other words, would create its own hell on Earth.=omg5/15<div><a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="http://convio.motherjones.com/site/R?i=ajOIrJ6louiZF3sJAimCWw" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431702984047_46370" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; outline: none; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-color: transparent; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">The Jeb Bush Adviser Who Should Scare You</a>By David CornLast week, Jeb Bush, the all-but-announced GOP presidential candidate, stirred up a fuss when he privately <a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="http://convio.motherjones.com/site/R?i=2aO0gmYBQdYOMND7uqK0qA" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(25, 106, 212); outline: none; background: transparent;">told</a> a group of Manhattan financiers that his top adviser on US-Israeli policy is George W. Bush. Given that Jeb has tried mightily to distance himself from his brother, whose administration used false assertions to launch the still highly unpopular Iraq War, this touting of W.—even at a behind-closed-doors session of Republican donors—seemed odd. But perhaps more noteworthy is that Jeb Bush has embraced much of his brother's White House foreign policy team. In February, his campaign <a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="http://convio.motherjones.com/site/R?i=6Ti0CSDOqCsSSfU2AMrWHw" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(25, 106, 212); outline: none; background: transparent;">released a list</a> of 21 foreign policy advisers; 17 of them served in the George W. Bush administration. And one name stood out: Paul Wolfowitz, a top policy architect of the Iraq War—for the prospect of Wolfowitz whispering into Jeb's ear ought to scare the bejeezus out of anyone who yearns for a rational national security policy. <a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="http://convio.motherjones.com/site/R?i=jbW4zYi1_JuvBlU_3N6Khw" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431702984047_46369" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); outline: none; font-size: 10px; background: transparent;">[READ MORE]</a></div><div></div>=
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz</a>

Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Indonesia" title="United States Ambassador to Indonesia">United States Ambassador to Indonesia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense</a>, President of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, and former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%28education%29" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_H.Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" title="Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies">Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>. He is currently a visiting scholar at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, working on issues of international <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-private_partnerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnerships">public-private partnerships</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Goldfarb-2">[3]</a> and chairman of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-Taiwan_Business_Council" title="US-Taiwan Business Council">US-Taiwan Business Council</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-3">[4]</a>

He is a leading <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">neoconservative</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-4">[5]</a> As Deputy Secretary of Defense, he was "a major architect of President Bush's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a> policy and ... its most hawkish advocate." <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Boyer-5">[6]</a> After serving two years, he resigned as president of the World Bank Group "ending a protracted and tumultuous battle over his stewardship, sparked by a promotion he arranged for his companion."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-WBGS2-6">[7]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-JonesUK-7">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-JonesUK-7">8]</a>

<h2>Contents</h2>

[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</div>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Personal_history">1 Personal history</a>

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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#University_education">1.1 University education</a>

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<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Cornell_University">1.1.1 Cornell University</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#University_of_Chicago">1.1.2 University of Chicago</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Career">2 Career</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency">2.1 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Deputy_Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Regional_Programs">2.2 Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#State_Department_Director_of_Policy_Planning">2.3 State Department Director of Policy Planning</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#State_Department_Assistant_Secretary_for_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs">2.4 State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Ambassador_to_the_Republic_of_Indonesia">2.5 Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Undersecretary_of_Defense_for_Policy">2.6 Undersecretary of Defense for Policy</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#At_the_Helm_of_SAIS-Johns_Hopkins_University">2.7 At the Helm of SAIS - Johns Hopkins University</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense">2.8 Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#President_of_the_World_Bank">2.9 President of the World Bank</a></li>

</ul>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Recent_controversies">3 Recent controversies</a>

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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Wolfowitz.27s_relationship_with_Shaha_Riza">3.1 Wolfowitz's relationship with Shaha Riza</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Wolfowitz.27s_leadership_of_the_World_Bank_Group">3.2 Wolfowitz's leadership of the World Bank Group</a></li>

</ul>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#Notes">5 Notes</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#External_links">6 External links</a></li>

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<h2>[<a title="Edit section: Personal history" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=1">edit</a>] Personal history</h2>

The second child of <a title="Jacob Wolfowitz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Wolfowitz">Jacob Wolfowitz</a> (1910–1981) and Lillian Dundes, Paul Wolfowitz "was born in <a title="Brooklyn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn">Brooklyn, New York</a>, into a Polish <a class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish">Jewish</a> immigrant family, and grew up mainly in <a title="Ithaca, New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York">Ithaca, New York</a>, where his father was a professor of statistical theory at <a title="Cornell University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University">Cornell University</a>."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Goldenberg-8">[9]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Dudley-9">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Dudley-9">10]</a> According to Shelemyahu Zacks, Jacob Wolfowitz "fought at the time for the liberation of <a class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union">Soviet Jewry</a>. He was a friend and strong supporter of the state of <a title="Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel">Israel</a>, AIPAC member and had many friends and admirers there."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Zacks-10">[11]</a> Strongly influenced by his father, Paul Wolfowitz became "a soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker ... [whose] world views ... were forged by family history and in the halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress ... [His father] ... escaped Poland after <a title="World War I" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a>. The rest of his father's family perished in <a title="The Holocaust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Schmitt-11">[12]</a>

Wolfowitz read about the Holocaust and Hiroshima as a boy and calls them "the polar horrors".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Boyer-5">[6]</a> Speaking of the influence of the Holocaust on his views, Wolfowitz said:

"That sense of what happened in <a title="Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe">Europe</a> in <a title="World War II" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a> has shaped a lot of my views ... It's a very bad thing when people exterminate other people, and people persecute minorities. It doesn't mean you can prevent every such incident in the world, but it's also a mistake to dismiss that sort of concern as merely <a class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> and not related to real interest."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Schmitt-11">[12]</a>

</blockquote>

Before moving to Ithaca, in the fall of 1952, the Wolfowitzes lived in <a title="Manhattan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan">Manhattan</a>: "I was born in <a title="Brooklyn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> but we grew up in Manhattan, one block down on <a title="Morningside Drive (Manhattan)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningside_Drive%28Manhattan%29">Morningside Drive</a> ... from the President of <a title="Columbia University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University">Columbia</a> who for part of that time was <a title="Dwight D. Eisenhower" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D.Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-DODTranscript-12">[13]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Tanenhaus2-13">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Tanenhaus2-13">14]</a> After teaching for a year at Cornell, his father took a one year sabbatical accompanied by his family, spending half the time at <a title="University of California, Los Angeles" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,Los_Angeles">UCLA</a>, and half at the <a class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a>. In 1957, Paul Wolfowitz lived in <a title="Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel">Israel</a>, while his father was a visiting professor at the <a title="Technion – Israel Institute of Technology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technion%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology">Israel Institute of Technology (Technion IIT)</a>, in <a title="Haifa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa">Haifa</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Zacks-10">[11]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Cassidy-14">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Cassidy-14">15]</a>

Wolfowitz took classes at <a title="Cornell University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University">Cornell University</a> while still a student at <a title="Ithaca High School (Ithaca, New York)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca_High_School%28Ithaca,New_York%29">Ithaca High School</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-15">[16]</a> In the mid-1960s, while they were both undergraduate students at Cornell, he met <a title="Clare Selgin Wolfowitz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Selgin_Wolfowitz">Clare Selgin</a>, who later became an <a class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropologist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist">anthropologist</a>. They married in 1968, had three children, lived in <a title="Chevy Chase, Maryland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Maryland">Chevy Chase, Maryland</a>. They separated in 1999, and, according to some sources, became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Goldenberg-8">[9]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Cassidy-14">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Cassidy-14">15]</a>

In late 1999, Wolfowitz began dating <a title="Shaha Riza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaha_Riza">Shaha Ali Riza</a>. Their relationship led to controversy later, during his presidency of the <a title="World Bank Group" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group">World Bank Group</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Cassidy-14">[15]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-WeeksLeiby-16">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-WeeksLeiby-16">17]</a>

Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to <a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English</a>; <a title="Arabic language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language">Arabic</a>, <a title="French language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French</a>, <a title="German language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language">German</a>, <a title="Hebrew language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language">Hebrew</a>, and <a title="Indonesian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language">Indonesian</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Cassidy-14">[15]</a>

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: University education" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>] University education</h3>

<h4>[<a title="Edit section: Cornell University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=3">edit</a>] Cornell University</h4>

Wolfowitz entered Cornell University in 1961, on full scholarship and was a member of the <a title="Telluride Association" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluride_Association">Telluride Association</a>, a non-profit organization founded in 1910.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Dudley-9">[10]</a> He lived in the Telluride House in 1962 and 1963, while philosophy professor <a title="Allan Bloom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Bloom">Allan Bloom</a> served as a faculty mentor living in the house.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Dudley-9">[10]</a> Wolfowitz later studied with <a title="Albert Wohlstetter" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Wohlstetter">Albert Wohlstetter</a>, who became a defense specialist at the Political Science department at the University of Chicago.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Schmitt-11">[12]</a> In August 1963, he and his mother participated in the <a title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom">civil-rights march on Washington</a> organized by <a title="Martin Luther King, Jr." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Dudley-9">[10]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Cassidy-14">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Cassidy-14">15]</a> Wolfowitz was a member of the <a title="Quill and Dagger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill_and_Dagger">Quill and Dagger</a> society.

Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a <a title="Bachelor's degree" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree">Bachelor's degree</a> degree in <a title="Mathematics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a title="Chemistry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry">chemistry</a>. Against his father's wishes, Wolfowitz decided to go to <a title="Graduate school" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school">graduate school</a> to study politics.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Dudley-9">[10]</a> "One of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Schmitt-11">[12]</a>

<h4>[<a title="Edit section: University of Chicago" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=4">edit</a>] University of Chicago</h4>

Wolfowitz attended the <a title="University of Chicago" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago">University of Chicago</a> where <a title="Leo Strauss" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> was teaching. He completed his PhD dissertation under <a title="Albert Wohlstetter" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Wohlstetter">Albert Wohlstetter</a>. In the summer of 1969, Wohlstetter arranged for his students Wolfowitz, Wilson, and <a title="Richard Perle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Perle">Richard Perle</a> to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by <a title="Cold War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War">Cold War</a> architects <a title="Paul Nitze" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nitze">Paul Nitze</a> and <a title="Dean Acheson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>.

From 1970 to 1972, Wolfowitz taught in the Department of Political Science at <a title="Yale University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University">Yale University</a>, where one of his students was <a title="Lewis Libby" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Libby">I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-IRCProf-17">[18]</a> In 1972, Wolfowitz earned a <a title="Doctor of Philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in <a title="Political science" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science">political science</a> from the <a title="University of Chicago" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, writing his doctoral dissertation on "<a title="Nuclear proliferation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a> in the <a title="Middle East" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East">Middle East</a>".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-WD-18">[19]</a>

<h2>[<a title="Edit section: Career" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=5">edit</a>] Career</h2>

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: Arms Control and Disarmament Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=6">edit</a>] Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</h3>

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a title="Team B" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_B">Team B</a></div>

In the 1970s Wolfowitz served as an aide to <a title="Democratic Party (United States)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party%28United_States%29">Democratic</a> <a title="United States Senate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">Senator</a> <a title="Henry M. Jackson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_M.Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a>, who influenced several <a class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservatism in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_the_United_States">neoconservatives</a>, including Wolfowitz and <a title="Richard Perle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Perle">Richard Perle</a>. Jackson was a <a title="Cold War liberal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_liberal">Cold War liberal</a> supporting higher military spending and a hard line against the <a title="Soviet Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</a>, while also supporting social welfare programs, civil rights, and labor unions.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Oldham-19">[20]</a>

In 1972 <a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._President">U.S. President</a> <a title="Richard Nixon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, under pressure from Senator Jackson, dismissed the head of the <a title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency">U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> (ACDA) and replaced him with <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Ikle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Ikle">Fred Ikle</a>. Ikle brought in a new team including Wolfowitz. Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony, as he had previously done at the <a class="new" title="Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Committee_to_Maintain_a_Prudent_Defense_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1">Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy</a>. He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in <a title="Paris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris">Paris</a> and other <a title="Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe">European</a> cities. He helped dissuade <a title="South Korea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea">South Korea</a> from reprocessing <a title="Plutonium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium">plutonium</a> that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program.

Under <a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.President">President</a> <a title="Gerald Ford" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, the American intelligence agencies came under attack over their annually published <a title="National Intelligence Estimate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Estimate">National Intelligence Estimate</a>. According to Mann: "The underlying issue was whether the <a class="mw-redirect" title="C.I.A." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.I.A.">C.I.A.</a> and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union, either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support <a title="Henry Kissinger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger">Kissinger</a>'s policy of <a title="Détente" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente">détente</a> or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions." Attempting to counter these claims, the new <a title="Director of Central Intelligence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="George H.W. Bush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W.Bush">George H.W. Bush</a> formed a committee of anti-<a class="mw-redirect" title="Communist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist">Communist</a> experts, headed by <a title="Richard Pipes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>, to reassess the raw data. Based on the recommendation of <a title="Richard Perle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Perle">Richard Perle</a>, Pipes picked Wolfowitz for this committee, which was later called <a title="Team B" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_B">Team B</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Tanenhaus-20">[21]</a>

The team's 1976 report, which was leaked to the press, stated that "All the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the 'worldwide triumph of socialism,' but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony," highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the government's intelligence analysts had failed. According to Jack Davis, Wolfowitz observed later:

<blockquote>The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [intelligence] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets' observed behavior (and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through the invasion of Afghanistan). The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [CIA headquarters in] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Davis-21">[22]</a></blockquote>

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=7">edit</a>] Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs</h3>

In 1977, during the <a title="Jimmy Carter" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Carter</a> administration, Wolfowitz moved to <a title="The Pentagon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>. He was U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the <a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Defense Department" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Defense_Department">U.S. Defense Department</a>, under <a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Defense" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Secretary_of_Defense">U.S. Secretary of Defense</a> <a title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Brown_%28Secretary_of_Defense%29">Harold Brown</a>.

In 1980, Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and became a visiting professor at the <a title="Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_H._Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies">Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies</a> (SAIS) at <a title="Johns Hopkins University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University">Johns Hopkins University</a>. According to the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post">Washington Post</a>; "He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party, which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman, Kennedy and Jackson."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Dobbs-0">[1]</a>

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: State Department Director of Policy Planning" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=8">edit</a>] State Department Director of Policy Planning</h3>

Following the 1980 election of <a title="President of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">President</a> <a title="Ronald Reagan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, the new <a title="National Security Advisor (United States)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Advisor%28United_States%29">National Security Advisor</a> <a title="Richard V. Allen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_V.Allen">Richard V. Allen</a> formed the administration's foreign policy advisory team. Allen initially rejected Wolfowitz's appointment but following discussions, instigated by former colleague <a title="John Lehman" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lehman">John Lehman</a>, Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of <a title="Director of Policy Planning" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Policy_Planning">Director of Policy Planning</a> at the <a title="United States Department of State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State">Department of State</a>.

President Reagan's foreign policy was heavily influenced by the <a title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine">Kirkpatrick Doctrine</a>, as outlined in a 1979 article in <a title="Commentary (magazine)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary_%28magazine%29">Commentary</a> by <a title="Jeane Kirkpatrick" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a> entitled "Dictatorships and Double Standards".

<blockquote>Although most governments in the world are, as they always have been, autocracies of one kind or another, no idea hold greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments, anytime, anywhere, under any circumstances.... (But) decades, if not centuries, are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits.</blockquote>

Wolfowitz broke from this official line by denouncing <a title="Saddam Hussein" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> of <a title="Iraq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq">Iraq</a> at a time when <a title="Donald Rumsfeld" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> was offering the dictator support in his conflict with Iran. James Mann points out: "quite a few neo-conservatives, like Wolfowitz, believed strongly in democratic ideals; they had taken from the philosopher <a title="Leo Strauss" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> the notion that there is a moral duty to oppose a leader who is a 'tyrant.'" Other areas where Wolfowitz disagreed with the administration was in his opposition to attempts to open up dialogue with the <a title="Palestine Liberation Organization" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) and to the sale of <a class="mw-redirect" title="E-3 Sentry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-3_Sentry">Airborne Warning and Control System</a> (AWACS) aircraft to <a title="Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. "In both instances," according to Mann, "Wolfowitz demonstrated himself to be one of the strongest supporters of <a title="Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel">Israel</a> in the Reagan administration."

Mann stresses: "It was on <a title="China" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China">China</a> that Wolfowitz launched his boldest challenge to the established order." After Nixon and Kissinger had gone to China in the early 70s, U.S. policy was to make concessions to China as an essential <a title="Cold War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War">Cold War</a> ally. The Chinese were now pushing for the U.S. to end arms sales to <a title="Taiwan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and Wolfowitz used the Chinese incentive as an opportunity to undermine Kissinger's foreign policy toward China. Instead, Wolfowitz advocated a unilateralist policy, claiming that the U.S. did not need China’s assistance but that the Chinese needed the U.S. to protect them against the far-more-likely prospect of a Soviet invasion of the Chinese mainland. Wolfowitz soon came into conflict with <a title="United States Secretary of State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</a> <a title="Alexander Haig" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Haig">Alexander Haig</a>, who had been Kissinger’s assistant at the time of the visits to China. On March 30, 1982, <a title="The New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a> predicted that "Paul D. Wolfowitz, the director of policy planning ... will be replaced," because "Mr. Haig found Mr. Wolfowitz too theoretical." Instead, on June 25, 1982, <a title="George P. Shultz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz">George P. Shultz</a> replaced Haig as U.S. Secretary of State, and Wolfowitz was promoted.

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=9">edit</a>] State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs</h3>

In 1982, the new <a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="George Schultz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Schultz">George Schultz</a> appointed Wolfowitz as <a title="Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs</a>.

<a title="Jeane Kirkpatrick" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a>, on a visit to the <a title="Philippines" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines">Philippines</a>, was welcomed by the dictator <a title="Ferdinand Marcos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> who quoted heavily from her 1979 <a class="mw-redirect" title="Commentary Magazine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary_Magazine">Commentary</a> article Dictatorships and Double Standards and although Kirkpatrick had been forced to speak-out in favor of democracy the article continued to influence Reagan’s policy toward Marcos. Following the assassination of Philippine opposition leader <a title="Benigno Aquino, Jr." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino,Jr.">Benigno Aquino, Jr.</a> in 1983 many within the Reagan administration including the President himself began to fear that the Philippines could fall to the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Communists" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communists">communists</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.military">U.S. military</a> would lose its strongholds at <a class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Air Force Base" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Air_Force_Base">Clark Air Force Base</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Subic Bay Naval Station" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay_Naval_Station">Subic Bay Naval Station</a>. Wolfowitz tried to change the administration’s policy, stating in an April 15, 1985 article in <a title="The Wall Street Journal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> that "The best antidote to Communism is democracy." Wolfowitz and his assistant <a title="Lewis Libby" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Libby">Lewis Libby</a> made trips to <a title="Manila" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila">Manila</a> where they called for democratic reforms and met with non-communist opposition leaders.

Mann points out that "the Reagan administration’s decision to support democratic government in the Philippines had been hesitant, messy, crisis-driven and skewed by the desire to do what was necessary to protect the American military installations." Following massive street protests, Marcos fled the country on a U.S. Air Force plane and the U.S. recognized the government of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Corazón Aquino" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n_Aquino">Corazón Aquino</a>.

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=10">edit</a>] Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia</h3>

From 1986 to 1989, during the military-backed government of <a title="Suharto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto">President Suharto</a>, Wolfowitz was the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassadors from the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_from_the_United_States">U.S. Ambassador</a> to the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Indonesia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indonesia">Republic of Indonesia</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-ARDA-22">[23]</a>

According to Peter J. Boyer,

<blockquote>Wolfowitz’s appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match. He was a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Jew" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew">Jew</a> representing <a class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America">America</a> in the largest <a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim">Muslim</a> republic in the world, an advocate of <a title="Democracy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy">democracy</a> in Suharto's <a title="Dictatorship" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>. But Wolfowitz’s tenure as Ambassador was a notable success, largely owing to the fact that, in essence, he went native. With tutoring help from his driver, he learned the language, and hurled himself into the culture. He attended academic seminars, climbed volcanoes, and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Boyer-5">[6]</a></blockquote>

Sipress and Nakashima report that "Wolfowitz's colleagues and friends, both Indonesian and American" pointed to the "U.S. envoy's quiet pursuit of political and economic reforms in Indonesia."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-SipressNakashima-23">[24]</a> Dewi Fortuna Anwar, a foreign policy adviser to <a class="mw-redirect" title="Jusuf Habibie" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusuf_Habibie">B J Habibie</a>, Suharto's successor as head of state (1998–1999), stated "that Wolfowitz was a competent and popular envoy." But "he never intervened to push human rights or stand up to corruption."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-ARDA-22">[23]</a>

Officials involved in the AID program during Wolfowitz's tenure told <a title="The Washington Post" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a> that he "took a keen personal interest in development, including health care, agriculture and private sector expansion" and that "Wolfowitz canceled food assistance to the Indonesian government out of concern that Suharto's family, which had an ownership interest in the country's only flour mill, was indirectly benefiting."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-SipressNakashima-23">[24]</a>

In "The Tragedy of Suharto", published in May 1998, in <a title="The Wall Street Journal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, Wolfowitz states:

<blockquote>Although it is fashionable to blame all of <a title="Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia">Asia</a>'s present problems on corruption and the failure of Asian values, it is at bottom a case of a bubble bursting, of too many imprudent lenders chasing too many incautious borrowers. But the greed of Mr. <a title="Suharto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto">Suharto</a>'s children ensured that their father would take the lion's share of the blame for Indonesia's financial collapse. The Suharto children's favored position became a major obstacle to the measures needed to restore economic confidence. Worst of all, they ensured that the economic crisis would be a political crisis as well. That he allowed this, and that he amassed such wealth himself, is all the more mysterious since he lived a relatively modest life.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-WolfWSJ-24">[25]</a></blockquote>

After the <a class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Bali bombing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Bali_bombing">2002 Bali bombing</a>, on October 18, 2002, then Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz observed that "the reason the terrorists are successful in Indonesia is because the Suharto regime fell and the methods that were used to suppress them are gone."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Burchill-25">[26]</a>

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: Undersecretary of Defense for Policy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=11">edit</a>] Undersecretary of Defense for Policy</h3>

Wolfowitz, Gen. <a title="Colin Powell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell">Colin Powell</a> (left), and Gen. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Schwarzkopf" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf">Norman Schwarzkopf</a> (middle) listen as Secretary of Defense <a title="Dick Cheney" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> addresses reporters regarding the 1991 Gulf War.</div>

</div>

From 1989 to 1993, Wolfowitz served in the administration of <a class="mw-redirect" title="George H.W. Bush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W.Bush">George H.W. Bush</a> as <a class="mw-redirect" title="Undersecretary of Defense for Policy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undersecretary_of_Defense_for_Policy">Undersecretary of Defense for Policy</a>, under then <a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Defense Secretary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Defense_Secretary">U.S. Defense Secretary</a> <a title="Dick Cheney" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>. During the <a title="Gulf War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War">1991 Persian Gulf War</a>, Wolfowitz’s team co-ordinated and reviewed military strategy, raising $50 billion in allied financial support for the operation. Wolfowitz was present with Cheney, <a title="Colin Powell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell">Colin Powell</a> and others, on 27 February 1991 at the meeting with the President where it was decided that the troops should be demobilised.

On February 25, 1998, Wolfowitz testified before a congressional committee that he thought that "the best opportunity to overthrow Saddam was, unfortunately, lost in the month right after the war."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-intlrel-26">[27]</a> Wolfowitz added that he was horrified in March as "Saddam Hussein flew helicopters that slaughtered the people in the south and in the north who were rising up against him, while American fighter pilots flew overhead, desperately eager to shoot down those helicopters, and not allowed to do so." During that hearing, he also stated: "Some people might say—and I think I would sympathise with this view—that perhaps if we had delayed the ceasefire by a few more days, we might have got rid of Saddam Hussein."

After the <a title="Gulf War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War">1991 Persian Gulf War</a>, Wolfowitz and his then-assistant <a class="mw-redirect" title="Scooter Libby" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_Libby">Scooter Libby</a> wrote the <a title="Wolfowitz Doctrine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine">Wolfowitz Doctrine</a> to "set the nation’s direction for the next century." At that time the official administration line was "containment", and the contents of Wolfowitz’s plan calling for "preemption" and "<a title="Unilateralism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateralism">unilateralism</a>" which was opposed by <a title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> <a title="Colin Powell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell">Colin Powell</a> and President Bush. Defense Secretary Cheney produced a revised plan released in 1992. Many of the ideas in the Wolfowitz Doctrine later became part of the <a title="Bush Doctrine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a>. He left the government after the 1992 election.

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: At the Helm of SAIS - Johns Hopkins University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=12">edit</a>] At the Helm of SAIS - Johns Hopkins University</h3>

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a title="Project for the New American Century" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century">Project for the New American Century</a></div>

From 1994 to 2001, Wolfowitz served as Professor of International Relations and Dean of the <a title="Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_H.Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies">Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies</a> (SAIS) at <a title="Johns Hopkins University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University">Johns Hopkins University</a>. He was instrumental in adding more than $75 million to the university's endowment, developing an international finance concentration as part of the curriculum, and combining the various Asian studies programs into one department. He also advised <a title="Bob Dole" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole">Bob Dole</a> on foreign policy during the <a class="mw-redirect" title="1996 U.S. Presidential election" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_U.S.Presidential_election">1996 U.S. Presidential election</a> campaign.[<a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a>]

According to Kampfner, "Wolfowitz used his perch at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies as a test-bed for a new conservative world vision." Wolfowitz was associated with the <a title="Project for the New American Century" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (PNAC); he signed both the PNAC's June 3, 1997 "<a title="Project for the New American Century" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century#Signatories_to_Statement_of_Principles">Statement of Principles</a>",<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-PNACstmt-27">[28]</a> and its January 26, 1998 open letter to President Bill Clinton.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-PNACltr-28">[29]</a>

In February 1998 Wolfowitz testified before a <a title="United States Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress">Congressional</a> hearing, stating that the current administration lacked the sense of purpose to "liberate ourselves, our friends and allies in the region, and the Iraqi people themselves from the menace of Saddam Hussein."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-29">[30]</a>

In September 2000 the PNAC produced a 90-page report entitled Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces and Resources for a New Century, advocating the redeployment of U.S. troops in permanent bases in strategic locations throughout the world where they can be ready to act to protect U.S. interests abroad.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-PNACrpt-30">[31]</a> During the <a class="mw-redirect" title="2000 U.S. Presidential election" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_U.S.Presidential_election">2000 U.S. Presidential election</a> campaign, Wolfowitz served as a foreign policy advisor to <a title="George W. Bush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush">George W. Bush</a> as part of the group led by <a title="Condoleezza Rice" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> calling itself <a title="The Vulcans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vulcans">The Vulcans</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Sieff-31">[32]</a>

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: Deputy Secretary of Defense" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=13">edit</a>] Deputy Secretary of Defense</h3>

From 2001 to 2005, during the <a title="George W. Bush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration, Wolfowitz served as <a title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense">U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> reporting to <a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Defense" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Secretary_of_Defense">U.S. Secretary of Defense</a> <a title="Donald Rumsfeld" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>.

The <a class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attack" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_attack">terrorist attack</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks">9-11</a> was a turning point in administration policy, as Wolfowitz later explained: "9/11 really was a wake up call and that if we take proper advantage of this opportunity to prevent the future terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction that it will have been an extremely valuable wake up call," adding: "if we say our only problem was to respond to 9/11, and we wait until somebody hits us with nuclear weapons before we take that kind of threat seriously, we will have made a very big mistake."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-SFChron-32">[33]</a>

In the first emergency meeting of the <a title="United States National Security Council" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council">National Security Council</a> on the day of the attacks, Rumsfeld asked, "Why shouldn’t we go against Iraq, not just al-Qaeda?" with Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a "brittle, oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable," and, according to <a title="John Kampfner" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kampfner">John Kampfner</a>, "from that moment on, he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-BWARS-33">[34]</a> The idea was initially rejected, at the behest of <a title="United States Secretary of State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</a> <a title="Colin Powell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell">Colin Powell</a>, but, according to Kampfner, "Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam. Powell was excluded." In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the <a title="Bush Doctrine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a>, centering on "pre-emption", <a title="Unilateralism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateralism#Unilateralism_in_the_United_States">American unilateralism</a>, and the <a title="Iraq War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">war on Iraq</a>, which the <a title="Project for the New American Century" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century">PNAC</a> had advocated in their earlier letters.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Hersh-34">[35]</a>

After the <a class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,2001_attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>, the U.S. invaded <a title="Afghanistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> on the grounds that this was required to fight <a title="Al-Qaeda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> .<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Hersh-34">[35]</a> The <a title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan%282001%E2%80%93present%29">U.S. invasion of Afghanistan</a> began on October 7, 2001. And, although victory was declared on March 6, 2002[<a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a>], fighting continues as of March 6, 2009. On October 10, 2001, <a title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen">George Robertson</a>, then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, went to <a title="The Pentagon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> to offer <a title="NATO" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO">NATO</a> troops, planes and ships to assist. Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer, saying: "We can do everything we need to." Wolfowitz later announced publicly, according to Kampfner, "that 'allies, coalitions and diplomacy' were of little immediate concern."

Wolfowitz with <a title="New Zealand" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand">New Zealand</a> <a title="Prime Minister of New Zealand" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand">Prime Minister</a> <a title="Helen Clark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Clark">Helen Clark</a> at the Pentagon, March 26, 2002.</div>

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Ten months later, on January 15, 2003, with hostilities still continuing, Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital, <a title="Kabul" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul">Kabul</a>, and met with the new president <a title="Hamid Karzai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>. Wolfowitz stated, "We’re clearly moving into a different phase, where our priority in Afghanistan is increasingly going to be stability and reconstruction. There’s no way to go too fast. Faster is better." Despite the promises, according to Hersh, "little effort to provide the military and economic resources" necessary for reconstruction was made.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Hersh-34">[35]</a> This criticism would also re-occur after the <a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. invasion of Iraq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._invasion_of_Iraq">U.S. invasion of Iraq</a> later that year.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Hersh-34">[35]</a>

On April 16, 2002 the National Solidarity Rally for Israel was called in Washington to oppose US pressure on the government of <a title="Ariel Sharon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a>. Wolfowitz was the sole representative of the Bush administration to attend, speaking alongside Former <a class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Prime Minister" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Prime_Minister">Israeli Prime Minister</a> <a title="Benjamin Netanyahu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> and former <a class="mw-redirect" title="New York Mayor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mayor">New York Mayor</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Giuliani" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a>. According to <a title="Matthew Engel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Engel">Matthew Engel</a> in <a title="The Guardian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian">The Guardian</a>, the administration had exposed itself to being momentarily characterised as anti-Israel, which would have meant losing votes and financial support.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Engel-35">[36]</a> As reported by the <a title="BBC" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC">BBC</a>, Wolfowitz told the crowd that <a title="President of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">US President</a> <a title="George W. Bush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> "wants you to know that he stands in solidarity with you".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-36">[37]</a> Sharon Samber and Matthew E. Berger reported for <a title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a> (JTA) that Wolfowitz continued by saying that "Innocent Palestinians are suffering and dying as well. It is critical that we recognize and acknowledge that fact," before being booed and drowned out by chants of "No more Arafat."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-37">[38]</a>

Following the declaration of victory in Afghanistan the Bush administration had started to plan for the next stage of the <a title="War on Terror" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror">War on Terror</a>. According to <a title="John Kampfner" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kampfner">John Kampfner</a>, "Emboldened by their experience in Afghanistan, they saw the opportunity to root out hostile regimes in the Middle East and to implant very American interpretations of democracy and free markets, from Iraq to Iran and Saudi Arabia. Wolfowitz epitomised this view." Wolfowitz "saw a liberated Iraq as both paradigm and linchpin for future interventions." The <a title="2003 invasion of Iraq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> began on March 19.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Hersh-34">[35]</a>

Prior to the invasion, Wolfowitz had a plan to sell the war to the administration as well as the general public, as he later stated: "For bureaucratic reasons, we settled on one issue, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>, because it was the one reason everyone could agree on."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-DODTranscript-12">[13]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-USAToday-38">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-USAToday-38">39]</a>

The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack would fall to the intelligence services, but, according to Kampfner, "Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that, while the established security services had a role, they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking." As a result "they set up what came to be known as the 'cabal', a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new <a title="Office of Special Plans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans">Office of Special Plans (OSP)</a> based in the <a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Defense Department" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Defense_Department">U.S. Defense Department</a>." According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh, the OSP "was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, believed to be true—that <a title="Saddam Hussein" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> had close ties to <a class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>, and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical, biological, and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and, potentially, the United States."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Hersh-34">[35]</a>

Within months of being set-up, the OSP "rivaled both the CIA and the Pentagon’s <a title="Defense Intelligence Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a>, the DIA, as President Bush’s main source of intelligence regarding Iraq’s possible possession of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al Qaeda." Hersh explains that the OSP "relied on data gathered by other intelligence agencies and also on information provided by the <a title="Iraqi National Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_National_Congress">Iraqi National Congress</a>, or I.N.C., the exile group headed by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Chalabi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Chalabi">Ahmad Chalabi</a>." According to Kampfner, the CIA had ended its funding of the I.N.C. "in the mid-1990s when doubts were cast about Chalabi’s reliability." Nevertheless "as the administration geared up for conflict with Saddam, Chalabi was welcomed in the inner sanctum of the Pentagon" under the auspices of the OSP, and "Wolfowitz did not see fit to challenge any of Chalabi’s information." The actions of the OSP have led to accusation of the Bush administration "fixing intelligence to support policy" with the aim of influencing Congress in its use of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="War Powers Act" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Act">War Powers Act</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Hersh-34">[35]</a>

Kampfner outlined Wolfowitz’s strategy for the <a title="2003 invasion of Iraq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, which "envisaged the use of air support and the occupation of southern Iraq with ground troops, to install a new government run by <a title="Ahmed Chalabi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Chalabi">Ahmed Chalabi</a>’s <a title="Iraqi National Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_National_Congress">Iraqi National Congress</a>." Wolfowitz believed that the operation would require minimal troop deployment, Hersh explains, because "any show of force would immediately trigger a revolt against Saddam within Iraq, and that it would quickly expand."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Hersh-34">[35]</a> The financial expenditure would be kept low, Kampfner observes, if "under the plan American troops would seize the oil fields around Basra, in the South, and sell the oil to finance the opposition."

On March 27, 2003, Wolfowitz told a Congressional panel that oil revenue earned by Iraq alone would pay for Iraq's reconstruction after the Iraq war; he testified: "The oil revenues of that country could bring between $50 and $100 billion over the course of the next two or three years. Now, there are a lot of claims on that money, but ... We are dealing with a country that can really finance its own reconstruction and relatively soon."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-39">[40]</a>

During Wolfowitz's pre-war testimony before Congress, he dismissed General <a class="mw-redirect" title="Eric K. Shinseki" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_K._Shinseki">Eric K. Shinseki</a>'s estimates of the size of the post war occupation force and estimated that fewer than 100,000 troops would be necessary in the war. Two days after Shinseki testified, Wolfowitz said to the House Budget Committee on February 27, 2003:

<blockquote>There has been a good deal of comment—some of it quite outlandish—about what our postwar requirements might be in Iraq. Some of the higher end predictions we have been hearing recently, such as the notion that it will take several hundred thousand U.S. troops to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq, are wildly off the mark. It is hard to conceive that it would take more forces to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq than it would take to conduct the war itself and to secure the surrender of Saddam's security forces and his army—hard to imagine.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Hersh-34">[35]</a></blockquote>

On October 26, 2003, while in <a title="Baghdad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad">Baghdad</a> staying at the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rashid Hotel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rashid_Hotel">Al-Rashid Hotel</a> Wolfowitz narrowly escaped an attack when six rockets hit the floors below his room.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-40">[41]</a> Army Lt. Col. Charles H. Buehring was killed and seventeen other soldiers were wounded.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-41">[42]</a> Wolfowitz and his DOD staffers escaped unharmed and returned to the United States on October 28, 2003.

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: President of the World Bank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=14">edit</a>] President of the World Bank</h3>

In March 2005, Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the <a title="World Bank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank">World Bank</a> by <a class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.President">U.S. President</a> <a title="George W. Bush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-42">[43]</a> Criticism of his nomination appeared in the media.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-43">[44]</a> <a title="Nobel Prize" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize">Nobel Laureate</a> in Economics and former chief economist for the World Bank <a title="Joseph Stiglitz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> said: "'The World Bank will once again become a hate figure. This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world.'"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-44">[45]</a> In a speech at the U.N. Economic and Social Council, economist <a title="Jeffrey Sachs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> also opposed Wolfowitz: "It's time for other candidates to come forward that have experience in development. This is a position on which hundreds of millions of people depend for their lives ... Let's have a proper leadership of professionalism."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Many-45">[46]</a>

Press conference at G8 Summit (Paul Wolfowitz standing at rear on right)</div>

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In the U.S. there was some praise for the nomination. An editorial in <a title="The Wall Street Journal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> states: "Mr. Wolfowitz is willing to speak the truth to power ... he saw earlier than most, and spoke publicly about, the need for dictators to plan democratic transitions. It is the world's dictators who are the chief causes of world poverty. If anyone can stand up to the <a title="Robert Mugabe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe">Robert Mugabes</a> of the world, it must be the man who stood up to <a title="Saddam Hussein" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-46">[47]</a>

He was confirmed and became president on June 1, 2005. He soon attended the <a title="31st G8 summit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_G8_summit">31st G8 summit</a> to discuss issues of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate change" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_climate_change">global climate change</a> and the <a title="Economic development" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development">economic development</a> in <a title="Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa">Africa</a>. When this meeting was interrupted by the <a class="mw-redirect" title="July 7, 2005 London bombings" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_7,_2005_London_bombings">July 7, 2005 London bombings</a>, Wolfowitz was present with other world leaders at the press conference given by <a class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Prime_Minister">British Prime Minister</a> <a title="Tony Blair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair">Tony Blair</a>.

Several of Wolfowitz's initial appointments at the Bank proved controversial, including two US nationals (<a class="new" title="Robin Cleveland (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1">Robin Cleveland</a> and <a class="new" title="Kevin Kellems (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Kellems&action=edit&redlink=1">Kevin Kellems</a>) formerly with the Bush administration, whom he appointed as close advisors with $250,000 tax-free contracts.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-DeYoung-47">[48]</a> Another appointee, <a title="Juan José Daboub" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Daboub">Juan José Daboub</a> was criticized by his colleagues and others for attempts to change policies on family planning and climate change towards a conservative line."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Gaouette-48">[49]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Guha-49">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Guha-49">50]</a>

Wolfowitz gave special emphasis to two particular issues. Identifying Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most challenged to improve living standards, he traveled widely in the region. He also made clear his focus on fighting corruption. Several aspects of the latter program raised controversy. Overturning the names produced by a formal search process, he appointed a figure linked to the US Republican party to head the Bank's internal watchdog. Member countries worried that Wolfowitz's willingness to suspend lending to countries on grounds of corruption was vulnerable to selective application in line with US foreign policy interests. In a debate on the proposed Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy at the Bank's 2006 Annual Meetings, shareholders directed Wolfowitz to undertake extensive consultations and revise the strategy to show how objective measures of corruption would be incorporated into decisions and how the shareholders' representatives on the Bank's Board would play a key role. Following the consultations and revisions, the Board approved a revised strategy in spring 2007.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Cassidy-14">[15]</a>

<h2>[<a title="Edit section: Recent controversies" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=15">edit</a>] Recent controversies</h2>

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: Wolfowitz's relationship with Shaha Riza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=16">edit</a>] Wolfowitz's relationship with Shaha Riza</h3>

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a title="Shaha Riza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaha_Riza">Shaha Riza</a></div>

After President George W. Bush's nominated Wolfowitz as president of the <a title="World Bank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank">World Bank</a>, journalists reported that Wolfowitz was involved in a relationship with World Bank Senior Communications Officer (and Acting Manager of External Affairs) for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office <a class="mw-redirect" title="Shaha Ali Riza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaha_Ali_Riza">Shaha Ali Riza</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Sherwell-50">[51]</a> According to Richard Leiby, of <a title="The Washington Post" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a>, Riza is "an <a title="University of Oxford" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford">Oxford</a>-educated <a title="United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom">British</a> citizen, was born in <a title="Tunisia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and grew up in <a title="Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. She's known for her expertise on <a title="Women's rights" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights">women's rights</a> and has been listed on the bank's Web site as a <a title="News media" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media">media</a> contact for <a title="Iraq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq">Iraq</a> reconstruction issues."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Leiby-51">[52]</a> According to Leiby and Linton Weeks, in their essay "In the Shadow of a Scandal", Riza's employment at the World Bank predated Wolfowitz's nomination as Bank president: "Riza started at the World Bank as a consultant in July 1997 and became a full-time employee in 1999"; and the relationship between Riza and Wolfowitz pre-dated it as well:

<blockquote>In the early 1990s, Riza joined the <a title="National Endowment for Democracy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a> and is credited there with development of the organization's <a title="Middle East" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East">Middle East</a> program. Wolfowitz was on the endowment's board—which is how Riza first met him, according to Turkish journalist <a class="mw-redirect" title="Cengiz Candar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengiz_Candar">Cengiz Candar</a>, a friend of the couple. "Shaha was married at the time and Paul was married," Candar recalled, and it wasn't until late 1999—after Riza divorced and Wolfowitz had separated from his wife of 30 years, <a title="Clare Selgin Wolfowitz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Selgin_Wolfowitz">Clare Selgin Wolfowitz</a>—that the couple began dating."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-WeeksLeiby-16">[17]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Leiby-51">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Leiby-51">52]</a></blockquote>

When Wolfowitz was considered for head of the CIA after the 2000 election, Clare Wolfowitz wrote President-elect George Bush a letter telling him that her husband's relationship with a foreign national—Riza—posed a national security risk.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-52">[53]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-53">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-53">54]</a> It has been reported that <a class="mw-redirect" title="Scooter Libby" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_Libby">Scooter Libby</a> intercepted the letter.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-54">[55]</a> <a title="Sidney Blumenthal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Blumenthal">Sidney Blumenthal</a> also reported on the letter Clare Wolfowitz wrote:

<table class="cquote" style=" width: auto; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none; background-color: transparent;"><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold;">“</td><td valign="top" style=" padding: 4px 10px;">This embittered letter remained a closely guarded secret, although a former high official of the CIA told me about it. <a title="Chris Nelson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Nelson">Chris Nelson</a> also reported it on April 16 in his widely respected, nonpartisan foreign policy newsletter: "A certain Ms. Riza was even then Wolfowitz's true love. The problem for the CIA wasn't just that she was a foreign national, although that was and is today an issue for anyone interested in CIA employment. The problem was that Wolfowitz was married to someone else, and that someone was really angry about it, and she found a way to bring her complaint directly to the President. So when we, with our characteristic innocence, put Wolfowitz on our short-list for CIA, we were instantly told, by a very, very, very senior Republican foreign policy operative, 'I don't think so.' " The Daily Mail of London also reported on his wife's letter when Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-55">[56]</a></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 36px; text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">”</td></tr></tbody></table>

According to the London <a class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times">Sunday Times</a> on March 20, 2005, despite their cultural differences, "Riza, an Arab feminist who confounds portrayals of Wolfowitz as a leader of a '<a title="Zionism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism">Zionist</a> conspiracy' of Jewish <a title="Neoconservatism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism">neoconservatives</a> in Washington ... [and who] works as the bank’s senior gender co-ordinator for the Middle East and north Africa ... not only shares Wolfowitz’s passion for spreading democracy in the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Arab" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab">Arab</a> world, but is said to have reinforced his determination to remove <a title="Saddam Hussein" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>’s oppressive regime."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-ProfTOL-56">[57]</a>

The relationship created further controversy over Wolfowitz’s nomination to head the World Bank, because the bank's ethics rules preclude sexual relationships between a manager and a staff member serving under that manager, even if one reports to the other only indirectly through a chain of supervision. Sharon Churcher and Annette Witheridge, in The Daily Mail, quote one World Bank employee's statement that "Unless Riza gives up her job, this will be an impossible conflict of interest"; the observation of "a Washington insider": "His womanizing has come home to roost ... Paul was a foreign policy hawk long before he met Shaha, but it doesn't look good to be accused of being under the thumb of your mistress"; and Wolfowitz's response: "If a personal relationship presents a potential conflict of interest, I will comply with Bank policies to resolve the issue."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-ChurcherWitheridge-57">[58]</a>

Wolfowitz initially proposed to the World Bank's Ethics Committee that he recuse himself from personnel matters regarding Riza, but the committee rejected that proposal.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Hitt1-58">[59]</a> Riza was "seconded to the <a title="United States Department of State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State">State Department</a>", or placed on "external assignment," assigned "a job at the state department under <a class="mw-redirect" title="Liz Cheney" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Cheney">Liz Cheney</a>, the daughter of the <a title="Vice President of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States">vice-president</a>, promoting <a title="Democracy in the Middle East" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East">democracy in the Middle East</a> ..."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Goldenberg2-59">[60]</a> She "was also moved up to a managerial pay grade in compensation for the disruption to her career," resulting in a raise of over $60,000, as well as guarantees of future increases; "The staff association claims that the pay rise was more than double the amount allowed under employee guidelines."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Goldenberg2-59">[60]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-McQuillen-60">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-McQuillen-60">61]</a> A promotion and raise had been among the options suggested by a World Bank ethics committee that was set up to advise on the situation.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-EthicsCommitteeCaseNo2-61">[62]</a> According to Steven R. Weisman, however, in a report published in <a title="The New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a>, the then-current chair of the committee emphasized that he was not informed at the time of the details or extent of the present and future raises built into the agreement with Riza.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-62">[63]</a> Wolfowitz refers to the controversy concerning his relationship with Riza in his recent statement posted on the website of the World Bank (April 12, 2007).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Wolfstat-63">[64]</a>

<h3>[<a title="Edit section: Wolfowitz's leadership of the World Bank Group" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wolfowitz&action=edit&section=17">edit</a>] Wolfowitz's leadership of the World Bank Group</h3>

In early 2007, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News">Fox News</a> published on a series of investigative stories on the World Bank, based in part on leaks of internal bank documents.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-BeharFeb-64">[65]</a> On April 11, 2007, <a title="Reuters" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters">Reuters</a> and Al Kamen in <a title="The Washington Post" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a>, reported that Wolfowitz and the World Bank board had hired the <a title="Williams & Connolly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_%26_Connolly">Williams & Connolly</a> law firm to oversee an investigation into the leaking of internal bank documents to <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News">Fox News</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-ReutersFoxNews-65">[66]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Kamenprobe-66">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Kamenprobe-66">67]</a> Those reports cite an internal memo to the bank staff later posted on the internet, dated April 9, 2007, in which the World Bank's general counsel, Ana Palacio, states that the Bank's legal staff was scrutinizing two articles by investigative reporter <a title="Richard Behar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Behar">Richard Behar</a> published on the website of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News">Fox News</a> on January 31 and March 27, 2007.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Behar1-2-67">[68]</a> A day after the second report published by Behar, on March 28, 2007, Kamen had disclosed that "Bank records obtained by the Government Accountability Project" documented pay raises in excess of Bank policies given to <a title="Shaha Riza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaha_Riza">Shaha Riza</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Kamen1-68">[69]</a>

On April 12, 2007 the London <a title="Financial Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times">Financial Times</a> reported that, in a 2005 memorandum, Wolfowitz had personally directed the Bank's human resources chief to offer Riza a large pay rise and promotion, according to two anonymous sources who told the Financial Times that they had seen the memo.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-GuhaCallan-69">[70]</a> The memo was part of a package of 102 pages of documents released by the bank on April 14, 2007.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-GuhaCallan-69">[70]</a>

On April 14, 2007, after reviewing these documents, the Financial Times concluded that it was "a potentially fatal blow" to Wolfowitz.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-GuhaCallan-69">[70]</a> In contrast, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News">Fox News</a> concluded that the new documents might offer Wolfowitz a "new lifeline" in the scandal, because the Bank's ethics committee had launched a review of the Riza compensation case in early 2006 and concluded that it did not warrant any further attention by the committee.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Behar3-70">[71]</a> Wolfowitz failed, on April 19, 2007, to attend a high-profile meeting and the controversy led to disruption at the World Bank when some employees wore <a title="Blue ribbon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_ribbon">blue ribbons</a> "in a display of defiance against his leadership."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-71">[72]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-72">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-72">73]</a>

World Bank Group's board of executive directors and staffers complained also that Wolfowitz was imposing <a class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration">Bush Administration</a> policies to eliminate <a title="Family planning" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning">family planning</a> from World Bank programs. According to Nicole Gaouette, in her report published in the <a title="Los Angeles Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times">Los Angeles Times</a> on April 19, 2007, <a title="Juan José Daboub" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Daboub">Juan José Daboub</a>—the managing director whom Wolfowitz had appointed who has also been criticized for overly-conservative policies concerning climate change<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Guha-49">[50]</a> and "a Roman Catholic with ties to a conservative Salvadoran political party"—repeatedly deleted references to family planning from World Bank proposals.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Gaouette-48">[49]</a>

On May 14, 2007 the World Bank committee investigating the alleged ethics violations reported (in part):

<ul>

<li>"Mr. Wolfowitz's contract requiring that he adhere to the Code of Conduct for board officials and that he avoid any conflict of interest, real or apparent, were violated";</li>

<li>"The salary increase Ms. Riza received at Mr. Wolfowitz's direction was in excess of the range established by Rule 6.01";</li>

<li>"The ad hoc group concludes that in actuality, Mr Wolfowitz from the outset cast himself in opposition to the established rules of the institution"; and</li>

<li>"He did not accept the bank's policy on conflict of interest, so he sought to negotiate for himself a resolution different from that which would have applied to the staff he was selected to head."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-CNNMoney-73">[74]</a></li>

</ul>

Wolfowitz appeared before the World Bank Group's board of executive directors to respond on May 15. Adams speculated that "With Mr Wolfowitz so far refusing to step down, the board may need to take radical action to break the stalemate. Members have discussed a range of options, including sacking Mr Wolfowitz, issuing a vote of no confidence or reprimanding him. Some board members argue that a vote of no confidence would make it impossible for him to stay in the job."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Adams-74">[75]</a> By Wednesday, May 16, 2007, <a title="The New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a>, reported that "after six weeks of fighting efforts to oust him as president ... Wolfowitz began today to negotiate the terms of his possible resignation, in return for the bank dropping or softening the charge that he had engaged in misconduct ..."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Weisman3-75">[76]</a> After expressions from the Bush administration that it "fully" supported Wolfowitz as World Bank president and its urging a "fair hearing" for him, President Bush expressed "regret" at Wolfowitz's impending resignation.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Aversa-76">[77]</a>

On May 17, 2007 the World Bank Group's board of Executive Directors announced that Paul Wolfowitz would resign as World Bank Group president at the end of June 2007.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz#cite_note-Weisman4-77">[78]</a>

<ul>

<li><a title="Full-spectrum dominance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li>

<li><a title="Joint Vision 2020" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Vision_2020">Joint Vision 2020</a></li>

<li><a title="Neoconservatism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a></li>

<li><a title="Project for the New American Century" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century">Project for the New American Century</a></li>

<li><a title="Washington Institute for Near East Policy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy">Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a> (WINEP) Board of Advisors</li>

<li><a title="Wolfowitz Doctrine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine">Wolfowitz Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a title="World Bank Group" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group">World Bank Group</a></li>

</ul>

<a href="http://www.rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/Wolfowitz_Paul">http://www.rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/Wolfowitz_Paul</a>

Commenting on Wolfowitz’s appointment to the U.S.-Taiwan Business Council, a nonprofit consortium, investigative reporter Tim Shorrock wrote, “Wolfowitz is being rewarded for the fine work he did for U.S. defense contractors in Taiwan back when he was at the Pentagon. … [He] was the highest-level U.S. defense official to meet openly with Taiwan military officials in decades. This happened under the auspices of the council in 2002 when <a href="http://www.rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1067.html">Frank Carlucci</a> was running it. Wolfie’s meetings helped clear the way for major new arms sales to Taiwan, which have become a big issue inside the island nation.”<a name="ednref6" id="ednref6" href="http://www.rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/Wolfowitz_Paul#edn6"> </a>[<a href="http://www.rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/Wolfowitz_Paul#edn6">6</a>]

==

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Paul_Dundes_Wolfowitz">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Paul_Dundes_Wolfowitz</a>

<h2>Affiliations</h2>

<ul>

<li><a title="American Enterprise Institute" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, former member of its Council of Academic Advisors <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2003/0312.wallace-wells.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2003/0312.wallace-wells.html">[7]</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Aspen Institute" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Aspen_Institute">Aspen Institute</a> Strategy Group <a class="external autonumber" title="http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2003/03/4599.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2003/03/4599.shtml">[8]</a></li>

<li><a title="Bilderberg" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Bilderberg">Bilderberg</a> 2000 <a class="external autonumber" title="http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2003/03/4599.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2003/03/4599.shtml">[9]</a></li>

<li><a title="Council on Foreign Relations" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/2807/CFRClinton.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/2807/CFRClinton.html">[10]</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Policy Board" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Defense_Policy_Board">Defense Policy Board</a>, member</li>

<li><a class="new" title="Dreyfus Funds (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Dreyfus_Funds&action=edit&redlink=1">Dreyfus Funds</a>, trustee 1997-2000 <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.fundexpenses.com/root/data/Article200304/Wolfowitz_Connection.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fundexpenses.com/root/data/Article200304/Wolfowitz_Connection.htm">[11]</a></li>

<li><a title="Foreign Affairs" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Foreign_Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a> (CFR journal), advisory board</li>

<li><a class="new" title="Hasbro Inc. (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Hasbro_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1">Hasbro Inc.</a>, director 1995-2001 <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:16940398&refid=ink_tptd_np&skeyword=&teaser=" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:16940398&refid=ink_tptd_np&skeyword=&teaser=">[12]</a></li>

<li><a title="Heritage Foundation" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Heritage_Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a>, speaker <a class="external autonumber" title="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/ind/wolfowitz/wolfowitz.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/ind/wolfowitz/wolfowitz.php">[13]</a></li>

<li><a title="Hudson Institute" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Hudson_Institute">Hudson Institute</a>, speaker <a class="external autonumber" title="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/ind/wolfowitz/wolfowitz.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/ind/wolfowitz/wolfowitz.php">[14]</a></li>

<li><a title="National War College" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_War_College">National War College</a></li>

<li><a title="Northrop Grumman" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Northrop_Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>, former consultant</li>

<li><a title="Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Paul_H.Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies%28SAIS%29_at_Johns_Hopkins_University">Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University</a>; former dean and current instructor</li>

<li><a title="Project for the New American Century" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Project_for_the_New_American_Century">Project for the New American Century</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Rumsfeld Commission" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Rumsfeld_Commission">Rumsfeld Commission</a> <a class="external autonumber" title="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/ind/wolfowitz/wolfowitz.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/ind/wolfowitz/wolfowitz.php">[15]</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Team B" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Team_B">Team B</a> Strategic Objectives Panel Member 1976 <a class="external autonumber" title="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/ind/wolfowitz/wolfowitz.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/ind/wolfowitz/wolfowitz.php">[16]</a></li>

<li><a title="Trilateral Commission" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Trilateral_Commission">Trilateral Commission</a> 2000; October 2003 <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.illuminati-news.com/tc-members.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.illuminati-news.com/tc-members.htm">[17]</a><a class="external autonumber" title="http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2003/03/4599.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2003/03/4599.shtml">[18]</a></li>

<li><a title="Washington Institute for Near East Policy" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy">Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a></li>

</ul>

-----

<a href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/11/01/041101fa_fact">http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/11/01/041101fa_fact</a>

-------

<h2><a title="View in context" href="http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a080489barlowfiredagain#a080489barlowfiredagain">August 4, 1989: Analyst of Pakistan’s Nuclear Program Alleged to Be ‘Security Risk’ and Fired from Pentagon</a></h2>

</div>

Richard Barlow, an analyst who has repeatedly insisted that Pakistan has a nuclear weapons program (see <a onmouseout="return nd()" href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=a87salarzbarlow" onmouseover="return OL('July 1987 or Shortly After: Stormy Hearing Exposes Pakistan’s Nuclear Program to Congress')">July 1987 or Shortly After</a> and <a onmouseout="return nd()" href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=amid89barlowpressured" onmouseover="return OL('Mid-1989: Pentagon Analyst Pressured to Change Conclusions about Pakistan’s Nuclear Program, He Refuses, but Report Is Amended Behind his Back')">Mid-1989</a>), is fired from his position at the Pentagon. Barlow will later say, “They told me they had received credible information that I was a security risk.” When he asks why he is thought to be a security risk, “They said they could not tell me as the information was classified,” but “senior Defense Department officials” are said to have “plenty of evidence.” His superiors think he might leak information about Pakistan’s nuclear program to congressmen in favor of the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. He spends the next eighteen months in the Pentagon personnel pool, under surveillance by security officers. Apparently, I. Lewis “Scooter” Libby and two officials who work for Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Paul Wolfowitz are involved in the sacking. It is also rumored that Barlow is a Soviet spy. Barlow’s conclusions about Pakistan’s nuclear program are unpopular with some, because if the US admitted the nuclear program existed, this would lead to a break between the US and Pakistan and endanger US aid to the anti-Soviet mujaheddin and US arms sales (see <a onmouseout="return nd()" href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=a85paknukes" onmouseover="return OL('August 1985-October 1990: White House Defies Congress and Allows Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program to Progress')">August 1985-October 1990</a> and <a onmouseout="return nd()" href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=a0989moref16s" onmouseover="return OL('August-September 1989: US Agrees to Sell Pakistan 60 More F-16s, Despite Nuclear Weapons Program')">August-September 1989</a>). After he is fired, rumors are started saying that Barlow is a tax evader, alcoholic, adulterer, and in psychiatric care. As his marriage guidance counseling is alleged to be cover for the psychiatric care, the Pentagon insists that investigators be allowed to interview his marriage guidance counselor. Due to this and other problems, his wife leaves him and files for divorce. <cite>[<a onmouseout="return nd()" target="blank" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/?040119fr_archive02" onmouseover="return OL('Seymour Hersh, “On the Nuclear Edge,” ">New Yorker, 29 March 1993.')">New Yorker, 3/29/1993</a>; <a onmouseout="return nd()" target="blank" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/pakistan/Story/0,,2188777,00.html" onmouseover="return OL('Adrian Levy and Cathy Scott-Clark, “The man who knew too much,” ">Guardian, 13 October 2007.')">Guardian, 10/13/2007</a>]</cite> Barlow will later be exonerated by various investigations (see <a onmouseout="return nd()" href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=a0590barlowcompartmentalised" onmouseover="return OL('May 1990: Pentagon Analyst Completely Cleared of Wrongdoing, but Does Not Get All Security Clearances Back')">May 1990</a> and <a onmouseout="return nd()" href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=a0993inspectorsbarlow" onmouseover="return OL('Before September 1993: Inspectors General Clear Nuclear Analyst of All Charges, but Report Is Rewritten')">Before September 1993</a>).

Entity Tags: <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=paul_wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a>, <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=us_department_of_defense">US Department of Defense</a>, <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=lewis%28_scooter%29_libby">Lewis (“Scooter”) Libby</a>, <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=richard_barlow_1">Richard Barlow</a>

Timeline Tags: <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=aq_khan_nuclear_network_tmln">A. Q. Khan's Nuclear Network</a>

<a href="http://">http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=paul_wolfowitz</a>

<h2><a title="View in context" href="http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=us_international_relations_41#us_international_relations_41">February 18, 1992: ’Wolfowitz Doctrine:’ Proposal Advocates US as World’s Lone Superpower</a></h2>

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<img src="/f816bf5c-6982-551d-85e8-a691530ce8cb.jpg"/>Paul Wolfowitz. [Source: Boston Globe]A draft of the Defense Department’s new post-Cold War strategy, the Defense Planning Guidance (DPG), causes a split among senior department officials and is criticized by the White House. The draft, prepared by defense officials Zalmay Khalilzad and Lewis “Scooter” Libby under the supervision of Undersecretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz, says that the US must become the world’s single superpower and must take aggressive action to prevent competing nations—even allies such as Germany and Japan—from challenging US economic and military supremacy. <cite>[<a onmouseout="return nd()" target="blank" href="http://www.btinternet.com/%7Enlpwessex/Documents/Wolfowitz92memo.htm" onmouseover="return OL('Patrick Tyler, “PENTAGON DROPS GOAL OF BLOCKING NEW SUPERPOWERS,” ">New York Times, 23 May 1992.')">New York Times, 5/23/1992</a>; <a onmouseout="return nd()" target="blank" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/978-0742529434/centerforcoop-20" onmouseover="return OL('Mark Rupert and M. Scott Solomon, ">Globalization and International Political Economy: The Politics of Alternative Futures (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005)., 122.')">Rupert and Solomon, 2005, pp. 122</a>; <a onmouseout="return nd()" target="_blank" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/978-0-670-01882-6/centerforcoop-20" onmouseover="return OL('J. Peter Scoblic, ">US Vs. Them: How a Half Century of Conservatism Has Undermined America\'s Security (New York City: Viking, 2008)., 165.')">Scoblic, 2008, pp. 165</a>]</cite> The views in the document will become known informally as the “Wolfowitz Doctrine.” Neoconservative Ben Wattenberg will say that its core thesis is “to guard against the emergence of hostile regional superpowers, for example, Iraq or China.</div>

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house of bush unger

As the cabinet began to take shape in late December, Colin Powell still presented the biggest potential obstacle to the ambitions of Cheney and the neocons. There was less than a month before the inauguration. Time was running out. They had to find a way to neutralize him.

According to the former Pentagon official, Cheney was convinced that even though Powell's presence was essential to the Bush administration, he "would have to be cornered bureaucratically and repeatedly reminded (even in ways involving public humiliation) that foreign policy was not something over which he presided." To accomplish that task, the official continued, Cheney "recruited Donald Rumsfeld and the neoconservatives to hammer Secretary of State Powell bureaucratically while Mr. Cheney took upon himself the task of managing the President of the United States."

On December 28, Donald Rumsfeld met Bush in his temporary headquarters in the Madison Hotel in Washington. To Washington cognoscenti, to Bush insiders, the idea that Rumsfeld might be invited to join a Bush administration was stunning. Rumsfeld's enmity with Bush 41 included attempts to keep Bush off the Republican ticket in 1976 and 1980 and the Team B battle with Bush's CIA. Rumsfeld openly made fun of Bush at Chicago dinner parties. And when Bob Dole challenged Bush 41 for the presidential nomination in 1988, Rumsfeld had been on Dole's team. At the time, George W. Bush was the enforcer on his father's campaign. "Without question, [George W.] would have known about his father's problems with Rumsfeld," said Pete Teeley, former press secretary to Bush 41. "Everybody knew."

"Real bitterness there," said another friend of Bush 41. "Makes you wonder what was going through Bush 43's mind when he made him secretary of defense."

James Baker even interceded. According to Robert Draper's "Dead Certain," he told the president-elect, "All I'm going to say is, you know what he did to your daddy." But Bush didn't listen. After all, Rumsfeld's success came from being a great courtier. Fourteen years older than his patron, vastly more experienced, Rumsfeld reportedly played to Bush's insecurity about his lack of experience, and reassured him that he was fit for command. That reassurance became crucial to their relationship over the next six years.

Rumsfeld's relationship with Cheney had cooled somewhat since he and his protégé had been in the Ford White House. In 1986, Rumsfeld had made a futile stab at getting the 1988 Republican presidential nomination, and had pleaded with Cheney, unsuccessfully, for his support. When George H.W. Bush won the presidency, Cheney ultimately became secretary of defense but Rumsfeld was left out in the cold.

Now that they were reunited, Cheney had a more powerful role in their partnership than before. In contrast to President-elect Bush, who had little knowledge of Washington, the two men had an unsurpassed mastery of the intricacies of the federal bureaucracy, thanks to three decades of shared experience at the highest levels of the executive branch. They knew the White House, the Pentagon, and Congress -- inside and out. They knew how to make these institutions turn on a dime, when to accelerate and when to put on the brakes. Less neocon ideologues than authoritarian nationalists, they believed in an executive branch so powerful -- "the imperial presidency," "the unitary executive" -- that the constitutionally mandated system of checks and balances was all but negated. It was a philosophy that many neocons shared.

But in order to realize his ambitions, Cheney knew his team needed control of the entire national security apparatus. By this time, Paul Wolfowitz, a Cheney hand whose name had been widely bandied about as a potential secretary of defense, was now being touted as a possible pick to replace George Tenet as the next CIA director. If that happened, Cheney would have an ideal team in place.

Then dean of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University -- a position he had held for seven years -- Wolfowitz, always intent upon proving he was the smartest guy in the room, had a cerebral style that didn't mix particularly well with Bush's frat-boy disposition. In Dick Cheney, however, he had a patron who was the most powerful voice in the new administration next to the president himself. And, during his trips to Austin, Wolfowitz had played a key role in formulating an intellectual framework through which the president-elect could craft foreign policy.

There was another problem, however, that threatened Wolfowitz's position in the new administration. His marriage was on the rocks. Worse, according to an article in the Daily Mail (London) by Sharon Churcher and Annette Witheridge, Wolfowitz was allegedly having an affair with a staffer at the School of Advanced International Studies. Clare Wolfowitz, his wife of more than thirty years and mother of his three children, was said to be so angry that she was taking actions that might jeopardize his career.

The episode at SAIS was not the only alleged indiscretion reported about Wolfowitz. The fifty-seven-year-old Pentagon veteran had also become smitten with Shaha Ali Riza, a secular Muslim then in her forties, who had made her way through Washington's neocon network while working at the Free Iraq Foundation, a group that supported the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in the early 1990s, and the National Endowment for Democracy, a congressionally funded foundation that makes grants to promote democracy throughout the world. Born in Libya and raised in Saudi Arabia, Riza had been educated at the London School of Economics and Oxford, and had obtained British citizenship. According to the London Sunday Times, Riza shared "Wolfowitz's passion for spreading democracy in the Arab world" and "is said to have reinforced his determination to remove Saddam Hussein's oppressive regime."

According to a former State Department official, Wolfowitz was quite taken with the notion that he, a secular Jew, was dating a Muslim. Their relationship put a heady, modern, and romantic face on the entire neocon project of democratizing the Middle East. As the Bush-Cheney team prepared to take office, Wolfowitz and Riza, not his wife Clare, took in the neocon social circuit together. Riza was known to Cheney. She moved in the same circles with and was admired by Ahmed Chalabi, the Iraqi exile Wolfowitz backed as a successor to Saddam. "Shaha was the embodiment of the outcome of the modern Arab political system as the neocons saw it," said the State Department source. "She was the personification of the outcome they hoped for in Iraq. She was not theoretical. She was not in a burka. She was a modern Arab feminist."

Wolfowitz's critics who knew about the affair delighted in referring to Shaha Riza as "his neoconcubine." But more significant than the prurient aspects of his alleged dalliances were the questions of national security they might raise. After all, federal officials have been denied national security clearances not because of extramarital activities but because of the possibility of blackmail stemming from their nondisclosure. And if one of the women in question was a foreign national -- as was Shaha Ali Riza -- that raised additional serious issues about security clearances.

What hung in the balance was not merely the marriage of Paul and Clare Wolfowitz -- or the sales of British tabloid newspapers. Nor was it just whether or not Paul Wolfowitz would reach the apex of his career by becoming director of the CIA. Unwittingly, Clare Wolfowitz may have put at risk Dick Cheney's dreams of the entire neocon project to remake the Middle East. After all, if Cheney, Rumsfeld, and the neocons were to outflank centrists such as Colin Powell, it was essential that they control America's intelligence apparatus. As Cheney saw it, Wolfowitz was just the man for the job. Cheney was getting all his ducks in a row -- or at least trying to.

Meanwhile, just as Wolfowitz's name was being bandied about for the top job at Langley, George Tenet, the Clinton appointee who still served as CIA director, got called to a private meeting with President-elect Bush...

<a href="http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/11/09/house_of_bush_3/">http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/11/09/house_of_bush_3/</a>