zephyr teachout
<font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://muckrack.com/zephyr-teachout/articles">https://muckrack.com/zephyr-teachout/articles</a></font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">art'ls</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674659988">https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674659988</a></font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">W<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">hen Louis XVI presented Benjamin Franklin with a snuff box encrusted with diamonds and inset with the King’s portrait, the gift troubled Americans: it threatened to “corrupt” Franklin by clouding his judgment or altering his attitude toward the French in subtle psychological ways. This broad understanding of political corruption—rooted in ideals of civic virtue—was a driving force at the Constitutional Convention.</span></font></div><div id="content" class="clear" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; clear: both;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For two centuries the framers’ ideas about corruption flourished in the courts, even in the absence of clear rules governing voters, civil officers, and elected officials. Should a law that was passed by a state legislature be overturned because half of its members were bribed? What kinds of lobbying activity were corrupt, and what kinds were legal? When does an implicit promise count as bribery? In the 1970s the U.S. Supreme Court began to narrow the definition of corruption, and the meaning has since changed dramatically. No case makes that clearer than <i>Citizens United</i>.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 2010, one of the most consequential Court decisions in American political history gave wealthy corporations the right to spend unlimited money to influence elections. Justice Anthony Kennedy’s majority opinion treated corruption as nothing more than explicit bribery, a narrow conception later echoed by Chief Justice Roberts in deciding McCutcheon v. FEC in 2014. With unlimited spending transforming American politics for the worse, warns</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Zephyr Teachout, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Citizens United and McCutcheon were not just bad law but bad history. If the American experiment in self-government is to have a future, then we must revive the traditional meaning of corruption and embrace an old ideal.</span></font></p></div><div id="relatedLinks" style="margin: 1em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border-top: 1px dotted rgb(143, 145, 147); border-right: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h4 style="margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4; text-transform: uppercase;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-weight: normal;">RELATED LINKS</font></h4><ul style="margin: 1em 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" gray-dot.gif="gray-dot.gif"><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="https://promarket.org/2020/12/02/joe-biden-antitrust-agenda-zephyr-teachout-william-kovacic/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">At ProMarket, read Zephyr Teachout’s response to the question, “What Should the Biden Administration’s Antitrust Agenda Look Like?”</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/stressing-why-trump-s-corruption-matters-zephyr-teachout-podcast-transcript-ncna902551" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">On the NBC News podcast <i>Why Is This Happening?</i>, listen to Teachout discuss with Chris Hayes whether Donald Trump’s corruption is a symptom of an ailing democracy, or one of its primary causes</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/podcasts/amicus/2016/12/trump_and_the_emoluments_clause_on_amicus.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">At the Slate legal podcast Amicus, listen to Teachout explain why Donald Trump’s financial conflicts of interest—including taking payments from foreign governments and being personally indebted to the Chinese government—are impeachable offenses if he doesn’t relinquish ownership before being sworn in as U.S. President</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/donald-trump-corruptible-214541" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">At Politico Magazine, read Teachout’s argument that Donald Trump could be “the most corruptible president ever” due to his financial conflicts of interest</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/zephyr-teachout-is-battling-big-money-and-cynicism-in-one-of-this-years-tightest-congressional-races/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">At The Nation, read an in-depth profile of Teachout’s efforts against corruption and how she stands in a tight 2016 race for a New York seat in the U.S. House of Representatives</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-revolution-zephyr-teachout_us_57e6b76be4b0e80b1ba25ba9" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Read a Huffington Post profile of Teachout, “the new face of Bernie Sanders’ revolution”</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/zephyr-teachouts-campaign-against-economic-and-political-corruption-just-scored-a-big-win/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">At The Nation, read about Teachout’s 2016 bid for a New York seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, and why her background in fighting corruption makes her campaign uniquely “long on substance”</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/29/opinion/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-free-rolex.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">In the New York Times, read Teachout’s sober warning regarding current Supreme Court case McDonnell v. United States, a case whose decision in favor of former Virginia governor Bob McDonnell could undermine a central and longstanding principle of our government: that officials should not accept cash or gifts in exchange for special treatment of constituents</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bob-mcdonnell-scotus-podcast_us_572bc183e4b016f378953f0e" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Listen to Teachout discuss McDonnell v. United States on the Huffington Post podcast So, That Happened</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-theory/wp/2016/05/05/how-the-supreme-court-gets-corruption-totally-wrong/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">In the Washington Post, read Teachout’s critique of the Supreme Court’s recent handling of quid pro quo</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="external" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02yy65f" style="text-decoration-line: none;">On the BBC World Service program Business Matters, listen to Teachout discuss her Super PAC, MayDay.Us, devoted to campaign finance reform</a> [starts at 26:30]</font></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="https://mayday.us/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Visit the MayDay.Us website and learn how it aims to decrease corruption in politics</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/21/even-corporate-america-wants-campaign-finance-reform-to-stop-crony-capitalism" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Read Teachout’s Guardian essay on a spring 2016 report by the Committee on Economic Development which indicates that even business owners are worried about the effects of “crony capitalism” on U.S. democracy</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.cc.com/video-clips/hve0dz/the-nightly-show-panel---money-in-politics" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Watch Teachout discuss money in politics on The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://whyy.org/cms/radiotimes/2015/02/10/zephyr-teachout-on-corruption-in-america/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Listen to Teachout discuss the history of bribery and lobbying in the U.S. on WHYY’s Radio Times with Marty Moss-Coane</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/26/opinion/zephyr-teachout-on-sheldon-silver-corruption-and-new-york-politics.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Read Teachout’s New York Times essay on Sheldon Silver, the 20-year veteran of the New York State Assembly who was recently charged with fraud, extortion, and receiving bribes</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://billmoyers.com/episode/bare-knuckle-fight-money-politics/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">On Moyers & Company, watch Teachout discuss the “bare-knuckle fight” against money in politics</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://fdlbooksalon.com/2014/11/16/fdl-book-salon-welcomes-zephyr-teachout/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Read a Q&A with Teachout at the Firedoglake Book Salon</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/shows/the_new_york_times_close_up/217550/ny1-online--the-new-york-times-close-up-10-18-14/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">At NY1 Online, watch the New York Times’s Sam Roberts interview Teachout about Corruption in America</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.wnyc.org/story/zephyr-teachout-takes-corruption-politics/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Listen to an interview with Teachout on WNYC’s The Leonard Lopate Show</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://thedailyshow.cc.com/extended-interviews/xcieer/zephyr-teachout-extended-interview" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Watch the extended version of Teachout’s Daily Show interview</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.salon.com/2014/09/20/antonin_scalias_bad_law_bad_history_how_the_supreme_court_legalized_corruption/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Read an excerpt from Corruption in America at Salon</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.npr.org/2014/09/07/346455250/cuomo-gets-more-of-an-opponent-than-he-bargained-for" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Listen to NPR’s Weekend Edition coverage of Teachout’s New York gubernatorial campaign and her longstanding interest in reducing political corruption</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-supreme-courts-mccutcheon-v-fec-ruling-leaves-a-campaign-finance-void/2014/04/03/b20a7d38-ba93-11e3-9a05-c739f29ccb08_story.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">At the Washington Post, read Teachout’s prescription for the active creation of a campaign finance system that works, rather than the repeated banning of those that don’t</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><a class="external" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/04/what-john-roberts-doesnt-get-about-corruption-105683.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">At Politico, read Teachout on “what John Roberts doesn’t get about corruption”</font></a></li><li style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Read Teachout’s work at the <a class="publicationTitle" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zephyr-teachout/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Huffington Post</a> and <a class="publicationTitle" href="http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/author/zephyr-teachout" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Concurring Opinions</a></font></li></ul></div><div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><div><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2020/10/trump-google/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.alternet.org/2020/10/trump-google/</font></a></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">zephyr teachout break up</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">bk rev of winkler</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="http://www.rapidshift.net/corporations-are-people-is-built-on-an-incredible-19th-century-lie-how-a-farcical-series-of-events-in-the-1880s-produced-an-enduring-and-controversial-legal-precedent/">http://www.rapidshift.net/corporations-are-people-is-built-on-an-incredible-19th-century-lie-how-a-farcical-series-of-events-in-the-1880s-produced-an-enduring-and-controversial-legal-precedent/</a></font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">'Corporations Are People’ Is Built on an Incredible 19th-Century Lie How a farcical series of events in the 1880s produced an enduring and controversial legal precedent</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div><b>By Zephyr Teachout</b>, March 5, 2018, NYTimes.com</div><div>
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</div><div>WE THE CORPORATIONS </div><div>How American Businesses Won Their Civil Rights</div><div>By Adam Winkler</div><div>Illustrated. 472 pp. Liveright Publishing. $28.95.</div><div>
</div><div><b>Around 300 B.C., the Romans invented a new way for a group of people to buy property and enter into contracts</b>. Instead of making deals with a partner or set of partners, people could use a legal fiction that they were an entity, a societas publicanorum. This new institution was owned and controlled by investors, but legally separate from them. The privilege to act as a societas publicanorum was rare, and r<b>equired a decree by the Roman Senate or the emperor.</b></div><div>
</div><div>Nearly 2,000 years later, versions of this legal innovation came to be used by English businesses, churches, guilds and cities, and by the investors behind the Virginia Company in colonial America. They were known as corporations. Like the societas publicanorum, corporations required a special charter from the king, giving its owners powerful but limited rights: the right to collectively hold property, form contracts and have access to the courts. Corporations were quasi-public, and each corporate charter was unique, comprising highly detailed rules including how much the corporation could charge for its products. Eventually, corporate investors gained a special prize: the privilege of limited liability, which allowed them to avoid personal legal responsibility for the corporation’s actions.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">These corporations did not merely come to America; according to Adam Winkler, a law professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, arguably they founded it. From 1607, when the Virginia Company established the Jamestown colony, corporations have been inextricably embedded in American life</span>, Winkler maintains in his excellent and timely new book, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“We the Corporations.” The corporation of the British East India Company inspired the colonists in a different way. The bailout of the company by England — including the Tea Act of 1773, which lowered the price of tea in the colonies while preserving the tax colonists paid on it — infringed the colonial charters and led to the protests that were instrumental in sparking the Revolutionary War.</span></div><div>
</div><div>Winkler’s chief contribution is to show how corporations have been some of the most important innovators in American law, shaping it for good and often ill. Since the early days of the Republic, corporations have invested substantial capital in some of the country’s most talented and charismatic lawyers, pushed risky lawsuits and been on the “cutting edge” of rights-making. They have not been passive recipients of legal change but, rather, among its most significant architects.</div><div>
</div><div><b>Winkler frames this history provocatively, as an ongoing “civil rights” movement for corporations,</b> which “have pursued a longstanding, strategic effort to establish and expand” their rights in American constitutional law. He proves his thesis by recounting two dozen critical moments when corporations pushed the limits of existing law and mostly won new rights. While the corporation of early America was an “artificial person” — Blackstone’s term — for purposes of property ownership, contracts and lawsuits alone, Winkler shows how “today corporations have nearly all the same rights as individuals: freedom of speech, freedom of the press, religious liberty, due process, equal protection, freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures, the right to counsel, the right against double jeopardy and the right to trial by jury.”</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Corporations have rarely won rights by trumpeting their own importance, or openly arguing for civil rights. Instead, over generations, they have succeeded by claiming that corporate rights are necessary and useful tools for vindicating the rights of others </span>— of people. In the first major corporate-rights case, in 1809, the issue was whether a bank had the right to sue in federal court. Given the politics of the time, the bank was likely to lose in state court. The problem was that the Constitution gave access to federal court only to “citizens.” Instead of trying to argue that a corporation is a person qua person, the bank’s lawyer insisted that the rights of the owners — an association of people — would be trampled on if the bank couldn’t be heard in federal court. The Supreme Court acquiesced.</div><div>
</div><div>One hundred and seventy years later, in another bank case, the question was similar but more momentous: Did Massachusetts have the right to limit corporate spending around popular referendums? In this case, First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, the Supreme Court concluded that it violated the First Amendment rights of the people of Massachusetts for the state to discriminate among different sources of information. <b>It was not that the bank had a right to speak but that the public had a right to hear the views of the bank, and the state had no right to outlaw those communications merely because they came from a corporation. </b>The bank won the lawsuit, because it stood in for the rights of the people who might want to hear its political views. Winkler contributes fascinating original reporting to this case, uncovering notes between justices and clerks that changed the outcome of the case, which in turn laid the groundwork for the decision in Citizens United.</div><div>
</div><div>Much of the value of Winkler’s book lies in his elegant stitching together of 400 years of diverse cases, allowing us to feel the sweep and flow of history and the constantly shifting legal approaches to understanding this unusual entity — Blackstone’s “artificial person.” Four hundred years is a lot of time, and Winkler does a wonderful job of finding illustrative details without drowning in them, and of giving each case enough attention to make it come alive. However, there is one somewhat shocking lacuna. He fails to consider the revolution in monopoly law in the last 40 years.<b> Beginning in the 1970s, a group of activist lawyers associated with the University of Chicago persuaded courts to gut well-established principles designed to protect open markets and decentralized power, and to replace them with an ideology of efficiency that has contributed to our current crisis of monopoly capitalism and inequality. </b>Winkler mentions the Chicago school in passing, but he doesn’t address the post-1980 antitrust cases, a striking oversight because they fit neatly into his theory: Corporate monopolies gained rights by asserting that they benefited the rights of others (in this case, consumers).</div><div>
</div><div>Despite this omission, Winkler’s book provides a masterful retrospective map at a time when people are feeling bewildered and enraged by growing corporate power. In essence, he offers an important answer to the question “How did we get here?” Of course, there are two kinds of answers to that question — the literal and the structural. The literalist will tell you what buses and trains and ferries you took to get from your old house to your new house; the structuralist will explain why you moved across the country in the first place. Winkler is largely in the literalist camp. One case follows another; the justices change; a mistake is made and exploited and ripples through time; a magnetic lawyer sways the Supreme Court. History is made by people, by accident, by ambition, by carelessness, even by lies that get repeated often enough that they become true — a mishmash of purpose, greed, intelligence and errata.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Winkler’s historical lens is both maddening and refreshing, for the same reason. It’s maddening because he often deals lightly with major forks in the road. In 1946, the Supreme Court justice Hugo Black proposed an alternative way to think about big corporations, as quasi governments. Black wrote the majority opinion in Marsh v. Alabama, arguing that when corporations take on the role of governments, they must be subject to the limitations we put on governmental power. Had Black’s logic been taken more seriously, it would have reshaped American rules regarding corporate power. Winkler spends several pages on the case but doesn’t persuasively explain why Black’s argument never took hold. In Dartmouth College v. Woodward, a pathbreaking case from 1819 establishing that corporations are private entities over which a state has limited control, much of Winkler’s narration focuses on Daniel Webster’s mesmerizing advocacy skills. History has reasons, but in Winkler’s telling those reasons are often dependent on individuals, not broad ideological shifts.</span></div><div>
</div><div>Yet this breeziness is refreshing because the book is anti-deterministic. Winkler chronicles the comically bad legal arguments made by the ethics-challenged Louisiana attorney general Gaston Porterie in a 1936 case about the constitutionality of an advertising tax — and the scope of the freedom of the press protection. If something as small as Porterie’s gaffe in citing the wrong clause of the Constitution changed history, history can change again with a strong push in a different direction. By nailing down the absurdities of the past, Winkler allows us to see how the future becomes more open.</div><div>
</div><div><b>We need neither abolish corporations nor accept them as they are; we can instead fight for new laws and for new Supreme Court justices. If we don’t like how corporations have appropriated civil rights in the name of citizens, we can change that</b>.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Zephyr Teachout </span>is an associate professor of law at Fordham University and the author of “Corruption in America: From Benjamin Franklin’s Snuff Box to Citizens United.”</div><div>
</div><div>The Atlantic – ‘Corporations Are People’ Is Built on an Incredible 19th-Century Lie</div><div>
</div><div>How a farcical series of events in the 1880s produced an enduring and controversial legal precedent</div><div>
</div><div>ADAM WINKLER</div><div>MAR 5, 2018</div><div>
</div><div>An archival caricature of a railroad baron swallowing America’s train lines]</div><div>
</div><div>A 1907 caricature of the railroad baron Edward H. Harriman swallowing America’s train lines]</div><div>]</div><div>Somewhat unintuitively, American corporations today enjoy many of the same rights as American citizens. Both, for instance, are entitled to the freedom of speech and the freedom of religion. How exactly did corporations come to be understood as “people” bestowed with the most fundamental constitutional rights? The answer can be found in a bizarre—even farcical—series of lawsuits over 130 years ago involving a lawyer who lied to the Supreme Court, an ethically challenged justice, and one of the most powerful corporations of the day.</div><div>
</div><div>That corporation was the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, owned by the robber baron Leland Stanford. In 1881, after California lawmakers imposed a special tax on railroad property, Southern Pacific pushed back, making the bold argument that the law was an act of unconstitutional discrimination under the Fourteenth Amendment. Adopted after the Civil War to protect the rights of the freed slaves, that amendment guarantees to every “person” the “equal protection of the laws.” Stanford’s railroad argued that it was a person too, reasoning that just as the Constitution prohibited discrimination on the basis of racial identity, so did it bar discrimination against Southern Pacific on the basis of its corporate identity.</div><div>
</div><div>The head lawyer representing Southern Pacific was a man named Roscoe Conkling. A leader of the Republican Party for more than a decade, Conkling had even been nominated to the Supreme Court twice. He begged off both times, the second time after the Senate had confirmed him. (He remains the last person to turn down a Supreme Court seat after winning confirmation). More than most lawyers, Conkling was seen by the justices as a peer.</div><div>
</div><div>It was a trust Conkling would betray. As he spoke before the Court on Southern Pacific’s behalf, Conkling recounted an astonishing tale. In the 1860s, when he was a young congressman, Conkling had served on the drafting committee that was responsible for writing the Fourteenth Amendment. Then the last member of the committee still living, Conkling told the justices that the drafters had changed the wording of the amendment, replacing “citizens” with “persons” in order to cover corporations too. Laws referring to “persons,” he said, have “by long and constant acceptance … been held to embrace artificial persons as well as natural persons.” Conkling buttressed his account with a surprising piece of evidence: a musty old journal he claimed was a previously unpublished record of the deliberations of the drafting committee.</div><div>
</div><div>Years later, historians would discover that Conkling’s journal was real but his story was a fraud. The journal was in fact a record of the congressional committee’s deliberations but, upon close examination, it offered no evidence that the drafters intended to protect corporations. It showed, in fact, that the language of the equal-protection clause was never changed from “citizen” to “person.” So far as anyone can tell, the rights of corporations were not raised in the public debates over the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment or in any of the states’ ratifying conventions. And, prior to Conkling’s appearance on behalf of Southern Pacific, no member of the drafting committee had ever suggested that corporations were covered.</div><div>
</div><div>There’s reason to suspect Conkling’s deception was uncovered back in his time too. The justices held onto the case for three years without ever issuing a decision, until Southern Pacific unexpectedly settled the case. Then, shortly after, another case from Southern Pacific reached the Supreme Court, raising the exact same legal question. The company had the same team of lawyers, with the exception of Conkling. Tellingly, Southern Pacific’s lawyers omitted any mention of Conkling’s drafting history or his journal. Had those lawyers believed Conkling, it would have been malpractice to leave out his story.</div><div>
</div><div>When the Court issued its decision on this second case, the justices expressly declined to decide if corporations were people. The dispute could be, and was, resolved on other grounds, prompting an angry rebuke from one justice, Stephen J. Field, who castigated his colleagues for failing to address “the important constitutional questions involved.” “At the present day, nearly all great enterprises are conducted by corporations,” he wrote, and they deserved to know if they had equal rights too.</div><div>
</div><div>Rumored to carry a gun with him at all times, the colorful Field was the only sitting justice ever arrested—and the charge was murder. He was innocent, but nonetheless guilty of serious ethical violations in the Southern Pacific cases, at least by modern standards: A confidant of Leland Stanford, Field had advised the company on which lawyers to hire for this very series of cases and thus should have recused himself from them. He refused to—and, even worse, while the first case was pending, covertly shared internal memoranda of the justices with Southern Pacific’s legal team.</div><div>The rules of judicial ethics were not well developed in the Gilded Age, however, and the self-assured Field, who feared the forces of socialism, did not hesitate to weigh in. Taxing the property of railroads differently, he said, was like allowing deductions for property “owned by white men or by old men, and not deducted if owned by black men or young men.”</div><div>
</div><div>So, with Field on the Court, still more twists were yet to come. The Supreme Court’s opinions are officially published in volumes edited by an administrator called the reporter of decisions. By tradition, the reporter writes up a summary of the Court’s opinion and includes it at the beginning of the opinion. The reporter in the 1880s was J.C. Bancroft Davis, whose wildly inaccurate summary of the Southern Pacific case said that the Court had ruled that “corporations are persons within … the Fourteenth Amendment.” Whether his summary was an error or something more nefarious—Davis had once been the president of the Newburgh and New York Railway Company—will likely never be known.</div><div>
</div><div>Field nonetheless saw Davis’s erroneous summary as an opportunity. A few years later, in an opinion in an unrelated case, Field wrote that “corporations are persons within the meaning” of the Fourteenth Amendment. “It was so held in Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad,” explained Field, who knew very well that the Court had done no such thing.</div><div>
</div><div>His gambit worked. In the following years, the case would be cited over and over by courts across the nation, including the Supreme Court, for deciding that corporations had rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.</div><div>
</div><div>Indeed, the faux precedent in the Southern Pacific case would go on to be used by a Supreme Court that in the early 20th century became famous for striking down numerous economic regulations, including federal child-labor laws, zoning laws, and wage-and-hour laws. Meanwhile, in cases like the notorious Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), those same justices refused to read the Constitution as protecting the rights of African Americans, the real intended beneficiaries of the Fourteenth Amendment. Between 1868, when the amendment was ratified, and 1912, the Supreme Court would rule on 28 cases involving the rights of African Americans and an astonishing 312 cases on the rights of corporations.</div><div>
</div><div>The day back in 1882 when the Supreme Court first heard Roscoe Conkling’s argument, the New-York Daily Tribune featured a story on the case with a headline that would turn out to be prophetic: “Civil Rights of Corporations.” Indeed, in a feat of deceitful legal alchemy, Southern Pacific and its wily legal team had, with the help of an audacious Supreme Court justice, set up the Fourteenth Amendment to be more of a bulwark for the rights of businesses than the rights of minorities.</div></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?445643-101/break-em-up">https://www.c-span.org/video/?445643-101/break-em-up</a>
booktv saul bellow kid adam</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">1981 RR stopped enforcing anti-trust, no one has since.
=</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://boingboing.net/2018/08/04/emoluments-r-us.html">https://boingboing.net/2018/08/04/emoluments-r-us.html</a></font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.4em 0px 0px; line-height: 1.2; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When Zephyr Teachout is elected New York Attorney General, she's gonna emolumentize Trump right out of the White House</font></h1></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout</a>
</font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Zephyr Rain Teachout</b> (born October 21, 1971) is an American academic and activist. She is an Associate Professor of Law at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>. In January 2016, she announced her candidacy for representative of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="New York's 19th congressional district">New York's 19th congressional district</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-nymag_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-nymag-1">[1]</a></sup> In 2015, Teachout held the positions of CEO and Board chair for the US-based anti-corruption nonprofit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_PAC" title="Mayday PAC">Mayday PAC</a>, replacing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mayday-website2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-mayday-website2015-2">[2]</a></sup> She ran for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> nomination for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> in 2014 and lost to incumbent Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a>, receiving 34% of the primary vote.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-wsj-3">[3]</a></sup></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
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<h2><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Contents</font></h2>
</div></div><div id="toc" class="toc">
<ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#Career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a>
</font><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#2014_New_York_gubernatorial_campaign"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">2014 New York gubernatorial campaign</span></a></font></li></ul>
</li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#Selected_publications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Selected publications</span></a>
</font><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#Books"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#Articles"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles</span></a></font></li></ul>
</li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></font></li></ul>
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</font><h2><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></font></h2><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Zephyr Rain Teachout,<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-bloomberg2014-4">[4]</a></sup> the second of five children, was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> to Peter Teachout, a constitutional law professor at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Law_School" title="Vermont Law School">Vermont Law School</a>, and Mary Miles Teachout, a state court judge.<sup id="cite_ref-burlington2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-burlington2014-5">[5]</a></sup> Her father served in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and has a law degree from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burlington2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-burlington2014-5">[5]</a></sup> She was raised on a farm outside of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich,Vermont" title="Norwich, Vermont">Norwich, Vermont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-bloomberg2014-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-burlington2014_5-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-burlington2014-5">[5]</a></sup> She attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_High_School%28New_Hampshire%29" title="Hanover High School (New Hampshire)">Hanover High School</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover, New Hampshire</a>, where she was a champion cross-country runner.<sup id="cite_ref-burlington2014_5-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-burlington2014-5">[5]</a></sup></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Teachout attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, graduating with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in 1993. She went on to receive two simultaneous degrees from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> in 1999: a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a> <i>summa cum laude</i> and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> After attaining her law degree, Teachout clerked for Chief Judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Roy_Becker" title="Edward Roy Becker">Edward Roy Becker</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fordhambio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-Fordhambio-7">[7]</a></sup></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><h2><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span></font></h2><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">She is a tenured Associate Professor of Law at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University_School_of_Law" title="Fordham University School of Law">Fordham Law School</a> and previously a Visiting Professor of Law at Duke University and a lecturer at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">University of Vermont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fordhambio_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-Fordhambio-7">[7]</a></sup></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Teachout is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust" title="Antitrust" class="mw-redirect">antitrust</a> and media expert who served as the Director of Internet Organizing for the 2004 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> presidential campaign. She cofounded A New Way Forward, an organization built to break up the power of big banks,<sup id="cite_ref-anewwayforward_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-anewwayforward-8">[8]</a></sup> and was involved with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Teachout was also the first national director of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight_Foundation" title="Sunlight Foundation">Sunlight Foundation</a>.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><h3><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-headline" id="2014_New_York_gubernatorial_campaign">2014 New York gubernatorial campaign</span></font></h3><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Zephyr Teachout and running mate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wu" title="Tim Wu">Tim Wu</a> f</span>aced off against incumbent Andrew Cuomo and comedian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Credico" title="Randy Credico">Randy Credico</a> in the Democratic primary election on September 9, 2014.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a> convention to nominate a candidate for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_gubernatorial_election,_2014" title="New York gubernatorial election, 2014">2014 gubernatorial election</a>, Teachout lost a nomination bid against incumbent Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a>.
Cuomo's margin of victory was much closer than expected, especially
since the Working Families Party traditionally cross-endorses the
Democratic Party candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-capitalnewyork_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-capitalnewyork-10">[10]</a></sup></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">After losing the Working Families Party nomination to Cuomo, she
announced that she would be running for the Democratic nomination for
governor.<sup id="cite_ref-buzzfeed_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-buzzfeed-11">[11]</a></sup> Her running mate, Lieutenant Governor candidate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wu" title="Tim Wu">Tim Wu</a>, is a Columbia University law professor who coined the phrase "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_Law_School_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-Columbia_Law_School-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Their campaign raised $800,000, a small amount for New York state politics.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
As of 4 days before the primary election polls showed their likely
voter share at 26%, in line with the predictions of political
professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> She and Wu lost to Cuomo and his running mate, former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Kathy Hochul</a> in the primary on September 9, 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> but surprised experts and pollsters by capturing over 34% of the vote, with an especially strong showing in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">upstate New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><h2><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</span></font></h2><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><h3><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span></font></h3><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><ul><li><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Corruption in America: From Benjamin Franklin's Snuff Box to Citizens United (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press" style="">Harvard University Press</a>, September 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-corr_20-0" class="reference" style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-corr-20">[20]</a></sup></font></li><li><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Mousepads, Shoe Leather and Hope: Lessons from the Howard Dean Campaign for the Future of Internet Politics (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm_Publishers" title="Paradigm Publishers">Paradigm Publishers</a>, 2007) (ed. with T. Streeter)<sup id="cite_ref-mouse_21-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout#cite_note-mouse-21">[21]</a></sup></font></li></ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><h3><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles">Articles</span></font></h3><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><ul><li><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The Anti-Corruption Principle, 94 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Law_Review" title="Cornell Law Review">Cornell Law Review</a> 341 (2009).</font></li><li><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The Unenforceable Corrupt Contract Corruption and 19th Century Contract Law, 35 NYU Review of Law and Social Change 693 (2011).</font></li><li><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/nyregion/cuomo-opponent-unbowed-by-underdog-status.html">Cuomo Opponent Unbowed by Underdog Status</a> " <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 25 August 2014, on page A15.</font></li></ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">https://www.opensecrets.org/races/contrib.php?cycle=2016&id=NY19</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><h2 style="margin: 2em 0px 0.2em; clear: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Zephyr Teachout (D)</font></h2><table class="datadisplay" id="contrib" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; background: rgb(224, 230, 236); width: 574px; border: 0px; min-width: 450px;" open="Open" sans="Sans" helvetica="Helvetica" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px"><thead><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><th style="padding: 3px; text-align: left; background: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contributor</font></th><th class="number" style="padding: 3px; text-align: left; background: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Total</font></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000113" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">EMILY's List</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$18,545</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000019809" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Council for a Livable World</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$16,009</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000544" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Harvard University</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$14,208</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000021927" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Columbia University</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$13,579</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000022154" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">New York University</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$13,399</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000574" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">AmeriPAC: The Fund for a Greater America</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$12,700</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000083" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">American Federation of Teachers</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$12,000</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000243" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Skadden, Arps et al</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$11,850</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000306" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Soros Fund Management</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,800</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000022122" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Moveon.org</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,454</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000203" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Amalgamated Transit Union</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000143" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">American Postal Workers Union</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000075" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Communications Workers of America</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">End Citizens United</font></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000064" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">National Education Assn</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000036911" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Quinn, Emanuel et al</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$9,900</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000615" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Wachtell, Lipton et al</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$8,700</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000771" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Berger & Montague</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$8,200</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000067823" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Alphabet Inc</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$7,606</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000288" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">League of Conservation Voters</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$7,432</font></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="margin: 2em 0px 0.2em; clear: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">John Faso (R)</font></h2><table class="datadisplay" id="contrib" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; background: rgb(224, 230, 236); width: 574px; border: 0px; min-width: 450px;" open="Open" sans="Sans" helvetica="Helvetica" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px"><thead><tr><th style="padding: 3px; text-align: left; background: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contributor</font></th><th class="number" style="padding: 3px; text-align: left; background: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Total</font></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000021972" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Elliott Management</font></b></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$66,850</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000194" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">American Optometric Assn</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$16,350</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000061584" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Hannay Reels Inc</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$15,800</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Xometry Inc</font></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$13,500</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rose & Kiernan</font></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$13,300</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000172" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Metlife Inc</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$12,014</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000065454" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">DA Collins Companies</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,900</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MAEVA Group</font></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,800</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000036192" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">New Mountain Capital</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,800</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000022219" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Renaissance Technologies</font></b></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,800</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Target Enterprises</font></b></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,800</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Adirondack Trust Co</font></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,518</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000249" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">New York Life Insurance</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,500</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000125" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">General Electric</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,400</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000402" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Welsh, Carson et al</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,100</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Eberhart Brothers</font></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000181" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Indep Insurance Agents & Brokers/America</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000026825" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Jobs, Economy & Budget Fund</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000186" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Koch Industries</font></b></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000027353" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Majority Cmte PAC</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000027721" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">More Conservatives PAC</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000062" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">National Assn of Realtors</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgb(240, 243, 246);"><td style="padding: 5px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000028615" style="background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Republican Main Street Partnership</font></a></td><td class="number" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">$10,000</font></td></tr></tbody></table><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br style="" open="Open" sans="Sans" helvetica="Helvetica" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" /></font><p style="padding: 5px 0px;" open="Open" sans="Sans" helvetica="Helvetica" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">* Incumbent</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
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