Slavery abolition

this includes modern
see 1619 vs story 1see founding fathers
=uber1<a href="https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-1133">https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-1133</a>=<div>=</div><div>3 23 an</div><div>in the antebellum South — before the U.S. Civil War and the abolition of slavery — Virginia was a slave state. And it had laws governing the treatment of slaves.In 2023, a judge in Fairfax County, Virginia is drawing vehement criticism after referencing that 19th Century law in a case involving a divorced man and his ex-wife who are in disagreement over two embryos that have been frozen. Virginia resident Honeyhline Heidemann, who is 45, wants to use the embryos, but her ex-husband, Jason Heidemann, objects.<div id="story_page_incontent_p2_target" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5155643920455169" data-ad-slot="6339868799" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration-line: none; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px; display: block;" /></div>Fairfax County Circuit Court Judge Richard E. Gardiner, the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/embryos-slavery-chattel-custody-virginia-82e1f36ecbcf35ec4659e8e2c3443c4f" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="color: rgb(11, 13, 101); text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Associated Press (AP) reports</a>, has ruled that human embryos can be considered property or "chattel." And he based his decision in part on that 19th Century law.READ MORE:<a href="https://www.alternet.org/house-oversight-republicans-witnesses-racism/" target="self" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="color: rgb(11, 13, 101); text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">House Oversight Republicans held two hearings with witnesses accused of racism and praised by David Duke</a>Gardiner, according to <a href="https://apnews.com/article/embryos-slavery-chattel-custody-virginia-82e1f36ecbcf35ec4659e8e2c3443c4f" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="color: rgb(11, 13, 101); text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">AP reporter Matthew Barakat</a>, "conducted a deep dive into the history of the law" and "found that before the Civil War, it also applied to slaves.""The judge then researched old rulings that governed custody disputes involving slaves, and said he found parallels that forced him to reconsider whether the law should apply to embryos," Barakat reports in an <a href="https://apnews.com/article/embryos-slavery-chattel-custody-virginia-82e1f36ecbcf35ec4659e8e2c3443c4f" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="color: rgb(11, 13, 101); text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">article published on March 9</a>. And Gardiner wrote, "As there is no prohibition on the sale of human embryos, they may be valued and sold, and thus may be considered 'goods or chattels.'"Susan Crockin, a legal scholar at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., slammed Gardiner for his argument in the embryo case and <a href="https://apnews.com/article/embryos-slavery-chattel-custody-virginia-82e1f36ecbcf35ec4659e8e2c3443c4f" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="color: rgb(11, 13, 101); text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">told AP</a>, "It’s repulsive and it's morally repugnant."Solomon Ashby, president of the Old Dominion Bar Association, was also critical of the judge but was not as biting as Crockin. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/embryos-slavery-chattel-custody-virginia-82e1f36ecbcf35ec4659e8e2c3443c4f" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="color: rgb(11, 13, 101); text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Ashby told AP</a>, "I would like to think that the bench and the bar would be seeking more modern precedent."</div><div></div>=mta blk hist mo
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">BHM observances should include how corporations and those of immense wealth have amassed political power and economic wealth by exploiting racism toward people of color, especially African Americans, in this country over several centuries.<p style="margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Examples:<ul style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><li style="font-weight: 400;">The Royal African Company and other British “crown corporations” transported slaves to the American colonies</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The “Fugitive Slave Clause” of the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 2, Clause 3) mandated that escaped slaves (the property of slaveholders) when caught had to be returned to their owners.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The “Three-Fifths “Compromise” in the Constitution (Article I, Section 2, Clause 3)  defined slaves (which had no political rights) as 3/5ths of a person in determining a state’s population – to ensure that southern states would have more votes in the Electoral College to perpetuate slavery.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">JP Morgan bank used slaves as collateral for loans to slave owners in the 19th century.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The 13th Amendment contained an “exceptions clause” – prisoners could be used as forced labor. “Convict leasing” or  “slavery by another name” involved African American forced to to work for railroads, U.S. Steel and other corporations to rebuild the south after the Civil War.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">African-American strikebreakers were used widely in the meat packing, steel, coal mining, automobile, and railroad industries between the end of Civil War and New Deal to stoke racism between white and black workers to prevent the rise of unions.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Housing, automobile, and construction corporations profited by laws (including discriminatory FHA mortgage underwriting) that promoted redlining of neighborhoods to maintain high housing values, especially in suburbia.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The disproportionate mass imprisonment of African Americans, due to racist drug and other laws, has given rise to highly profitable and powerful private prison corporations, namely CoreCivic and Geo Group. The Prison Industries Act (promoted by ALEC, the American Legislative Exchange Council) has expanded prison labor and financially benefited many companies, among them Victoria's Secret, Whole Foods Market, Walmart, Microsoft, Starbucks, BP, Nintendo, AT&T, Target, Dell, Eddie Bauer, and Boeing.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Racial predatory loans by Wall Street financial entities, which profited in the billions, fueled the 2007-9 financial crisis.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">Toxic industries tend to be placed or to expand in African American poor communities.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;">The explosion of police violence against innocent African Americans in cities and subsequent financial settlements in amounts that communities can not afford has given rise to a new profitable financial instrument for corporate and individual investors: “police brutality bonds.”</li></ul><p style="margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Not to be overlooked is the corporate hijacking of the Fourteenth Amendment, intended to provide legal due process and equal protection to African Americans when it was ratified in 1868. Two decades later, the Supreme Court hijacked the decision, ruling that a corporation is a “person” with the same due process and equal protection rights intended exclusively for African Americans. <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><img src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.nationbuilder.com%2Fmovetoamend%2Fmailings%2F5311%2Fattachments%2Foriginal%2Fproxy-image-1.jpg%3F1675256274&t=1675286351&ymreqid=5b97f7b6-4cda-3c8f-1cbf-af02d2017300&sig=GdjZZTCAS1bfY8CGtvY6dQ--_D" alt="" style="text-indent: -9999px; max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="351" height="279" /><p style="margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The Court invalidated approximately 200 economic regulations of businesses from 1905 until the mid-1930’s passed by legislators under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.<p style="margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Governments could no longer pass laws to protect or favor local businesses over chain stores or family farms over agribusinesses. Large corporations have perverted the Fourteenth Amendment as both a shield to protect themselves and a sword to successfully challenge public laws that they claim are “discriminatory” that were intended to protect people and communities. <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Move to Amend’s <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="blank" href="https://www.movetoamend.org/amendment?e=c4bd75a7df792ae4a17981d702bb76b4&utm_source=movetoamend&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=black_history_month&n=2" style="text-decoration: underline;">We the People Amendment</a> will end all corporate constitutional rights, including the corporate due process and equal protection “rights” of the Fourteenth Amendment. It goes beyond simply reducing corporate money in elections, as this <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="blank" href="https://www.movetoamend.org/r?u=fk3qs1mHicx9-w03tafB2G8vNGMp4KGcuuJPtVN2YhZE0BswpsiadBH-D4CGM387sNg5gNAmUCPguGQ2dOhWVjal7-zEqaZ-T4OD3pCCRPttulokWC0uguVTiTJ3m0oYezHO26XksUVhZb_eLoEPkAW5rtytQzcofnBZvNmqTl0&e=c4bd75a7df792ae4a17981d702bb76b4&utm_source=movetoamend&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=black_history_month&n=3" style="text-decoration: underline;">comparison chart</a> describes.<p style="margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Much attention will be appropriately devoted this month to the history of the movements to abolish slavery and the movement for fundamental civil rights – as a stepping stone to fundamental human rights. <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The institution of slavery, which for millennia was deemed as an inevitable reality of human existence, was (minus the exceptions clause) abolished in this country due to a massive, dedicated and diverse people’s movement – including people of color and others risking their lives. <p style="margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">It’s past time to abolish all corporate constitutional rights. A dedicated and diverse people’s movement is needed – with inspiration and learnings taken from the anti-slavery, civil rights and all movements – enshrining the rights of people over property, including corporations.
<div>===</div><div>an 7 22 raw</div><div>
</div><div>fuck

your feelings: [cspan book TV had several on slavery eg UVA?] free exge

of idea (free mkt in the gift shop? buy it or not, or buy and burn it.
</div><div>
</div><div>Fox News host Rachel Campos-Duffy lashed out on Sunday because she

said she was made to feel "ashamed" and "guilty" after visiting the home

of former President Thomas Jefferson and learning about how he owned

slaves.During a discussion on Fox & Friends, host

Pete Hegseth complained about how the "whole tone" at Jefferson's

Monticello home has changed to focus on his slave ownership."It's

overwhelmingly negative!" Hegseth exclaimed. "You go to visit the

legacy of Thomas Jefferson and you learn about what a terrible person

Thomas Jefferson was."Hegseth said that one visitor noted that "half of the comments on Jefferson were critical."Campos-Duffy recounted her visit to Monticello."I

visited many of these homes," she recalled. "And that is definitely

what I picked up from all of this, that there is a reorienting,

reconstructing of the history to basically make sure that the idea that

they had slaves is on the same level as what they did for our country.""There

are slaves across human history," the Fox News host continued. "I get

that. It's a terrible history we should talk about but we should not

feel guilty or ashamed of our leaders when we go and visit the people

who brought us the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence. You

leave feeling that way."Campos-Duffy complained that "anti-racism" books could be found in the gift shop at Jefferson's home."These

were great men as far as their ideas go but they were able to build

this on the backs of slaves and we honor that," co-host Joey Jones

chimed in. "And we talk about that. That's different than re-writing the

importance of Jefferson, the importance of Washington or whoever it may

be. And why have Monticello at all if you're only going to use it for

grievance?"Jones argued that liberal leaders are not "perfect" either."Socialists," Campos-Duffy quipped. "You come away thinking how terrible this country is.""Where's

all this coming from?" she asked. "The homes of these presidents are

being populated -- this is a very diabolical plan on the part of the

left. So what they've done is they've taken their donors on the left and

they've populated the boards of these estates with leftists.""Don't

look over here at all the amazing things that Thomas Jefferson

unleashed," Hegseth agreed. "It's always about inclusivity. It's the

buzzword they use. And we fall into the trap! Because good, earnest

historians who take care of Monticello sit there and they go, 'Oh,

you're right. You know what? We haven't included enough about the fact

that he was a slave owner. So let's include more of that.' And then the

ideologues come in with their money and say, let's make it all about

that!""And then you get kids coming through thinking Thomas

Jefferson was a bad guy," he remarked. "We get accused of wanting to

'whitewash' or not talk about that. We will talk about that. We know

that. That's a real deal. But making it about America being an evil

place is when we get into the realm of a cultural revolution."Watch the video below from Fox News.</div>==
https://www.kqed.org/forum
Perkins case --> dred scot?! 14 and 15 not ratif in ca till 1950's CRM?!
Conversations about the history of slavery are often confined to the North and the South, with the West viewed as a free “promised land.” But California passed laws, like the Fugitive Slave Act of 1852, that reinforced the institution of slavery, and otherwise allowed coerced, unpaid labor in the state. And the laws impacted more than just Black people, too. Historian Stacey L. Smith writes in her book “Freedom’s Frontier” that “ diverse forms of American Indian servitude, sexual trafficking in bound women, and contract labor involving Latin Americans, Asians, and Pacific Islanders all kept the slavery question alive in California during the 1850s.” This history has been brought to the fore in recent weeks as the state’s Reparations Task Force continues to hear testimony about the impacts of slavery on African Americans. We take a closer look at this part of California’s past and why it matters.
Guests:
Stacey L. Smith, associate professor of history, Oregon State University; author, "Freedom's Frontier: California and the Struggle over Unfree Labor, Emancipation, and Reconstruction"
Taylor Bythewood-Porter, assistant curator of history, California African American Museum; co-curated the 2018 exhibition "California Bound: Slavery on the New Frontier, 1848-1865"=1.5 m kids?<a href="https://www.alternet.org/2021/02/slave-free-chocolate/">https://www.alternet.org/2021/02/slave-free-chocolate/</a><div>=</div><div>remember trump said woman duct taped at mex border?</div><div>
</div><div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="box-sizing: border-box;">...While GLS has not publicly commented on the allegations, DynCorp has fiercely denied them, calling them “wholly without merit” and “baseless.” DynCorp spokeswoman Mary Lawrence also <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/american-defense-contractor-accused-of-enslaving-us-citizen-linguists" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">told the Daily Beast</a> that DynCorp “will vigorously defend against these baseless allegations brought by plaintiffs seeking a payday.”<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">DynCorp: A sordid track record of crime and impunity</h2>This troubling lawsuit is hardly the first controversy for the U.S. military contractor. Indeed, DynCorp is <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-isenberg/its-dj-vu-for-dyncorp-all_b_792394.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">one of the most controversial</a> military contractors, given its past scandals, many of which involved the company facilitating human trafficking and child prostitution. For instance, in the late 1990s, DynCorp employees <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-isenberg/its-dj-vu-for-dyncorp-all_b_792394.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">were accused</a> of raping children in Bosnia as well as buying and selling girls as young as 12 for use as sex slaves. They also assisted the illegal transport of women into Bosnia for human trafficking purposes.In the years since, DynCorp <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-isenberg/the-dyncorp-see-no-evil-m_b_1267479.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">has continued</a> to find itself accused of enslaving minors as well as its contracted employees, just as the recently unsealed lawsuit alleged. For instance, evidence came out in 2004 showing DynCorp employees sexually assaulting underage girls in Colombia, followed by a separate incident in 2009 where company employees <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-isenberg/its-dj-vu-for-dyncorp-all_b_792394.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">provided</a> Afghan police with drugs and child prostitutes in Afghanistan.Despite those years of scandals, DynCorp nonetheless <a href="http://www.jimrigby.org/even-after-years-of-scandal-us-hires-dyncorp-again/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">continues to receive</a> lucrative U.S. military contracts. Yet, as the newly public lawsuit shows, DynCorp’s old habits of treating human beings as commodities remain as ingrained as ever, largely thanks to the fact that the company has never been held accountable for its crimes against its workers as well as countless children.Top Photo | In this Dec. 16, 2011 photo, abandoned vehicles stand in a lot behind a barbed wire fence inside Camp Adder on the Iraq, Kuwait border. Lucas Jackson | AP<div class="author-featured" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 712px; clear: both; margin: 50px 0px 0px;"><div class="author-description" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Whitney Webb is a staff writer for MintPress News and a contributor to Ben Swann’s Truth in Media. Her work has appeared on Global Research, the Ron Paul Institute and 21st Century Wire, among others. She has also made radio and TV appearances on RT and Sputnik. She currently lives with her family in southern Chile.</div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-dj-vu-for-dyncorp-all_b_792394" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-dj-vu-for-dyncorp-all_b_792394</a>...</div></div><div></div>=https://yyy.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/07/hold-on-brother-final-days-of-doomed-crew-on-chinese-shark-finning-boatlied to about job, salary skimmed, passport taken<div>=</div>human rights<a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/nestle-u-s-a-inc-v-doe/">https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/nestle-u-s-a-inc-v-doe/</a>
<h1 times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" clear="clear" both="both" color="color" rgb="rgb" display="display" inline="inline" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; border: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em;">Nestlé U.S.A., Inc. v. Doe</h1> <span class="case-status" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" display="display" inline="inline" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Petition for certiorari denied on January 11, 2016<div class="hr" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding" clear="clear" both="both" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><table id="date-docket" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" border-collapse="border-collapse" collapse="collapse" border-spacing="border-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;"><colgroup><col width="85px;" /><col width="85px;" /><col width="85px;" /><col width="85px;" /><col width="70px;" /><col width="85px;" /><col width="85px;" /></colgroup><thead style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tr style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><th style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" align="left">Docket No.</th><th style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" align="left">Op. Below</th><th style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" align="left">Argument</th><th style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" align="left">Opinion</th><th style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" align="left">Vote</th><th style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" align="left">Author</th><th style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" align="left">Term</th></tr></thead><tbody style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tr style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/docketfiles/15-349.htm" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">15-349</a></td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://casetext.com/case/doe-v-nestle-usa?ref=Sb!7elzRe" target="blank" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">9th Cir.</a></td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">N/A</td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">N/A</td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">N/A</td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">N/A</td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/terms/ot2015" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">OT 2015</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="hr" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding" clear="clear" both="both" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><p helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" em="em" padding="padding" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;">Issue: (1) Whether a defendant is subject to suit under the Alien Tort Statute for aiding and abetting another person's alleged violation of the law of nations based on allegations that the defendant intended to pursue a legitimate business objective while knowing (but not intending) that the objective could be advanced by the other person's violation of international law; (2) whether the “focus” test of <a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-1191.pdf" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Morrison v. National Australian Bank, Ltd.</a> governs whether a proposed application of the Alien Tort Statute would be impermissibly extraterritorial under <a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/10-1491_l6gn.pdf" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.</a>; and (3) whether there is a well-defined international-law consensus that corporations are subject to liability for violations of the law of nations.<p helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" em="em" padding="padding" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;">---<p helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" em="em" padding="padding" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;">same case?<p helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" em="em" padding="padding" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestle_USA_v.Doe_I">https://ballotpedia.org/Nestle_USA_v.Doe_I</a><p helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" em="em" padding="padding" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;">Nestlé USA v. Doe I is a case scheduled for argument before the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">Supreme Court of the United States</a> during the court's <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Supreme_Court_cases,October_term_2020-2021" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">October 2020-2021 term</a>. The case came on a <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip1" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">writ</a> of <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip2" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">certiorari</a> to the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_9th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit</a>. It was consolidated with Cargill v. Doe I.<a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a>The case concerns the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#Alien_Tort_Statute" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Alien Tort Statute</a>.<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 10.9688px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(229, 229, 229); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><div style="background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.3em; width: 1065.06px;">HIGHLIGHTS</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 1065.06px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The case: A group of Malian citizens ("claimants") filed a lawsuit under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) against corporations including Nestlé USA and Cargill, Inc. In the lawsuit, the claimants alleged they were subjected to child slavery on cocoa farms in Côte d’Ivoire. The U.S. District Court for the Central District of California dismissed the case on the grounds that corporations could not be held liable under the ATS. On appeal, the 9th Circuit vacated the lower court's ruling.</li></div><div style="background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 1065.06px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The issue:<dl style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px;"><dd style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">"1. Whether an aiding and abetting claim against a domestic corporation brought under the Alien Tort Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1350, may overcome the extraterritoriality bar where the claim is based on allegations of general corporate activity in the United States and where plaintiffs cannot trace the alleged harms, which occurred abroad at the hands of unidentified foreign actors, to that activity. </dd><dd style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">2. Whether the Judiciary has the authority under the Alien Tort Statute to impose liability on domestic corporations."<a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-questions-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></dd></dl></li></div><div style="background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 1065.06px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The outcome: The appeal is pending adjudication before the U.S. Supreme Court.</li></div></div> You can review the lower court's opinion <a target="blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2019/07/05/17-55435.pdf" https="https" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" thumb="thumb" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" px-icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="px-Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: url(">here</a>. <h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; border-left: 5px solid rgb(50, 56, 61); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244);">Timeline</h2>The following timeline details key events in this case:<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.6em 1.6em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">July 2, 2020: The U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the consolidated cases.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">October 2, 2019: Cargill, Inc., the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip3" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">petitioner</a>, appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">September 25, 2019: Nestlé USA, the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip3" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">petitioner</a>, appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">July 5, 2019: The <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_9th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">9th Circuit</a> <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip4" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">reversed</a> the district court's ruling in an amended opinion and denied the petition for rehearing.</li></ul><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; border-left: 5px solid rgb(50, 56, 61); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244);">Background</h2><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Initial complaint and appeal</h3>A group of anonymous Malian citizens ("claimants") filed a class-action lawsuit under the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#Alien_Tort_Statute" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Alien Tort Statute</a> (ATS) against multinational cocoa suppliers, including Cargill, Inc., and food and beverage companies, including Nestlé USA. The claimants alleged that as children they were forced to work on cocoa farms in Côte d’Ivoire.<a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-Cargill-4" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-petition-5" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a>In 2010, the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Central_District_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Central District of California" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">U.S. District Court for the Central District of California</a> dismissed the lawsuit, holding the claimants (1) did not and could not allege the defendants "acted with the purpose and intent that their conduct would perpetuate child slavery in Ivorian farms" and (2) failed to show anything more than "ordinary commercial transactions." The district court also held that international law prevented ATS claims against corporate defendants.<a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-petition-5" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a>On appeal, the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_9th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit</a> <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip5" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">vacated</a> the district court's ruling in an amended opinion and <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip6" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">remanded</a> the case. The 9th Circuit held ATS claims could be brought against corporate defendants.<a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-petition-5" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Second appeal</h3>In 2016, the Malian citizens filed an amended complaint. The Central District of California dismissed the complaint, holding the claimants' focus was outside the United States, or extraterritorial. On appeal, the 9th Circuit <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip4" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">reversed</a> the district court's judgment, holding that (1) corporations can be sued under the ATS and (2) the claimants' complaints had a sufficient U.S. focus. The 9th Circuit also issued an amended order holding the claimants had <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip7" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">standing</a>.<a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-petition-5" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Alien Tort Statute</h3>The Alien Tort Statute (<a target="blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1350" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii=") right center no-repeat !important; padding-right: 13px !important;" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">28 U.S. Code § 1350</a>) provides:<div class="scrollable-table-container" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-x: auto; width: 1097px; max-width: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><table data-nosnippet="" style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: transparent; max-width: 100%; border: none; float: none !important;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; border: none; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px 3px;" width="20" valign="top">“</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top">The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States.<span id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_6-0" class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-6" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; border: none; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;" width="20" valign="bottom">”</td></tr></tbody></table></div><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; border-left: 5px solid rgb(50, 56, 61); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244);">Questions presented</h2><div>...</div></div></div><div>=</div><div>
</div><div><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2020/03/the-strange-truth-about-the-pro-slavery-origins-of-christian-nationalism-in-the-united-states/">https://www.alternet.org/2020/03/the-strange-truth-about-the-pro-slavery-origins-of-christian-nationalism-in-the-united-states/</a></div><div>
</div><div><div>no lnx</div><div>
</div><div>The strange truth about the pro-slavery origins of Christian nationalism in the United States</div><div>
</div><div>Written by History News Network March 14, 2020</div><div>
</div><div>Right around the time the House began its impeachment inquiry, the homepage of the U.S. Department of State featured a talk by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo titled “Being a Christian Leader.” Only a few weeks had passed since Attorney General William Barr told students at Notre Dame Law School that “secularists” are to blame for “moral chaos” and “immense suffering, wreckage, and misery,” and that “Judeo-Christian moral standards are the ultimate utilitarian rules for human conduct.” Then, at a January campaign rally at a Miami megachurch, President Donald Trump told the largely evangelical crowd that God is “on our side.”</div><div>
</div><div>Most of us have a sense that this kind of religious-nationalist rhetoric and behavior got its start with the revolution that Reagan brought to power. A decisive moment was in August 1980, at the Reunion Arena in Dallas, Texas, when Reagan addressed 15,000 thousand pastors and religious activists. “I know that you can’t endorse me,” but “I want you to know that I endorse you and what you are doing,” he said, to wild applause.</div><div>
</div><div>Reagan’s speech at the Reunion Arena marked a sea change in the role of conservative religion in American politics. But some of those who had helped organize the event were concerned that the one individual who deserved the most credit for the transformation of the interface of politics and religion was not on the podium. “We agreed that it was unfortunate that Rousas Rushdoony was not speaking,” radical theologian Gary North later observed, recalling an exchange with Robert Billings, a Reagan campaign staffer who had previously served as executive director of Jerry Falwell’s Moral Majority organization. Billings responded, “If it weren’t for his books none of us would be here.”  “Nobody in the audience understands that,” North countered. “True, but we do,” Billings reportedly replied.</div><div>
</div><div>Howard Phillips, a former Nixon administration aide who was also present at the Reunion Arena, called Rushdoony the “most influential man of the 21st century.” As he confided to author and religious studies professor Julie Ingersoll in 2007, “The whole Christian conservative political movement had its genesis in Rush.”</div><div>
</div><div>Rousas John Rushdoony was born in 1916 to Armenian immigrants who had narrowly escaped the genocide, in which as many as 1.5 million Armenians were murdered by Turks of the Ottoman Empire. Rushdoony’s father, who founded the Armenian Martyrs Presbyterian Church in Kingsburg, California, ministered to a community of fellow Armenian refugees, who agonized and grieved as letters from relatives back home came to a standstill. “In Armenia, there was no neutral ground between Islam and Christianity,” Rushdoony wrote in 1997. “And I came to realize there is no neutral ground anywhere.”</div><div>
</div><div>Rushdoony left his family home and made his way to college at the University of California, Berkeley. He did not fit in. Advised to read the classics, Rushdoony later called this “the ugliest experience of my life.”  He pronounced the works of Shakespeare, Homer and the rest of the canon “classics of degenerate cultures. What they offer at their best is evil.”</div><div>
</div><div>Rushdoony emerged from Berkeley with all the distinctive features of his intellectual persona in place: a resolutely binary form of thought that classified all things into one of two absolutes; a craving for order; and a loathing of the secular world.</div><div>
</div><div>Rushdoony began to advocate for a return to “biblical law” in America. The Bible, Rushdoony said, commands Christians to exercise dominion over the earth and all its inhabitants. Women are destined by God to be subordinate to men; men are destined to be ruled by a spiritual aristocracy of right-thinking Christian leaders, and public education is a threat to civilization for it promotes a “secular world-view.” In over thirty books and publications, including The Messianic Character of American Education and The Institutes of Biblical Law – often hailed as his magnum opus and recommended as one of the Choice Evangelical Books of 1973 by evangelical flagship journal Christianity Today — Rushdoony laid it all out in a program he called Christian Reconstruction.</div><div>
</div><div>There is little mystery about the historical sources from which Rushdoony drew his own inspiration. He laid out all the details in his works. Setting aside the hardline Dutch Reformed theologians who supplied the backbone of his thought, Rushdoony drew on two traditions that would prove essential in understanding the genesis of today’s Christian nationalist movement. The first was the proslavery theology of America’s antebellum preachers. The second was the economic libertarianism that took root in reaction to the New Deal.</div><div>
</div><div>Among apologists for Christian nationalism today, the favored myth is that the movement represents an extension of the abolitionism of the nineteenth century and perhaps of the civil rights movement of the twentieth century, too. Many antiabortion activists self-consciously refer to themselves as the new abolitionists. Mainstream conservatives who lament that the evangelicals who form Trump’s most fervent supporters have “lost their way” suggest that they have betrayed their roots in the movements that fought for the abolition of slavery and the end of discrimination. But the truth is that today’s Christian nationalism did not emerge out of the movement that opposed such rigid hierarchies. It came from the one that endorsed them.</div><div>
</div><div>Rushdoony understood this well. Not long after escaping the horror of Berkeley, he took an interest in the work of Robert Lewis Dabney, a defender of slavery before the Civil War and who also supported patriarchy and the American form of apartheid after the war.</div><div>
</div><div>Rushdoony reprinted and disseminated some of Dabney’s works through his Vallecito, California-based Chalcedon Foundation, as well as through his publishing company, Ross House Books. He found himself agreeing with Dabney that the Union victory was a defeat for Christian orthodoxy. In Rushdoony’s mind, Dabney’s great adversaries, the abolitionists, were the archetypes of the anti-Christian rebels – liberals, communists, secularists, and advocates of women’s rights – who continued to wreak havoc on the modern world. As Rushdoony’s fellow Reconstructionist C. Gregg Singer put it, proslavery theologians including Dabney, Thornwell and their contemporaries “properly read abolitionism as a revolt against the biblical conception of society and a revolt against divine sovereignty in human affairs.” Rushdoony himself concluded, “Abolitionist leaders showed more hate than love on the whole.” The defeat of the orthodox side in the Civil War, Rushdoony asserted, paved the way for the rise of an unorthodox Social Gospel.</div><div>
</div><div>Rushdoony’s admiration for southern religious orthodoxy was such that he adopted a forgiving attitude toward certain forms of slavery. In books such as Politics of Guilt and Pity and The Institutes of Biblical Law, which is essentially an 890-page disquisition on “the heresy of democracy” and the first of a three-volume series under the same title, he makes the case that “the move from Africa to America was a vast increase of freedom for the Negro, materially and spiritually as well as personally.”</div><div>
</div><div>“Some people are by nature slaves and will always be so,” Rushdoony muses, and the law requires that a slave “recognize his position and accept it with grace.”</div><div>
</div><div>One of Dabney’s pet peeves was the provision of public education to Black children, whom he referred to as “the brats of black paupers,” which required unjust (in his view) taxation of “oppressed” “white bretheren.” Rushdoony sympathized with Dabney’s point of view on public education, and here began to fuse his views with a small-government ideology. “State supported and controlled education is theft,” he wrote, and called the claim of ownership to the lives of citizens by a “humanist state” slavery, too.</div><div>
</div><div>Rushdoony did not agitate for the literal enslavement of Black Americans in his time. But his fascination with proslavery theology was no passing fancy. The idea that the United States is a Redeemer Nation, chosen by God; that it is tasked with becoming an orthodox Christian republic in which women are subordinate to men, education is in the hands of conservative Christians, and no one pays taxes to support Black people; that at some point in the past the nation deviated horribly from its mission and fell under the control of atheist, communist, and/or liberal elites—the stuff of proslavery theology was the life of Rushdoony’s political thought.</div><div>
</div><div>Rushdoony soon found an even greater source of inspiration in the libertarian economic thinkers who emerged to beat back the New Deal. He was very much taken with figures like James W. Fifield as well as members of the Austrian school of economics, and began to churn out works arguing that the modern welfare state was “organized larceny” and “capitalism is supremely a product of Christianity.”</div><div>
</div><div>In this Christian-libertarian vision, Rushdoony saw the foundation for a thoroughly religious – or better, theocratic – understanding of the American republic. In Rushdoony’s telling, it was not the intention of America’s founders to establish a nonsectarian representative democracy. The First Amendment, he argues, aimed to establish freedom “not from religion but for religion.” “The Constitution was designed to perpetuate a Christian order,” he wrote.</div><div>
</div><div>The idea that the United States is a “Christian nation” – not just in the sense that its population was originally mostly Christian but that it was intended to serve as part of a Christian world order – was Rushdoony’s central contribution to the religious right.</div><div>
</div><div>Rushdoony had many prominent admirers, among them evangelical leader D. James Kennedy, whose ministry received millions of dollars in donations from the DeVos family. Kennedy popularized Rushdoony’s ideas through multiple sermons and publications, exhorting attendees at a 2005 conference organized by his ministry to “exercise godly dominion” over “every aspect and institution of human society.” The ultraconservative Catholic leader Richard John Neuhaus, who worked to broker a conservative evangelical and conservative Catholic alliance, pointed out that Rushdoony’s “theonomy,” or the idea of a social and political order rooted in “biblical law,” has “insinuated itself in circles where people would be not at all comfortable to think of themselves as theonomists.” He also attested, in 1990, to “increasing encounters with ideas clearly derived from Christian Reconstructionistm even among conservatives in the mainline/oldline churches.”</div><div>
</div><div>Today, the ideas of Rushdoony and his fellow Reconstructionists have penetrated into evangelical and conservative Catholic circles that are, quite often, unaware of their original sources. “Though we hide their books under the bed, we read them just the same,” as one observer put it to Michael J. McVicar, author of Christian Reconstruction: R.J. Rushdoony and the American Religious Conservatism.To be clear, the Christian right is large and diverse in its specific theologies.</div><div>
</div><div>Many of its representatives know very little about R.J. Rushdoony and others take pains to distance themselves from him. Some of his extreme positions, such as the idea that homosexuals, blasphemers and adulterers are all worthy of the death penalty, have been loudly repudiated by conservative leaders. Yet it is difficult to understand the ideological origins and structure of Christian nationalism in America today without taking into account Rushdoony’s ideas.</div><div>
</div><div>Rushdoony’s work is touted today by some of the leading personalities and policy groups on the Christian right. Perhaps the most telling example comes from David Barton, whose efforts to reframe our constitutional republic as a Christian nationalist enterprise are at the center of so many of the movement’s cultural and legislative initiatives. Though perhaps not in a formal sense a Reconstructionist, Barton dances around many of Rushdoony’s defining ideas, even on the question of slavery.</div><div>
</div><div>In a paper titled “The Bible, Slavery, and America’s Founders,” posted on the WallBuilders website, Barton cites Rushdoony extensively, and argues that “in light of the Scriptures, we cannot say that slavery, in a broad and general sense, is sin. But this brief look at the Biblical slave laws does reveal how fallen man’s example of slavery has violated God’s laws.”</div><div>
</div><div>Where Barton strikes out on his own, it is to take a swipe at modern, liberal government as a form of slavery, a gesture that Rushdoony surely would have endorsed. “Since sinful man tends to live in bondage, different forms of slavery have replaced the more obvious system of past centuries,” Barton explains. “The state has assumed the role of master for many, providing aid and assistance, and with it more and more control, to those unable to protect themselves.” In a 2018 blog post, Watchmen on the Wall, the Family Research Council’s alliance of an estimated 25,000 pastors, praised Rushdoony as a “powerful advocate for the Christian and homeschool movements across America” who “challenged Christian leaders of his day to stand on biblical truth in the public square.” Rushdoony is a foundational thinker whose ideas continue to speak, long after he has been silenced.</div><div>
</div><div>For a long time now, critics have viewed America’s religious right as a social or cultural movement. They assume that it represents a reaction to modern, secular culture, and that it speaks for a large mass of disaffected conservative evangelicals and others who are preoccupied with issues of concern to the family. But that simplistic interpretation is plausible only for those who do not actually listen to what its leaders have to say or trace its ideas to their primary sources. Christian nationalism today is a political movement, and its primary goal is power. Its ultimate aim is not just to win elections but to replace our modern constitutional Republic with a “biblical” order that derives its legitimacy not from the people but from God and the Bible – or, at least, the God and the Bible that men like Rushdoony claimed to know.</div><div>
</div><div>Katherine Stewart is an author and journalist. Her newly published book is The Power Worshippers: Inside the Dangerous Rise of Religious Nationalism (Bloomsbury, March 3, 2020).</div><div>
</div><div>Follow Katherine Stewart on Twitter: @kathsstewart.</div><div>
</div><div>This article was originally published at History News Network</div><div>
</div></div><div>=</div><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2020/02/slavery-is-not-a-crime-in-almost-half-the-countries-of-the-world-new-research/">https://www.alternet.org/2020/02/slavery-is-not-a-crime-in-almost-half-the-countries-of-the-world-new-research/</a><a href="https://kpfa.org/episode/against-the-grain-january-15-2020/">https://kpfa.org/episode/against-the-grain-january-15-2020/</a>U.C. Berkeley historian Caitlin Rosenthal, author of “Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management,” discusses the relationship between slavery and capitalism.commod of labor wage//slaves; for a slave to buy on freedom, cost more than to buy any given comperable slave; grain --> commodity when gradedwomen suffrage debated in 14th and 15th amend, fred d sez black men being killed in the str, so must go thru dr 1stkpfa 1st impeach aj bksee 1619 nytpreviously this node was for historical, but now also current (see also human rights)see also child labor, soldiersincludes sex trafficking<a href="https://www.alternet.org/2019/09/why-conservatives-are-so-upset-about-the-new-york-times-1619-project/">https://www.alternet.org/2019/09/why-conservatives-are-so-upset-about-the-new-york-times-1619-project/</a><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2019/08/why-the-conservative-mindset-is-so-threatened-by-the-truth-about-slavery/">https://www.alternet.org/2019/08/why-the-conservative-mindset-is-so-threatened-by-the-truth-about-slavery/</a>no lnx
Why the conservative mindset is so threatened by the truth about slavery
Written by Nancy LeTourneau / Washington Monthly August 22, 2019It has been fascinating to observe the reaction from conservatives to the 1619 Project recently launched by the New York Times. As a reminder, here is how it opens.In August of 1619, a ship appeared on this horizon, near Point Comfort, a coastal port in the British colony of Virginia. It carried more than 20 enslaved Africans, who were sold to the colonists. No aspect of the country that would be formed here has been untouched by the years of slavery that followed. In the 400th anniversary of this fateful moment, it is finally time to tell our story truthfully.
A common theme in the reaction of conservatives to this project is to assume that telling our story truthfully is somehow an attack on Donald Trump. For example, Dinesh D’Souza, the man who has spent the last few years blaming Democrats for the oppression of African Americans and claiming that it is the Republican Party that has always fought for freedom, said that the 1619 Project was a “political hit to discredit Trump and his base.” It is always interesting to watch Trump’s enablers assume that any honest conversation about racism in America reflects badly on the president, even when he’s not mentioned.
But there is another reaction to the 1619 Project that is even more revealing about the mindset that is at the heart of conservatism today. Newt Gingrich called the project propaganda worthy of Pravda, Cal Thomas referred to it as an “attempt to shape history to fit its own biases,” and Jeffrey Lord told Sean Hannity that “what the New York Times is engaged in is the Stalinizing of American history…The left wanted to do a total rewrite of American history and remake the story that we’re founded in racism. It’s all about race.”
In one sense, these conservatives are right. The New York Times described this project as an attempt to “reframe the country’s history.” That is because, following the Civil War, the remnants of the Confederacy attempted to “whitewash” our history. In an article titled, “Lee Surrendered, But His Lieutenants Kept Fighting,” Elizabeth Varon quoted this poem “by the black poet Charles R. Dinkins, in which Lee addresses his defeated army with the following charge.”
When fails the sword, the better wayBecomes the soldier’s part to play;The south will whip the north some dayWith ink and pen.
These competing versions of our country’s history reminded me of a speech I read recently by Walter Brueggmann. He is a Christian theologian, so his observations are couched in the context of the Bible, but they capture exactly what we are witnessing today. He talked about something called “ideological totalism,” that “intends to contain all thinkable, imaginable, doable social possibilities. That totalism always wants to monopolize imagination, and it wants to monopolize technology, so that there are no serious alternatives that seem on offer.”
Brueggman finds that kind of totalism in the biblical stories about the monarchy of Solomon and suggests that it was the Old Testament prophets who challenged the system.
So what you have in the Old Testament, when you read the royal history, is the managers of extraction who tend to operate with unambiguous memo. And disrupting that are these poetic voices that are dangerous and subversive and oppressive, because they are voices that come from outside the totalism and that refuse to accept the totalization as normative.
The prophetic task, as Brueggman sees it, is to first of all, identify the totalism. The second task is “to identify the contradictions that put us on the route to death, because one can see that we now live in a society that is engaged in its self-destruction.” Here is how he described that back in June of 2018, long before the New York Times initiated the 1619 Project.
[W]e might pay attention to the book by a Christian Baptist, The Half of It Has Never Been Told, which makes the compelling argument that the wealth of the United States basically is grounded in slavery. So if you think about the things that go around cheap labor and slavery, what you come up with is regressive taxation, high interest rates, stacked mortgage rates, and debt — so you can imagine the way we are helping college students get into insufferable debt, which assures that they will be willing workers in the extraction system for all of their working life. Plus, the fact that we have to recognize that this system is committed to the deregulation of banks and all sorts of deregulation, that lets creation be exploited. Deregulation really means the unleashing of predatory forces against the vulnerable.
The reason so many conservatives are threatened by the 1619 Project is that the story the authors tell is prophetic. It challenges the totalism on which their entire world view has been constructed. It is their mindset, which monopolizes imagination and stifles alternatives, that lays the groundwork for authoritarianism.619 reparations house hearing"predatory capitalism" (extraction?)
<a href="https://kpfa.org/episode/letters-and-politics-june-19-2019/">https://kpfa.org/episode/letters-and-politics-june-19-2019/</a><a href="http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/david-horowitz-u-s-history-with-slavery-not-our-original-sin-but-original-virtue/">http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/david-horowitz-u-s-history-with-slavery-not-our-original-sin-but-original-virtue/</a><div class="mce-content-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear;"><div class="layout-constrain--narrow" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 47.2222em; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; line-height: 1.5;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; line-height: 1.5;">Right-wing author David Horowitz appeared on Glenn Beck’s show on Tuesday to talk about his most recent book, “Dark Agenda: The War to Destroy Christian America.” Beck read from the book’s closing lines declaring that a nation divided over fundamental principles like individual freedom versus group identity “cannot long endure” and concluding, “The urgency that drew the Religious Right into politics 50 years ago is now an urgency of the nation itself.”<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; line-height: 1.5;">A <a href="https://www.theblaze.com/glenn-tv/david-horowitz-uncovers-the-lefts-dark-agenda-to-destroy-christianity-in-america?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Daily-NewsletterAM-Final%202019-06-06&utm_term=TheBlaze%20Daily%20AM%20-%20last%20270%20days" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; background-color: transparent; outline-offset: 0.111111em; text-decoration-line: none;">clip highlighted by the Beck’s The Blaze</a> focuses on Horowitz’s take on slavery. It’s a stunning rewrite of America’s racial history, and one that, like many right-wing attempts at historical revisionism, ignores the long and violent imposition of Jim Crow apartheid in the former Confederate states after the Civil War—not to mention official and unofficial policies that have continued to perpetuate glaring racial disparities in opportunity, income, wealth and well-being.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; line-height: 1.5;">In the clip, Horowitz starts with a slam at Cory Booker, U.S. senator and presidential candidate, for saying, in Horowitz’s telling, “we have to get rid of the bigotries in the Constitution.” Here’s how Horowitz responded:<blockquote style="background: rgb(239, 243, 243); box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; hyphens: none; padding: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0.75em 2em;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; line-height: 1.5;">There are no bigotries in the Constitution. It doesn’t deal with race. It doesn’t use the words white or black because the founders actually believed that all human beings are created equal, and that even though given what those times were like it would take a bloody civil war, which they wanted to avoid, that was their goal. And we’ve achieved it.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5;">There’s never been in the history of the world a more integrated, inclusive, tolerant nation than our nation, and yet they’re talking about slavery as the original sin of our country. No. What we did with slavery is our original virtue. Slavery existed for 3,000 years in all countries. No one ever said it was immoral until white Christian males led by Wilberforce in England and Jefferson in the United States said it was immoral and that all men are created equal—this is our own birth certificate—and have an inalienable right to liberty. That included black slaves, and that’s why we had a civil war, and that’s why we led the world in ending slavery. It’s so repulsive what Democrats are doing today in destroying our heritage and pretending we have to be ashamed of our country instead of proud of it.</blockquote><div class="at-below-post addthis_tool" data-url="http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/david-horowitz-u-s-history-with-slavery-not-our-original-sin-but-original-virtue/" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; line-height: 1.5;"><div class="layout-constrain--narrow" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 47.2222em; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="tags" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; border-top: 5px solid rgb(239, 243, 243); margin-bottom: 2em; padding-top: 1em;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear;">Tags: <a href="http://www.rightwingwatch.org/people/david-horowitz/" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; background-color: transparent; outline-offset: 0.111111em; text-decoration-line: none;">David Horowitz</a><a href="http://www.rightwingwatch.org/people/glenn-beck/" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; background-color: transparent; outline-offset: 0.111111em; text-decoration-line: none;">Glenn Beck</a><a href="http://www.rightwingwatch.org/topics/racism/" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; background-color: transparent; outline-offset: 0.111111em; text-decoration-line: none;">Racism</a><a href="http://www.rightwingwatch.org/topics/revisionist-history/" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; background-color: transparent; outline-offset: 0.111111em; text-decoration-line: none;">revisionist history</a><a href="http://www.rightwingwatch.org/organizations/theblaze/" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform, -webkit-transform; transition-timing-function: linear; background-color: transparent; outline-offset: 0.111111em; text-decoration-line: none;">TheBlaze</a></div></div><a href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?458915-1/girl-black-white">https://www.c-span.org/video/?458915-1/girl-black-white</a>
<span class="time" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 600; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; display: block; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><time style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">MARCH 19, 2019</time><h1 class="video-page-title" itemprop="name" style="margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Girl in Black and White</h1><div class="more_info" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jessie Morgan-Owens talked about her book, Girl in Black and White: The Story of <a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?mildredwilliams" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.35s ease 0s; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mary Mildred Williams</a> and the Abolition Movement, in which she recounted the life of <a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?mildredwilliams" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.35s ease 0s; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mary Mildred Williams</a>, a seven-year old who became the face of the abolitionist movement in the mid-19th century. The author reported that due to generations of sexual assault, Mary “passed” as white, which was capitalized on by <a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?charlessumner" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.35s ease 0s; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner </a>to garner the sympathy of white audiences and promote his anti-slavery efforts.</div>college hall named for 1st name of "servant" sold by cath? to raise $ to save college roots pbs actress<div><div class="p1_52" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="p2_52" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="alt_ad_block" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="teadsNative" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="p3_52" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="p4_52" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="p5_52" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="Connatix-MoAP" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="p6_52" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="alt_ad_block" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="p7_52" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="p8_52" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="p9_52" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="p10_52" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">wow th nelson</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://mytnnews.com/blog/2012/08/10/thomas-nelson-drops-jefferson-lies-book-over-historical-errors/">https://mytnnews.com/blog/2012/08/10/thomas-nelson-drops-jefferson-lies-book-over-historical-errors/</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div>Nashville-based Thomas Nelson Publishers has canceled a controversial best-seller by David Barton, an influential evangelical leader, because the book contains historical errors.Barton’s book, “The Jefferson Lies,” claims to expose liberal myths about Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence and the nation’s third president.But a group of conservative scholars says Barton’s take on Jefferson is factually untrue. And a group of ministers from Cincinnati called on Nelson to cancel the book.Casey Francis Harrell, director of corporate communications for Thomas Nelson, said the publisher had gotten several complaints about the book and found enough errors to cancel it.“Because of these deficiencies, we decided that it was in the best interest of our readers to cease its publication and distribution,” Harrell said.Barton stands by his book and said Nelson never mentioned any concerns about the book, which was published in April and made the New York Times best-seller list.“All I got was an email saying it was canceled,” he said. “It was a complete surprise.”The book is still available for sale at Amazon. com and other retailers. But Harrell said the publisher has stopped any new shipments and is recalling the book from retailers. Online retailers have been asked to stop selling the e-book version.<h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">‘Extremely rare’</h3>Harrell said that to her knowledge Thomas Nelson has never before canceled publication of a New York Times best-seller.“We carefully edit every book we publish, and we rely on the expertise of our authors concerning their subjects,” she said. “It is extremely rare that the company would have to withdraw a book from the market based on concerns about its content.”The publisher hasn’t decided what to do with the recalled books.Barton is president of WallBuilders, an Aledo, Texas-based conservative group that says it wants to reclaim America’s forgotten Christian history.An early press release for the book, put out by Thomas Nelson in May, portrayed Barton as battling revisionist history to tell Jefferson’s true story.“History books routinely teach that Jefferson was an anti-Christian secularist, rewriting the Bible to his liking, fathering a child with one of his slaves, and little more than another racist, bigoted colonist — but none of those claims are actually true,” the press release claimed.Warren Throckmorton, a psychology professor at Grove City College in Grove City, Pa., said it’s Barton who actually twisted the facts.Throckmorton is co-author of “Getting Jefferson Right,” a book that criticizes Barton. It was released as an e-book in May and then later in paperback.Throckmorton said he’d been concerned about Barton’s version of American history for several years. He and his co-author looked at Barton’s sources, “and we found they didn’t support what he wrote,” he said.For example, Barton claims Jefferson was an investor in an early American printing of the Bible, when Throckmorton says Jefferson only bought one copy.Barton wrote that Virginia laws banned Jefferson from freeing the more than 200 slaves he owned.“That’s not true,” Throckmorton said. “Jefferson freed two slaves, one in 1794 and one in 1796. So you can’t say he didn’t free slaves, because he did free two slaves.”Barton said Throckmorton is wrong. He said he has documents to back up all the claims in his book.For example, he said the laws in Jefferson’s time fined owners who freed slaves, and Jefferson would have freed his slaves if he could have. He said Throckmorton doesn’t understand how complex the laws about freeing slaves were.<h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Slavery claim sparks protest</h3>The claim about slavery caused a group of ministers from several Cincinnati churches to call for Thomas Nelson to drop the book.“‘The Jefferson Lies’ glosses over Jefferson’s real record on slaveholding, and minimizes Jefferson’s racist views,” said the Rev. Damon Lynch of New Jerusalem Baptist Church, an African-American congregation in Cincinnati.Lynch said he and other ministers from diverse backgrounds had contacted Nelson about their concerns. He said that if the book hadn’t been canceled, he would have boycotted Nelson.“We love Thomas Nelson,” he said. “My library is filled with Thomas Nelson books, and I didn’t want to stop doing business with them.”Throckmorton is not Barton’s only conservative critic.World Magazine, run by former George W. Bush adviser Marvin Olasky, recently published an online news story about conservative historians who also think Barton made errors.One was Glenn Moots, professor of political science at Northwood University in Michigan. He said Barton was well-intentioned but should have been more careful to get the details right.“It doesn’t help any of us if the story isn’t told in an accurate manner,” he said.Barton said he met with a different group of scholars recently and they approved of his work.“I can’t tell you how many Ph.D.s were in the room,” he said. He would not give names, saying the scholars hadn’t given permission for him to do so.He also said other publishers had made offers on his book and he hopes to sign a new contract soon.The book’s cancellation disappointed Barton’s local fans. He was in Nashville in March to speak to about 250 people at a meeting of the 912 Project.Janice Johnson said she’s heard Barton speak several times and bought an audio copy of “The Jefferson Lies.” She hopes the controversy won’t undermine his credibility.“He’s usually so rock solid on history,” she said<h6 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Written by</h6><h5 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="mailto:bsmietana@tennessean.com" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);">Bob Smietana</a></h5><h5 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Tennessean</h5></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div></div>Excerpts of the DVD “Dubious Friends of Donald Trump” (A three-part documentary film).With Host Brian Edwards-Tiekert, sex trafficking, sater?<div></div><div><a href="https://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/confederate-plaque-can-be-debunked-minutes-so-whats-taking-texas-so-long-remove-it">https://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/confederate-plaque-can-be-debunked-minutes-so-whats-taking-texas-so-long-remove-it</a></div><div>
</div><div>State government acts quickly when it needs to. That’s why you can tell when state officials don’t think they need to act quickly.</div>To be clear, this is not about faceless bureaucrats bogging things down. It’s about elected state leaders with faces too politically cautious to make easy decisions.The governor, the attorney general and presumptive Speaker of the Texas House have lately turned their attention to a controversial and false plaque in the Texas Capitol that commemorates the Civil War.It’s been a long time coming.Credit state Rep. Eric Johnson, D-Dallas, for raising a stink about this, and for showing all of us just how slowly state government can move, even when presented with what looks like a simple problem. Johnson pointed out well over a year ago that the memorial was an embarrassment, calling for the immediate removal of the plaque on August 17, 2017 in a letter to Rod Welsh, executive director of the State Preservation Board. He copied Gov. Greg Abbott, Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick, Speaker Joe Straus and House Administration Committee Chairman Charlie Geren, R-Fort Worth.A month later, Straus <a href="https://www.texastribune.org/2017/09/19/speaker-straus-requests-removal-confederate-plaque/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">agreed</a> that it should come down. Nothing happened.The brass plate remains screwed to the wall in the Texas Capitol and also screwed up in its version of Texas and American history. It’s second paragraph: “We, therefore, pledge ourselves to preserve pure ideals; to honor our veterans; to study and teach the truths of history (one of the most important of which is, that the war between the states was not a rebellion, nor was its underlying cause to sustain slavery), and to always act in a manner that will reflect honor upon our noble and patriotic ancestors.”There is an impressive amount of malarkey packed inside those parentheses.Here’s a “truth of history” that every Texas student should have learned in school: <a href="https://www.tsl.texas.gov/ref/abouttx/secession/2feb1861.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">The state seceded</a> from the Union — that is, bailed out of the United States — after adopting “A declaration of the causes which impel the State of Texas to secede from the Federal Union” on February 2, 1861.That document referred to Texas’ admission to the union as a state just 16 years earlier, and it were pretty clear about where Texans thought the U.S. had run afoul of the original deal:“She [Texas] was received as a commonwealth holding, maintaining and protecting the institution known as negro slavery — the servitude of the African to the white race within her limits — a relation that had existed from the first settlement of her wilderness by the white race, and which her people intended should exist in all future time. Her institutions and geographical position established the strongest ties between her and other slave-holding States of the confederacy. Those ties have been strengthened by association. But what has been the course of the government of the United States, and of the people and authorities of the non-slave-holding States, since our connection with them?“The controlling majority of the Federal Government, under various pretences and disguises, has so administered the same as to exclude the citizens of the Southern States, unless under odious and unconstitutional restrictions, from all the immense territory owned in common by all the States on the Pacific Ocean, for the avowed purpose of acquiring sufficient power in the common government to use it as a means of destroying the institutions of Texas and her sister slave-holding States.”That’s not all. They got even more specific a little further on in the document:“In all the non-slave-holding States, in violation of that good faith and comity which should exist between entirely distinct nations, the people have formed themselves into a great sectional party, now strong enough in numbers to control the affairs of each of those States, based upon the unnatural feeling of hostility to these Southern States and their beneficent and patriarchal system of African slavery, proclaiming the debasing doctrine of the equality of all men, irrespective of race or color — a doctrine at war with nature, in opposition to the experience of mankind, and in violation of the plainest revelations of the Divine Law. They demand the abolition of negro slavery throughout the confederacy, the recognition of political equality between the white and the negro races, and avow their determination to press on their crusade against us, so long as a negro slave remains in these States.”That “truth of history” promise carries some real baggage, doesn’t it? Wonder why anyone said the Civil War was about slavery.It wasn’t only slavery, but that was the recurring subject in the secession document. The Confederate Texans also said the federal government had done too little to protect the state from “Indian savages” and “the murderous forays of banditti from the neighboring territory of Mexico; and when our state government has expended large amounts for such purpose, the Federal Government has refused reimbursement therefor...”That last bit could have been written last month, come to think of it.Toward the end, that document contains another historical gem:“And, finally, by the combined sectional vote of the seventeen non-slave-holding States, they have elected as president and vice-president of the whole confederacy two men whose chief claims to such high positions are their approval of these long continued wrongs, and their pledges to continue them to the final consummation of these schemes for the ruin of the slave-holding States.”The bad hombres in that paragraph were Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin. Perhaps there’s a plaque somewhere commemorating those guys.So much for fact-checking the Texas plaque. With its content so easily debunked, the real question is why it’s still there for all the citizens and their kids to see.A related tidbit: The plaque dates to 1959, but survived a renovation of the Capitol that was completed in 1995. The Confederacy apparently lasted longer than one might have thought.It lingers in spirit, still. The plaque is still in place. But the elections are behind us all. The attorney general says the Preservation Board has the power to remove it and so does the Legislature. Straus is about to retire but his apparent replacement, state Rep. Dennis Bonnen, R-Angleton, agrees the plaque should go. Abbott, who earlier promised to “<a href="https://www.texastribune.org/2017/10/27/dallas-lawmakers-says-abbott-supportive-removing-confederate-plaque-te/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">look into</a>” the issue, also said earlier this year that the Legislature should take it down. Meanwhile, the Preservation Board will meet next month; the governor chairs that panel, and the lieutenant governor and speaker are co-vice chairs.Maybe they’ll do something. It’s no model of efficiency, but sometimes it takes months, years or even decades of legal opinions, committee meetings, political spats and thumb-sucking to accomplish what could have been done by a single Texan with a crowbar and the tacit backing of a high state official or two.<interaction data-token="5b96855f8198b4e625350260" data-context="true" data-tags="" data-fallback="true" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div>=</div><h1 class="widgetheadline h1" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="widgetheadline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/slave-labor-starbucks-certified-brazil-coffee-plantation-2606260085.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; line-height: 31px;">Investigators Find Slave Labor on Starbucks-Certified Brazil Coffee Plantation</a></h1><div class="body js-expandable clearfix js-listicle-body js-update-url" data-elid="2606260085" data-authors="Mongabay" data-headline="Investigators Find Slave Labor on Starbucks-Certified Brazil Coffee Plantation" style="margin: 10px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="body-description" style=""><div class="widgetbrief">By Daniela Penha and Roberto Cataldo, Translator
At first sight, the Córrego das Almas farm in Piumhi, in rural Minas Gerais state, seems to be a model property. "No slave or forced labor is allowed," reads one of several signs that display international certifications—including one linked to the U.S. based company Starbucks corporation.</div><div class="js-appear-on-expand" style="transition: all 350ms ease 0s; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; opacity: 0;"><div class="widgetshow-more with-primary-color js-keep-reading js-page-view-and-reload-embeds" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 15px; float: left; padding: 7px; font-weight: 600; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);">Keep reading...</div></div></div>

<a href="https://www.freedomunited.org/">https://www.freedomunited.org/</a>omgBeing detained is punishment but being forced to work for the benefit of a private corporation is against international law. This is what is happening at the Otay Mesa immigration detention center in California, run by $1.7bn company CoreCivic. Since launching our campaign, rather than hearing messages that their practices will change,shocking new cases of forced labor have emerged. <a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="http://campaigns.freedomunited.org/q/oeANhD7TVKw0Xy4jqotI6eow-RnA2ZUt79yZcOJcGF0bWNrMTNAeWFob28uY29tw4gHut8itlhcZfLTcdArsEz0mR3oew" title="Join our call and tell CoreCivic this is unacceptable">Join our call and tell CoreCivic this is unacceptable</a>. Five asylum-seekers detained at Otay Mesa brought a legal case against CoreCivic for forcing them to work, ironically under their “Voluntary Work Program.” They allege that CoreCivic secured their labor by threatening them with solitary confinement, byrevoking family visitation rights, and by withholding mail delivery.   Since we learnt of that case and launched our campaign, new even more shockingallegations have emerged. A victim of trafficking for sexual exploitation, who on escaping contacted US authorities, rather than getting the support she needed, was detained in a CoreCivic detention center in Texas and forced to work for $1 a day.   Just last month a wide-ranging new case was brought against CoreCivic on behalf of all civil immigration detainees who performed forced, uncompensated work for CoreCivic.   <a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="http://campaigns.freedomunited.org/q/G8SX2_HJw5J0XhKoiQFv6MGirK5Tp_IjBbcZcOJcGF0bWNrMTNAeWFob28uY29tw4gUP_zDcE1fZlLxdu7I0h4wrFP89A" title="Tell CoreCivic it’s time to change">Tell CoreCivic it’s time to change</a>.   We should be amazed that this company, contracted by the US government, faces such wide-ranging allegations of forced labor and has failed to act. Sadly, it is much less surprising in this deeply disturbing ‘zero tolerance’ climate towards immigration, which has already seen nearly 2,000 children separated from their parents.[1] However, this does not dampen our outrage.---"detainees began to work in the kitchen just so they could eat more…one detainee lost 68 lbs. Their ‘volunteering’ involved literally working for food.”<a class="js-note" title="https://www.thenation.com/article/ices-captive-immigrant-labor-force/" id="return-note-22566-1" href="https://www.freedomunited.org/advocate/forced-labor-detention/?trk_msg=KL4OU2R1KO4KVC14EKHJH6R0GO&trk_contact=EOF8NFHSHSV9F6PUVJOU794KKO&trk_sid=19O8VQ2IS01PHHAUJHF036Q464&utm_source=Listrak&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Tell+CoreCivic+it%e2%80%99s+time+to+change&utm_campaign=FU-EN-JAN-2018-DETENTION-LABOR&utm_content=detention_chaser_NAT_22June_2018#note-22566-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">1</a><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; outline: none; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 217) currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-right: 0px none; border-bottom: 0px none; border-left: 0px none; border-image: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />Immigrants detained in a private prison in San Diego allege that they have been subjected to <span data-elevio-inline="232" class="elevio_underline ctxUnderline" data-elevio-unique-id="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: help; border-top: 0px !important; border-right: 0px !important; border-left: 0px !important; border-image: initial !important;">forced labor and threatened with solitary confinement or restricted visitation rights if they refused to work.<a class="js-note" title="https://www.thenation.com/article/ices-captive-immigrant-labor-force/" id="return-note-22566-2" href="https://www.freedomunited.org/advocate/forced-labor-detention/?trk_msg=KL4OU2R1KO4KVC14EKHJH6R0GO&trk_contact=EOF8NFHSHSV9F6PUVJOU794KKO&trk_sid=19O8VQ2IS01PHHAUJHF036Q464&utm_source=Listrak&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Tell+CoreCivic+it%e2%80%99s+time+to+change&utm_campaign=FU-EN-JAN-2018-DETENTION-LABOR&utm_content=detention_chaser_NAT_22June_2018#note-22566-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">2</a>The complainants say the company that owns the prison, CoreCivic, one of the largest private prison companies in the US, pays at most $1.50 per day, and sometimes nothing at all, for their work as kitchen staff, janitors, barbers and in various other roles.But reports of <span data-elevio-inline="232" class="elevio_underline ctxUnderline" data-elevio-unique-id="2" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: help; border-top: 0px !important; border-right: 0px !important; border-left: 0px !important; border-image: initial !important;">forced labor are not isolated to immigration detention centers. In Oklahoma, offenders sentenced to rehabilitation end up forced into labor on chicken farms, without any recourse or access to an actual recovery program.<a class="js-note" title="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-bc-us–reveal-recovery-centers-forced-labor-20171004-story.html" id="return-note-22566-3" href="https://www.freedomunited.org/advocate/forced-labor-detention/?trk_msg=KL4OU2R1KO4KVC14EKHJH6R0GO&trk_contact=EOF8NFHSHSV9F6PUVJOU794KKO&trk_sid=19O8VQ2IS01PHHAUJHF036Q464&utm_source=Listrak&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Tell+CoreCivic+it%e2%80%99s+time+to+change&utm_campaign=FU-EN-JAN-2018-DETENTION-LABOR&utm_content=detention_chaser_NAT_22June_2018#note-22566-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">3</a> Prisoners in California are forced into labor and made to risk their lives fighting the state’s wildfires for a dollar an hour or less.<a class="js-note" title="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/12/how-much-longer-will-inmates-fight-californias-wildfires/547628/" id="return-note-22566-4" href="https://www.freedomunited.org/advocate/forced-labor-detention/?trk_msg=KL4OU2R1KO4KVC14EKHJH6R0GO&trk_contact=EOF8NFHSHSV9F6PUVJOU794KKO&trk_sid=19O8VQ2IS01PHHAUJHF036Q464&utm_source=Listrak&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Tell+CoreCivic+it%e2%80%99s+time+to+change&utm_campaign=FU-EN-JAN-2018-DETENTION-LABOR&utm_content=detention_chaser_NAT_22June_2018#note-22566-4" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">4</a>Forced labor in prisons is not an immigration issue, it’s an American one, replicated worldwide.The United States is home to the largest prison system in the world, housing 25% of the world’s prisoners but only 5% of the global population, and spends more than $80 billion a year. Incarceration rates in the United States have increased by 700% in the last four decades, even though crime has dramatically decreased.<a class="js-note" title="https://aflcio.org/2016/4/5/lets-get-serious-about-mass-incarceration" id="return-note-22566-5" href="https://www.freedomunited.org/advocate/forced-labor-detention/?trk_msg=KL4OU2R1KO4KVC14EKHJH6R0GO&trk_contact=EOF8NFHSHSV9F6PUVJOU794KKO&trk_sid=19O8VQ2IS01PHHAUJHF036Q464&utm_source=Listrak&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Tell+CoreCivic+it%e2%80%99s+time+to+change&utm_campaign=FU-EN-JAN-2018-DETENTION-LABOR&utm_content=detention_chaser_NAT_22June_2018#note-22566-5" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">5</a> Among those incarcerated, more than 60% are people of color. And Black men are six times more likely to be incarcerated than white men.<a class="js-note" title="https://aflcio.org/2016/4/5/lets-get-serious-about-mass-incarceration" id="return-note-22566-6" href="https://www.freedomunited.org/advocate/forced-labor-detention/?trk_msg=KL4OU2R1KO4KVC14EKHJH6R0GO&trk_contact=EOF8NFHSHSV9F6PUVJOU794KKO&trk_sid=19O8VQ2IS01PHHAUJHF036Q464&utm_source=Listrak&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Tell+CoreCivic+it%e2%80%99s+time+to+change&utm_campaign=FU-EN-JAN-2018-DETENTION-LABOR&utm_content=detention_chaser_NAT_22June_2018#note-22566-6" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">6</a> =<a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-bc-us--reveal-recovery-centers-forced-labor-20171004-story.html">http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-bc-us--reveal-recovery-centers-forced-labor-20171004-story.html</a>refInvestigation: Drug court rehabs survive on forced laborAMY JULIA HARRIS and SHOSHANA WALTERAssociated PressJudges across the country are ordering defendants into recovery centers that are little more than work camps for private industry, an investigation by Reveal from The Center for Investigative Reporting has found.The programs promise freedom from addiction. Instead, they've turned thousands of men and women into indentured servants, exploiting a nationwide push to keep nonviolent offenders out of prison.The rehabs send defendants to companies large and small: a Coca-Cola bottling plant in Oklahoma, a construction firm in Alabama, a nursing home in North Carolina. The rehabs get paid. The participants do not.

This article was provided to The Associated Press by the nonprofit news outlet Reveal from The Center for Investigative Reporting. To read — or publish — a full version of this investigation go to: https://revealnews.org/nopay ._
Perhaps no rehab better exemplifies this allegiance to big business than Christian Alcoholics & Addicts in Recovery, also known as CAAIR , in the northeastern corner of Oklahoma.It was started in 2007 by chicken company executives struggling to find workers. By forming a Christian rehab, they could supply processing plants with a cheap and captive labor force while helping men overcome their addictions.Defendants work in grueling conditions at chicken plants owned by Simmons Foods Inc., a company with annual revenues of $1.4 billion. They work alongside paid employees, churning out chicken products and pet food for some of America's largest retailers and restaurants, including Walmart, KFC and PetSmart.
Reveal interviewed scores of former participants and employees, court officials and judges, and reviewed hundreds of pages of court filings and workers' compensation records.
Among the findings:
— The program may violate the 13th Amendment, which bans slavery and allows forced labor only for people convicted of a crime. Many men sent to CAAIR have not yet been convicted and later have their cases dismissed.
"You've got to be kidding me," said Noah Zatz, a professor specializing in labor law at UCLA. "That's a very strong 13th Amendment violation case."
— The authors of Oklahoma's drug court law believe it is illegal for judges to send defendants to CAAIR. The law requires drug courts to use programs that are certified by the state. CAAIR is not. Rather than professional addiction treatment, the program mainly relies on faith and work.
"That is insanity gone to sea," said former state Sen. Dick Wilkerson, who wrote the law. "That's illegal. They can't do that. That is the law, and it has to be followed."
— CAAIR administrators use the threat of prison to push defendants to work, even when they are injured. Men who were hurt on the job have been kicked out of CAAIR and sent to prison.
"They work you to death," said Nate Turner, who spent a year at CAAIR. "They know people are desperate to get out of jail, and they'll do whatever they can do to stay out of prison."
— CAAIR routinely files workers' comp claims on defendants' behalf and collects the payments. By law, those payments are required to go to the injured worker.
"That's fraudulent behavior," said Eddie Walker, a former judge with the Arkansas Workers' Compensation Commission. "What's being done is clearly inappropriate."
Courts across Oklahoma and neighboring states send about 280 men to CAAIR each year. Some men say it changed their lives. But few ultimately finish. In 2014, 26 percent completed the program.
Instead of paychecks, they get bunk beds, meals and Alcoholics and Narcotics Anonymous meetings. They can meet with a counselor or attend classes on anger management and parenting. Weekly Bible study is mandatory. So is church. But the priority is clear to former employees and participants: Work overshadows everything els...
<a href="https://www.alternet.org/hunger-games-child-labor-poverty-and-terrible-working-conditions-lie-behind-all-sugar-you-eat" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">https://www.alternet.org/hunger-games-child-labor-poverty-and-terrible-working-conditions-lie-behind-all-sugar-you-eat</a>Reach for a packet of sugar in the café, browse the shelves at supermarkets, or take a look at the packaging of your favourite sweet treat, and you are likely to see <a href="https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/Buying-Fairtrade/Sugar" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">the Fairtrade label</a>. What’s more, the UK’s <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/modern-slavery-bill" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Modern Slavery Act</a> requires large companies to publicly report on the steps they take to ensure that forced labour is not a part of their products. The EU’s <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/non-financial-reporting_en" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">non-financial reporting requirements</a> broaden out from modern slavery to include many issues related to social responsibility and human rights.Provisions such as these, as well as a multitude of corporate social responsibility programmes and industry specific commitments, have been put in place as measures to correct the longstanding social risks and challenges faced by the people who produce the goods we consume. To deepen our understanding of the status of those risks and challenges, our team has, for the past nine months, taken a close look at the sugarcane consumed in the UK.<div id="TeadsNative" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">About <a href="https://www.absugar.com/sugar-markets/uk-sugar-sector" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">25%</a> of the UK’s sugar comes from sugarcane imported from outside the EU, while the rest comes from sugar beet grown in the UK and other EU nations. Consequently, given the prevalence of the Fairtrade mark and supply chain reporting requirements, most of us are likely to have the impression that sugar is produced in a socially responsible way.But unfortunately, serious problems including forced and child labour, poverty, and dangerous heat-related illnesses persist in today’s sugarcane industry.In 2014, Fairtrade International discovered that <a href="https://www.fairtrade.net/new/latest-news/single-view/article/belize-sugar-cane-farmers-aim-to-be-best-in-class-for-protecting-children-and-young-people.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">children were working during school hours</a> on certified farms in Belize, in direct violation of Fairtrade standards. Fairtrade suspended the certification of the entire Belize programme while the local industry worked to address the problem and the programme has since been reinstated. Belize, a Commonwealth country bordered by Mexico and Honduras, has long been a key provider of sugarcane to the UK market – in 2016 it <a href="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/import/gbr/show/170111/2016/" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">accounted for 14%</a> of UK imports of raw sugarcane. Yet, that same year, while the <a href="https://foodtank.com/news/2017/06/fairtrade-farmers-spur-big-change-child-labor/" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Belize sugar industry was already making considerable efforts</a> to eliminate child labour within sugarcane, <a href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/belize" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">the United States Department of Labor (US DoL) found</a> that the country as a whole had made minimal progress in eradicating the worst forms of child labour, including within sugarcane.Another report by the US DoL <a href="https://www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/TVPRA_Report2016.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">also documented child labour in sugarcane in Guatemala and El Salvador</a>, which together provided <a href="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/import/gbr/show/170111/2016/" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">14%</a> of the 2016 UK supply. This means that child labour was documented in countries that supply nearly one-third of UK sugarcane in 2016. Additionally, the US DoL found forced labour in Brazil (<a href="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/import/gbr/show/170111/2016/" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">12%</a> of the UK supply). <a href="https://ethicalsugar.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/ethical-sugar-violations-of-labour-and-environmental-law-5-0.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Previous research suggests</a>that this is a recurring problem in this nation, even among operations that are certified by the rigorous <a href="https://www.bonsucro.com/production-standard/" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Bonsucro production standard</a>, which uses six principles to achieve environmental, social and economic sustainability in the production of sugarcane.The hunger cropSugarcane is known as “<a href="https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-hunger-crop-poverty-and-the-sugar-industry-121196" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">the hunger crop</a>” due to the low prices paid to farmers and low earnings among workers. Because they earn so little, those producing the sugarcane we consume – and their children – are often forced to go without adequate food and nutrition.Our preliminary research indicates that even among Bonsucro-certified sugar mills in Minas Gerais, Brazil, ...</div><a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/europes-dirty-little-secret-moroccan-slaves-and-a-sea-of-plastic-1882131257.html">https://www.ecowatch.com/europes-dirty-little-secret-moroccan-slaves-and-a-sea-of-plastic-1882131257.html</a>https://ic.ucsc.edu/college8core/c8wiki/index.php/Labor Kresge Media and Society Lecture Series for a talk by Pulitzer Prize-winning AP reporter Martha Mendoza (Kresge '88) as she takes you behind the scenes of her team's ongoing investigations of human trafficking--from the discovery of a slave island to tracking boats at sea, via satellite. Hear about the reporting that resulted in a dozen convictions, ships worth millions of dollars seized, and criminal businesses shut down<a href="https://events.ucsc.edu/event/4748">https://events.ucsc.edu/event/4748</a><a href="https://www.alternet.org/world/libya-home-21st-century-slave-market-and-un-security-council-wont-act">https://www.alternet.org/world/libya-home-21st-century-slave-market-and-un-security-council-wont-act</a><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/">http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/</a>tanehasi coates sp see slavery txt
==<div class="region region-content" style="line-height: 32px;"><div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system first last odd count-1" style="position: relative;"><div class="content"><div id="node-1047693" class="node node-story view-mode-full clearfix" about="/visions/future-life-depends-bringing-500-year-rampage-white-man-halt" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" style="position: relative;"><div class="headline"><h1 property="dc:title" datatype="" class="node-title" style="line-height: 52px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; clear: both;">The Future of Life Depends on Bringing the 500-Year Rampage of the White Man to a Halt</h1></div><div class="teaser" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 15px;"><div class="field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Whites can play an important role in restraining other whites.</div></div></div></div><div class="byline visions" style="margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 350px; float: left;">By <a href="http://www.alternet.org/authors/frank-joyce" style="text-decoration: none;">Frank Joyce</a> / <a href="http://alternet.org/" style="text-decoration: none;">AlterNet</a></div><div class="story-date" style="float: left; margin-left: 20px; padding-left: 15px; border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);">December 20, 2015</div><div class="authors_signup" style="clear: both;"><div class="item-list"><ul style="list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"><li class="first last">
</li></ul></div></div><div class="top-tools" style="clear: both; padding-top: 15px;">the future of life on the planet depends on bringing the 500-year rampage of the white man to a halt. For five centuries his ever more destructive weaponry has become far too common. His widespread and better systems of exploiting other humans and nature dominate the globe.</div><div class="the_body body_visions clearfix" style="line-height: 25px;">
The time for replacing white supremacy with new values is now. And just as some whites played a part in ending slavery, colonialism, Jim Crow segregation, and South African apartheid, there is surely a role whites can play in restraining other whites in this era. Beneath the sound and fury generated by GOP presidential candidates, Fox News, website trolls, police unions and others, white people are becoming aware as never before of past and present racism.  
=Moses Taylortaylor<div id="tt-wrapper40eb10b" class="tt-wrapper inread " style="margin: 0px 50px 22px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: auto; height: 0px; left: -999em; position: absolute; text-align: center; min-width: 230px; max-width: 100%; transition: all 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.65, 0.52, 0.73, 0.43); transform: initial; backface-visibility: hidden; perspective: 1000px;"><div id="tt-mention40eb10b" class="tt-mention inread " style="height: 15px; margin-bottom: 3px; text-transform: uppercase; width: 230px;"><div id="tt-container40eb10b" class="tt-container inread " style="overflow: hidden; padding-top: 129.375px; position: relative; width: 230px; height: auto !important;"><div id="tt-player40eb10b" class="tt-player inread " style="width: 230px; height: 129.375px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px;"><div id="tt-controls40eb10b" class="tt-controls inread "><div id="tt-viewport-top40eb10b" class="tt-viewport-top inread " style="width: 5px; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: -999em; margin-top: 64.5px;"><div id="tt-viewport-bottom40eb10b" class="tt-viewport-bottom inread " style="width: 5px; position: absolute; bottom: 0px; left: -999em; margin-bottom: 64.5px;">Admittedly, this encouraging development is hardly the dominant view. To the contrary, given the possibility that Donald Trump, Ted Cruz, Ben Carson or one of their ilk might become president, white supremacist ideology seems to be digging in harder than ever.I don’t take this lightly. Once upon a time I foolishly thought that there was no way that Ronald Reagan could get elected president. Lesson learned. Now is the time to start contingency planning for intensified resistance to mass deportations of immigrants, atrocities against Muslims and extreme danger to African Americans.  That said, it would be a mistake to focus only on the negative. Recently theNew York Times ran Gordon Davis’ op-ed <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/opinion/what-woodrow-wilson-cost-my-grandfather.html" style="text-decoration: none;">What Woodrow Wilson Cost My Grandfather</a>. It is still generating debate. (Gordon Davis and I are both “alumni” of the Northern Student Movement, a 1960s civil rights group.) Davis was writing in the context of the student-led protest at Princeton University over the veneration of its former president, Woodrow Wilson. The controversy stems from Wilson’s viciously racist speech and behavior particularly when he was president of the United States.  A subsequent Truthout <a href="http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/33978-princeton-students-are-right-woodrow-wilson-was-way-worse-than-you-think" style="text-decoration: none;">article</a> by Harvey Wasserman, "Princeton Students Are Right, Woodrow Wilson Was Way Worse Than You Think," complements the critique. Most of the 776 comments on theNY Times article (as well as 1,600 more on a followup Times editorial) were the predictably negative responses usually heard regarding white racism. Many said some version of, “that was a long time ago when values were different.” Others took the tack that “nobody is perfect and the good things Woodrow Wilson did outweigh the bad of his racism, so let it rest." But there was also a substantial undercurrent voiced by those who were open-minded enough to learn.Following are NY Times comments on the article:  <blockquote>Jim K. New York, NY <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/opinion/what-woodrow-wilson-cost-my-grandfather.html#permid=16762127" style="text-decoration: none;">2 days ago</a>As a former Princeton professor, I applaud the students for raising this issue. It's not about erasing history, but confronting it honestly. This beautiful column makes clear how Wilson's policies, based on his deeply racist and white-supremacist views, destroyed the lives of thousands of black families. Why should we publicly venerate this person? Why should elitist Northern universities get to insist that we overlook this man's systematic, consequential racism, while every Southern municipality and retail store is expected to rid itself of monuments and souvenirs of their racist politicians and soldiers. Let's indeed, every American community, take stock of the deeply embedded racism that has been a part of our history (North and South), recognizing that a thoroughgoing accounting will involve reconfiguring our public and institutional spaces in many ways. Because that has yet to be done, and the younger generation of Black militants will, rightly, not be content until it is.</blockquote>JPBarnett Santa Barbara <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/opinion/the-case-against-woodrow-wilson-at-princeton.html#permid=16765889" style="text-decoration: none;">1 day ago</a><blockquote>It's sad that after having been through 12 years of grade school in CA and graduating from a UC, I just learned this about Wilson. It’s silly that I'm surprised I didn't learn of his racism I suppose, but I'm glad I do now. My opinion is forever changed.</blockquote>Many commenters were startled to learn about a long known but rarely taught side of Woodrow Wilson. White people have a lot to be surprised about. The very nature of white supremacy requires sanitized teaching about slavery, the genocide of indigenous people, the reach of U.S. militarism and many other topics.  Fortunately, gains from past struggles give African Americans increased opportunities to expose what was previously deliberately obscured. Ta-Nehisi Coates is the best known of a new generation of black, indigenous, Hispanic and white writers, scholars and activists revealing ugly realities hidden from most of us.  Even the New York Times conservative columnist David Brooks has acknowledged this development. “So much of the national conversation this year has concerned how to think about past racism and oppression, and the power of that past to shape present realities: the Confederate flag, Woodrow Wilson, the unmarked sights of the lynching grounds. Fortunately, many people have found the courage to tell the ugly truths about slavery, Jim Crow and current racism that were repressed by the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/15/opinion/the-year-of-unearthed-memories.html?&moduleDetail=section-news-3&action=click&contentCollection=Opinion&region=Footer&module=MoreInSection&version=WhatsNext&contentID=WhatsNext&pgtype=article" style="text-decoration: none;">wider culture.</a>”Admittedly, new information does not necessarily translate into social change. Cherished and deeply rooted beliefs are not easily surrendered. I often think of how long it took for the arguments of Copernicus and Galileo that the earth revolved around the sun, not the other way around, to be accepted. Ideas and habits are stubborn. Systems resist change. Powerful institutions have vested interests in preserving the status quo.  By way of example, a recurring concern of those responding to the Times’ Woodrow Wilson op-ed was, “Where will it all end? Will we have to destroy Mount Rushmore?” some asked. Maybe we should. Not just because it honors slave owners Jefferson and Washington, Mount Rushmore is also a powerful symbol of brutality and racism toward indigenous people.  As idigenous scholar Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz points out in her book, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States, “The most prominent struggle has been the Lakota Sioux’s attempt to restore the Paha Sapa, or Black Hills, where the odious Mount Rushmore carvings have scarred the sacred site. Called the ‘Shrine of Democracy’ by the federal government, it is anything but that; rather it is a shrine of in-your-face illegal occupation and colonization.”  White racism distorts how we think about virtually everything, including history itself. No one will dismiss Bill O’Reilly’s goofy books about Jesus or Lincoln or Patton or Reagan as irrelevant because, “oh, that was a long time ago, it’s got nothing to do with me now.” As a general proposition people appreciate that we can discover in the present important things we didn’t previously know about the past.  Not so when it comes to race in the USA. Not for some people anyway.  This matters a great deal. In many years of anti-racist work, I have discovered that whites who deny any connection to the racism of the past will also generally deny any connection to the racism of the present. “Please don’t tell me,” cry deniers of systemic white racism. One step removed is the view that we should “accept” the history but must take the good with the bad. This is sometimes known as the “warts and all” theory of history. A variation is the convenient idea that slavery was the “original sin.” Sin, of course, in the Western Christian point of view is inevitable and immutable.  This takes an especially pernicious twist when white racism deniers argue that there has always been slavery as though that itself somehow makes it justified. It’s not true that every society over all time has enslaved people. But even if it were true, the kind of slavery on which the U.S. was built is unlike any other that preceded it. It co-evolved with capitalism and it conflated slavery with “race”—plantation capitalism as the Rev. James Lawson calls it. CSU Fresno scholars Blain Roberts and Ethan J. Kytle put it this way recently in theNew York Times: "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/opinion/sunday/america-needs-a-national-slavery-monument.html?module=ArrowsNav&contentCollection=Opinion&action=keypress&region=FixedLeft&pgtype=article" style="text-decoration: none;">New research</a> has gone further, exposing how American capitalism and democracy — once thought to be antithetical to slavery — emerged hand-in-hand with it.”Hard as it may be for propaganda-conditioned whites to grasp, global race-based capitalism is not a system of the past with lingering effects. It is a living,  breathing organism of the present. It is a unitary thing. It is therefore not a good thing with warts. It is one thing. The “good” things always comes packaged with the “bad” thing. The mechanics of how it often works has a name: grand bargains.  
The mother of all grand bargains is the U.S. Constitution which accommodated slavery in several ways, including the notorious three-fifths clause. While the Constitution was by no means the first <a href="http://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/you-calling-me-racist-why-its-so-hard-whites-confront-their-own-failings" style="text-decoration: none;">grand bargain</a>, it solidified a pattern that continues to this day. The New Deal, as Ira Katznelson demonstrates in his book Fear Itself, was another grand bargain that combined “progressive’ achievements such as union rights and Social Security with reaffirming the power of Dixiecrats and the institutions of Jim Crow.  ...
.</div></div></div></div></div>--<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/opinion/sunday/america-needs-a-national-slavery-monument.html">http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/opinion/sunday/america-needs-a-national-slavery-monument.html</a>
<pre class="what" style="padding: 0px; border-radius: 4px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 25px; line-height: 22px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 0px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: italic; background: rgb(249, 247, 246);">House Committee on Financial Services, hold a congressional hearing and help businesses eradicate human trafficking and modern slavery in supply chains.</pre><h3 class="subtitle" style="margin: 10px 0px 15px; line-height: 10pt; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; font-stretch: normal; background-color: rgb(249, 247, 246);">Why Important</h3><pre class="why" style="padding: 0px; border-radius: 4px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 25px; line-height: 22px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 0px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); background: rgb(249, 247, 246);">"We were sold for $430 per person. I felt very depressed when I ended up on the boat. I felt I was in hell." - Myo Zaw Do*, a migrant from Burma who was sold on Thai fishing ships.(1)

Myo Zaw Do, a migrant from Burma, describes how he was sold into slavery on Thai fishing boats for only $430. He was forced to work without pay and suffered brutal beatings by the captain, including one in which his head was slammed so violently into the ice on the deck that he is now partially deaf. Trafficked workers endure regular beatings, torture, and execution-style killings. Some are even driven to suicide, all to support the flow of cheap, farmed shrimp distributed throughout the world.(2)

Two big global retailers -- Walmart and Costco -- are named as customers of a seafood supplier in Thailand with proven links to slavery.(3) Which means that shrimp farmed with slave labor is ending up on your plate.

You can help change this! Members of the U.S. House of Representatives are considering the Business Supply Chain Transparency on Trafficking and Slavery Act of 2014 that encourages businesses to disclose what efforts they take to identify human trafficking in supply chains. You can tell the House of Representatives to hold companies accountable for the millions of children, men, and women trapped in the everyday nightmare of forced labor.

The business supply chain transparency bill would require large companies to say if they are taking any steps to address slavery in supply chains and what those steps are. These disclosures allow consumers to make informed decisions about what products they buy and which companies they invest in. Myo Zaw Do is just one of the millions of trafficked workers who are held in slavery in order to produce goods we purchase everyday.

Tell the House of Representatives to take the first step to passing the Business Supply Chain Transparency on Trafficking and Slavery Act of 2014 (H.R. 4842) by holding a hearing. Together we can shine a light on this hidden crime.

*Myo Zaw Do is a pseudonym.

(1) Felicity Lawrence, Thai seafood industry censored over Burmese migrant’s trafficking ordeal, The Guardian, March 4, 2014.

(2) Felicity Lawrence, Thai seafood industry censored over Burmese migrant’s trafficking ordeal, The Guardian, March 4, 2014.

(3) Kate Hodal, Chris Kelly in Songkhla and Felicity Lawrence, Revealed: Asian slave labour producing prawns for supermarkets in US, UK, The Guardian, June 10, 2014.</pre>
=<a href="http://www.alternet.org/education/your-college-degree-drenched-blood-secret-history-how-slaves-built-americas-top-colleges">http://www.alternet.org/education/your-college-degree-drenched-blood-secret-history-how-slaves-built-americas-top-colleges</a><a href="http://www.democracynow.org/2013/11/29/ebony_and_ivy_the_secret_history">http://www.democracynow.org/2013/11/29/ebony_and_ivy_the_secret_history</a>

<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;">A few years ago, Brown University <a href="http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; line-height: 24px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; user-select: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">commissioned a study </a><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;">of its own historical connection to the Atlantic slave trade. The report found that the Brown family — the wealthy Rhode Island merchants for whom the university was named — were "not major slave traders, but they were not strangers to the business either."

=<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alan-singer/wall-street-was-a-slave-m_b_1208536.html">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alan-singer/wall-street-was-a-slave-m_b_1208536.html</a>Wall Street influence, and the battle between main Street and Wall Street stretches way back in United States history. <a href="http://www.historyisaweapon.org/defcon1/marylease.html" target="hplink" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Mary E. Lease</a> was a well-known "stump" speaker for the Farmers' Alliance and the Populist Party. They called her and her colleagues stump speakers because they stood on tree stumps to be seen over the crowd. Between 1890 and 1896 she toured the country making speeches telling farmers to "raise less corn and more hell." Some scholars believe Mary E. Lease was the model for the character Dorothy in Frank Baum'sThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In one of her best-known speeches she told her audience:"Wall Street owns the country. It is no longer a government of the people, by the people, and for the people, but a government of Wall Street, by Wall Street, and for Wall Street. The great common people of this country are slaves, and monopoly is the master... Our laws are the output of a system which clothes rascals in robes and honesty in rags."But the sordid history of Wall Street is actually much older and darker. December 13, 2011 was the three hundredth anniversary of the law passed by the New York City Common Council that made Wall Street the city's official <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/13/wall-streets-slave-peddli_n_1147314.html" target="hplink" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">slave market</a> for the sale and rental of enslaved Africans.<blockquote style="list-style: none; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 15px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);">1711 Law Appointing a Place for the More Convenient Hiring of Slaves Source: Minutes of the Common Council of the City of New York, vol. II, 458, December 13, 1711Be it Ordained by the Mayor Recorder Aldermen and Assistants of the City of New York Convened in Common Council and it is hereby Ordained by the Authority of the same That all Negro and Indian slaves that are lett out to hire within this City do take up their Standing in Order to be hired at the Markett house at the Wall Street Slip untill Such time as they are hired, whereby all Persons may Know where to hire slaves as their Occasions Shall require and also Masters discover when their Slaves are so hired and all the Inhabitants of this City are to take Notice hereof Accordingly.</blockquote>The predecessor bank of Citibank, which has offices at 111 Wall Street, was actually founded by a banker and sugar trader deeply involved in financing the illegal slave trade bringing Africans into Cuba in the 19th century. When <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Taylor" target="hplink" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Moses Taylor</a> died in 1882, he was one of the wealthiest men of that century with an estate reportedly worth $70 million, or about $1.6 billion in today's dollars.There is now an <a href="http://www.change.org/petitions/mayor-bloomberg-and-the-nyc-city-council-wall-street-signage-about-atlantic-slave-trade-in-nyc" target="hplink" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">online petition</a> addressed to Mayor Bloomberg and the City Council calling for a historical marker at the site of the Wall Street slave market detailing its role in the history of New York City. I signed the petition and welcome others to join the campaign. The letter reads:<blockquote style="list-style: none; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 15px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);">December 13th is the 300th anniversary of the law establishing the first slave market in New York. That market was located at the end of Wall Street where present day Water Street is. Yet there is not a single sign, plaque, marker, statue, memorial or monument with any reference to slavery or the slave trade in Lower Manhattan (with the exception of the African Burial Ground memorial). The fact is that New York's first City Hall was built with slave labor. The first Congress passed the Bill of Rights there and George Washington gave his inaugural speech there. Slaves helped build the wall that Wall Street is named for. Slavery was such a big part of early New York that during the colonial era one in five people living in New York was an enslaved African. One in five. Yet there are no permanent signs acknowledging the role slaves played in early New York.Even after the discovery of a massive, 6.6 acre burial ground where Africans -- free and enslaved -- were buried, with thousands of individuals possibly still in the ground, their contribution to New York is and has been completely invisible. After 300 years it is finally time to tell their story.</blockquote>=Moses Taylor (January 11, 1806 – May 23, 1882) was a 19th-century New York merchant and banker and one of the wealthiest men of that century. At his death, his estate was reported to be worth $70 million, or about $1.7 billion in today's dollars. He controlled the National City Bank of New York (later to become <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Citibank</a>), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware,Lackawanna_and_Western_Railroad" title="Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Delaware, Lackawanna & Western</a> railroad, the Moses Taylor & Co. import business, and he held numerous other investments in railroads and industry.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background-image: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Taylor#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">hide</a>] </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><ul style="line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Taylor#Early_life_and_career" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">1 Early life and career</a><ul style="line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Taylor#Banking_and_Investments" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">1.1 Banking and Investments</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Taylor#Tammany_Hall" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">1.2 Tammany Hall</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Taylor#Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">1.3 Legacy</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Taylor#Descendants" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">2 Descendants</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Taylor#References" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">3 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Taylor#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">4 External links</a></li></ul><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Early life and career<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moses_Taylor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a>]</h2>His parents were Jacob B. Taylor and Martha (Brant) Taylor. His father was a close associate of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">John Jacob Astor</a> and acted as his agent by purchasing New York real estate while concealing Astor's interest. Astor's relationship with the Taylor family provided Moses with an early advantage.Moses began his career at age 15 at J. D. Brown shippers, but soon moved to a clerk's position in the firm of G. G. & S. Howland Company of New York, a shipping and import firm that traded with South America. By 1832, at age 26, Moses had sufficient wealth to marry, leave the Howland company, and start his own business as a sugar broker. As a sugar broker, Moses dealt with Cuban sugar growers, found buyers for their product, exchanged currency, and advised and assisted them with their investments. Although he never visited Cuba, Taylor's friendship with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Augustus_Coit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Augustus Coit (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Henry Augustus Coit</a>, a prominent trader who was fluent in Spanish, allowed him to trade with the Cuban growers. Taylor soon discovered that loans and investments provided returns that were as good as, or better than, those from the sugar business. By the 1840s his income was largely from interest and investments. By 1847, Moses Taylor was listed as one of New York City's 25 millionaires.<h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;">Banking and Investments<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moses_Taylor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Banking and Investments" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a>]</h3>When the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Panic of 1837</a> allowed Astor to take over what was then City Bank of New York (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Citibank</a>), he named Moses Taylor as director. Moses himself had doubled his fortune during the panic, and brought his growing financial connections to the bank. He acquired equity in the bank and in 1855 became its president, operating it largely in support of his and his associates' businesses and investments.In the 1850s Moses invested in iron and coal, and began purchasing interest in the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western railroad. When the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Panic of 1857</a> brought the railroad to the brink of bankruptcy, Moses obtained control by purchasing its outstanding shares for $5 a share. Within seven years the shares became worth $240, and the D. L. & W was one of the premier railroads of the country. By 1865 Moses held 20,000 shares worth almost $50 million.<div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 302px; padding: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nast_1871_committee.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nast_1871_committee.jpg/300px-Nast_1871_committee.jpg" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Nast_1871_committee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Nast_1871_committee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="462" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="300" height="347" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"><div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; border: none !important; background-image: none !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nast_1871_committee.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" style="border: none !important; vertical-align: middle; display: block; background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important;" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>Thomas Nast cartoon of the "White-washing Committee" (L-R John Jacob Astor, Moses Taylor, Marshall O. Roberts)</div></div></div>Moses held an interest in the New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_West_Field" title="Cyrus West Field" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Cyrus West Field</a> had founded in 1854. Although its attempts to lay a cable across the Atlantic were initially unsuccessful, it eventually succeeded and in 1866 became the first transatlantic telegraph company.Taylor also had controlling interest in the largest two of the seven gas companies in Manhattan that were merged (after his death) to form the Consolidated Gas Company in 1884, eventually becoming <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Edison" title="Consolidated Edison" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Consolidated Edison</a>. Taylor's Manhattan Gas Company and New York Gas Light Company were 45% of the merged Consolidated Gas.<h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;">Tammany Hall<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moses_Taylor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tammany Hall" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a>]</h3>After the Civil War, during which he assisted the Union with financing the war debt, he continued to invest in iron, railroads, and real estate. His real estate holdings in New York brought him into close association with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_Tweed" title="Boss Tweed" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Boss Tweed</a> of New York's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Tammany Hall</a>, and in 1871, Moses sat on a committee made up of New York's most influential and successful businessmen and signed his name to a report that commended Tweed's controller for his honesty and integrity, a report that was a notorious whitewash.<h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;">Legacy<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moses_Taylor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Not noted for philanthropy during his life, at the end in 1882 Moses Taylor donated $250,000 to build a hospital in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton,Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Scranton, Pennsylvania</a> to benefit his iron and coal workers, and workers of the D. L. & W railroad. The Moses Taylor hospital continues in operation today.Moses died in 1882 and although he owned a vault at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Marble_Cemetery" title="New York City Marble Cemetery" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New York City Marble Cemetery</a> which already contained members of his family, he was buried in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Green-Wood Cemetery</a> in Brooklyn, New York.<h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Descendants<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moses_Taylor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Descendants" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Moses left his fortune to his wife and children: his son Henry Augustus Coit Taylor, his daughter Albertina Shelton Taylor Pyne, his daughter Katherine Wilson Taylor Winthrop, his daughter Mary Taylor Lewis, and his son <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldlongisland.com/2011/04/george-c-taylor-estate.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">George Campbell Taylor</a>. Several prominent wealthy families owe a substantial portion of their fortunes to those inheritances.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Pyne" title="Percy Pyne" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Percy Rivington Pyne</a> (1820–1895), an assistant to Moses, had married Moses' daughter Albertina in 1855 and became president of City Bank upon his father-in-law's death. The Pynes established a dynasty of bankers that survives to this day. Percy's son <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Taylor_Pyne" title="Moses Taylor Pyne" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Moses Taylor Pyne</a> was a benefactor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Princeton University</a> who supported its development from a college into a university and left an estate worth $100 million at his death in 1921.The Winthrop family descendants of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">John Winthrop</a> inherited the wealth of Moses's daughter Katherine Wilson Taylor (1839–1925) who married <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Winthrop_(1833-1892)" title="Robert Winthrop (1833-1892)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Robert Winthrop</a> (1833–1892). Katherine's daughter married <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_Kean" title="Hamilton Fish Kean" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Hamilton Fish Kean</a> (1862–1941), ancestor of the political <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kean" title="Thomas Kean" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Kean</a> family which includes the former governor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New Jersey</a>.Moses' son Henry A. C. Taylor left an estate worth $50 million upon his death in 1921, just a few months before the death of his nephew Moses Taylor Pyne.The Taylor family descendants of Moses's son Henry Augustus Coit Taylor were prominent New York and Newport socialites.<h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">References<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moses_Taylor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"The Business Career of Moses Taylor" by Daniel Hodas, New York: New York University Press (1976).</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Capital City : New York City and the Men Behind America's Rise to Economic Dominance, 1860–1900, Thomas Kessner</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"An Old Merchant's Death", obituary of Moses Taylor in the New York Times, May 24, 1882.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/alan_j_singer/Gateway%20Slavery%20Guide%20PDF%20Files/5.%20Abolition_Complicity%201827-65/3.%20Activity%20Sheets/a43.%20An%20Old%20M.chant%27s%20Death.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" http="http" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat">"An Old Merchant's Death", Alan Singer, Graduate Director: Social Studies Education, Hofstra University</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0766167291" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat">Dynastic America and Those Who Own It, 1921 by Henry H Klein, p. 30</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9810242727" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat">Banking Alliances, by Hazel J. Johnson, World Scientific, 2000, p 47</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC12729001" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat">Thomas Nast: His Period and His Pictures, Albert Bigelow Paine, Macmillan, 1904, p. 144</a></li></ul><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; 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In his new book, <a onclick="newWindow('http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743266870/americanherit-20', '0743266870', 'toolbar=yes, location=yes, width=800, height=600, directories=yes, status=yes, scrollbars=yes, resizable=yes, menubar=yes')" class="maroonBoldItalic" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743266870/americanherit-20" target="0743266870">Sons of Providence: The Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution</a> (Simon & Schuster, $27), the investigative journalist Charles Rappleye follows the intertwined lives and careers of Obadiah Holmes’s great-great-great grandsons John and Moses Brown, who rose to considerable financial and political prominence in Providence, Rhode Island, a century later, and whose intense—but always civil—disagreement over the moral propriety of slavery made for a fitting sequel to their forebear’s ordeal on the whipping post.

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modern US http://www.alternet.org/immigration/21st-century-version-slavery-widespread-america

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green party

"Financial companies like Brown Brothers Harriman, Aetna, Bank of America, and JP Morgan Chase established themselves by exploiting stolen labor," said Rick Tingling-Clemmons, Advisory Neighborhood Commission candidate in the District of Columbia and Black Caucus Representative in the Green Party's National Committee. "They made millions by investing in the slave trade, often after the slave trade was outlawed, as collateral on loans, through insurance policies on slaves, and through investment in plantations and merchants who relied on the unpaid work of slaves. Since the descendents of owners and investors in such firms continue to reap the rewards of historical slave labor, it's only fair that the descendents of slaves themselves share in the profits."

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suit

Aetna has acknowledged issuing life insurance policies on an undetermined number of slaves, naming their owners as beneficiaries. Fleet's earliest predecessor bank was founded by John Brown, a notorious Rhode Island slave trader. CSX owns early rail lines built by slaves.

USA TODAY, in articles Feb. 21, named the three companies and more than 20 others as having owned, rented or insured slaves, or profited in other ways from the pre-1865 slave economy.

CSX spokeswoman Kathy Burns says there is "no legal basis" for the lawsuit. "It is an unfortunate misuse of the legal system to attempt to address issues well over a century old at the expense of today's workers and stockholders."

Aetna, in a statement, says it already expressed "deep regret" for issuing slave policies. "Over the past 20 years, Aetna has invested more than $34 million in the African-American community. We are proud of our record of diversity and have nothing to hide."

Fleet declined comment.

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Never mind that <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeff-biggers/illinois-ranks-as-worst-r_b_3193950.html" target="hplink">Illinois' own rogue coal industry</a> and state regulatory agencies have failed to protect coal miners, waterways and watersheds, farms and forests, and communities from <a href="http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/tallying-coals-hidden-cost/" target="hplink">deadly and costly toxic pollution</a>.

Never mind that the job-robbing union-busting heavily-mechanized economic-diversification-blocking coal industry has left Illinois' historic coal mining counties at the bottom of the charts in <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeff-biggers/whats-the-matter-with-mid_b_474436.html" target="_hplink">entrenched poverty, hopeless unemployment and ruin</a>.

As Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity Assistant Director Dan Seals <a href="http://www.bnd.com/2013/05/01/2599678/illinois-coal-output-demand-is.html#storylink=cpy" target="_hplink">said</a>, "It is truly an unbelievable achievement."

As a historian, I do give Gov. Quinn credit for following in the great tradition of coal exports in Illinois. In 1810, an enslaved black man named Peter Boon shoveled and loaded the outcroppings of coal along the south bank of the Big Muddy River in Jackson County, Illinois. Pushing off toward the Mississippi River in their flatboat, William Boon, a captain in the mounted rangers, and his slave Peter transported the first commercial barge of coal in the heartland.

In effect, Illinois' coal industry was launched with legal slavery--not that Gov. Quinn's notoriously shameless "<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeff-biggers/coal-marketing_b_882383.html" target="_hplink">Coal Education Curriculum</a>" teaches that to Illinois students and teachers, as part of the state coal marketing slush fund.

Despite Peter Boon's presence on the slave schedules, virtually every history book and modern news report of this historic event failed to recognize his enslavement, or the fact that William Boon purchased a "voluntarily indentured" servant as late as 1822. One text geared toward children referred to Peter as Boon's African American friend. As a former lead miner from Kentucky and Missouri, Boon engineered the first commercial slope mine in Illinois.

He and his slave embarked on six epic voyages down the Mississippi to New Orleans, where they were paid in European currency for coal and loads of forest and farm products. Boon's efforts attracted attention. As the first state legislator from southwestern Illinois, he also played a role in shaping the laws that allowed for slave labor to assist his work. He would also set the precedent for the entrepreneurial coal foundations in government office--effectively, the first coal lobby in cahoots with the statewide government.

And the coal ships move on.

Author of Reckoning at Eagle Creek: The Secret Legacy of Coal in the Heartland, Jeff Biggers can be followed on Twitter @jeffrbiggers

===

New York. FLEETBOSTON is the successor in interest to ProvidenceBank who was founded by Rhode Island businessman John Brown. Brown owned ships that embarked on several slaving voyages and Brown was prosecuted in federal court for participating in the international slave trade after it had become illegal under federal law. Upon

information and belief, Providence Bank lent substantial sums to Brown, thus financing and

===

<h3>Slavery reparations lawsuit</h3>

In March 2002, FleetBoston - bought by BofA in 2004 - along with insurance company <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Aetna" title="Aetna">Aetna</a> and railroad company <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation" class="mw-redirect">CSX Transportation</a> were named in a lawsuit filed in U.S. District Court in New York "seeking damages for abuses suffered by slaves and accusing the companies of profiting from slavery". FleetBoston traces its roots back to a bank started by John Brown, a notorious Rhode Island slave trader. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Bank_of_America_Corp.#cite_note-75" title="">[76]</a>

</div>

<div style="">==

profiting from the founder’s illegal slave trading.

FLEETBOSTON also collected custom fees due from ships transporting slaves, thus, further profiting from the slave trade.

New York/ Class Action Complaint

American Slavery Case - March 26, 2002

Page 8

Defendant CSX is a Virginia corporation with its principal place of business

Defendant AETNA INC. (“AETNA”) is a corporation with its principal place of

located at 901 E. Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23219. It is a successor-in-interest to numerous

predecessor railroad lines that were constructed or run, at least in part, by slave labor.12

business located at 151 Farmington Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut 06156. Upon information and

belief, AETNA’s predecessor in interest, actually insured slave owners against the loss of their

human chattel. AETNA knew the horrors of slave life as is evident in a rider through which the

company declined to pay the premiums for slaves who were lynched or worked to death or who

committed suicide. Additionally, AETNA insured enslaved Africans who worked in the

agricultural industry of which Plaintiff’s enslaved. AETNA, therefore, unjustly profited from the institution of slavery.

</div>